人类学的中国菜英语阅读

㈠ 高分求助：体质人类学中一些术语的英语

骨盆左侧骶髂关节融合
Pelvic left sacroiliac joint fusion
颊面龋齿
The baccal caries
上颌牙周病
Maxillary periodontal disease
上颌生前牙齿脱落
Lifetime of maxillary teeth fall out
下颌圆枕
Mandibular round pillow
异常磨耗
Abnormal abrasions
左侧股骨骨折
Left femoral fracture
右侧眉弓砍伤外部
The right eyebrow bow cuts to external
额部创伤
Frontal trauma
枕部创伤
Pillow department trauma
左侧腓骨创伤
The left fibula trauma
肱骨
humerus
尺骨
The two
右侧桡骨小头关节炎
Right radial small head arthritis
右侧骶髂关节面关节炎
The right of sacroiliac joint surface arthritis
眶上筛状样变
Supraorbital cribriform sample variable
左侧髂翼病变
Left iliac wing lesions
右侧股骨股骨颈
Right femoral femoral neck
偏斜式磨耗多发区及磨耗受力
Deflection type abrasion earthquake-prone area and abrasion stress
骨骼运动方向及受力示意
Bone movement direction and stress sighing

㈡ 英语阅读理解答案

许多小的文化群体生活在远离现代城市。部分这些部落都从未有过任何沟通外，他们小区。当他们接触外面的世界，他们的生活通常会改变。学习如何改变，但仍保存最好的自己的文化，是他们而言是一个问题。
一个本土部落在新几内亚有困难的情况。人民族人陆续拆卸，可从两方面入手。铜，他们已经发现一种根据土地他们已经居住了数百年。开发商愿意拿铜列的地面上，以矿。部落需要钱铜矿带来的所有利益。问题是，铜是直接领导下的最重要的建筑物，他们的社会。这些建筑物是一个必要的部分，他们的宗教活动。怎样才能铜雷区没有改变他们的信仰？有一群人正在试图帮助部落去学习沟通与世界其余地区。文化生存， Inc是组名称。人民群众是人类学家，科学家，他们的研究文化。该组织要教导他们如何生活在现代世界。
另外还有一个组织，像这样在伦敦。这是所谓的国际生存权利。一位在哥本哈根，是所谓的国际研讨会，为当地事务。这两个团体都加入了人与文化的生存，公司要帮助人们成为用现代文化。
这些组织的工作与另一种问题，太。有时，一个中央政府不考虑当地居民需要，在开发新的项目。他们往往遭受很大的损失和文化生存，公司帮助他们。文化生存，公司和其姐妹组织也给予意见旅游业。旅游企业可以造成很多问题。许多小社团需要赚钱，但有一大群参观者可以伤害他们的文化。此外，有关地方人民政府可以利用的帮助下，文化的生存，纳入其中。
1 ，在与外界接触的世界，一个小型文化组应（一） 。工作方式的转变，保持自己的文化（二） 。得到自己所涉及的其它文化（三） 。保持什么，他们已经具备了（四） 。学习新的东西，而保持一些自己的
2 ，一个本土部落在新几内亚有困难的情况下这样做。 （一） 。他们觉得难以采取铜走出地面，由自己（二） 。他们面临的问题是如何保持自己的文化，而合作经营与外部世界的发展（三） 。他们要学习如何沟通，与世界其余国家（四） 。他们需要钱.........

㈢ 求一篇关于test anxiety高中英语阅读理解题，请附答案。谢谢

你说的是不是这篇？？
Doreen Sykora is now a junior at McGill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But when I go into class to take the exam, I would fall apart. I could just blank out because of nervousness and fear.” Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology(人类学) student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.
These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed(加压力于) about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.
Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.
Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully. I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”
For Hitoshi in Tokyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.
1. What is the similarity between Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto?
A. They are students from the same university.
B. They failed in all the examinations.
C. They both had experiences of test anxiety.
D. They both had the same poor studying habits.

2. The phrase “blank out” in Paragraph 1 refers to “_______.”
A. lose interest in the exam
B. refuse to take the exam
C. get an extra paper
D. be unable to think clearly

3. What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?
A. To help students to rece test anxiety.
B. To show a stress level experienced by students.
C. To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.
D. To have a better understanding of test anxiety.
【答案与解析】有些大学生患有考试焦虑症，不过现在好了，这些大学开设了特殊的课程来帮助他们缓解这种考试焦虑症。
1. C。语义理解题。从第 1 段最后一句话Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology (人类学) student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences 可以明显看出 Doreen Sykora 和 Hitoshi Sakamoto 都患有考试焦虑症。
2. D。词义猜测题。Doreen Sykora 因考试时过度紧张和害怕，那当然是思维不清晰。
3. A。语义理解题。从文章第 3 段第 2 句话 In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety 可以看出大学开设这门特殊课程的目的。

㈣ 读中国艺术人类学基本读本的感受

这部书给艺术类院校学习文化人类学（民族学）、民俗学、艺术学、工艺美版术、民艺学、艺术史权及美术考古等专业的本科生和硕士生们，提供一个通过初步阅读进而了解中国“艺术人类学”这一新兴学术领域的入门向导。内容博大精深，种类繁多，所载知识点特别详细。是一部难得的好书。

㈤ 请英语高手帮忙！谁能帮忙看看下面的几段英语阅读题（6），答案是什么。过两天考试实在不会谢谢了！

ddcab
美国大约7千万人也抄就是差不多三分之一的美国人，在试图减肥。一些人不停节食，就是说他们少吃某种食物，尤其是脂肪和糖。一些人进行特别的器械运动，吃减肥药，甚至通过手术来减肥。减肥是项艰巨的工作，而且花费巨大。这也是为什么那么多美国人要减肥。
很多美国人担心自己看起来不够年轻有吸引力，因为对很多人来说，瘦就意味着看起来很好。其他一些人担心自己的健康。很多医生说超重是不健康的。那么美国人真的很肥么？
几乎3千万美国人的体重超过都他们自己理想体重的20%。事实上，美国是全球超重最严重的国家。美国成年人储存的脂肪有2.3万亿磅，马塞诸塞大学的人类学家George Armelagos这样说。他说，燃烧掉这些脂肪产生的能量足以供应90万辆汽车行驶1万2千里的路程
减肥艰难，但是大部分人又想找到快捷方便的途径。书店卖各种各样节食的书，这些书告诉读者则阳减肥。每年都有人写成打的这类书。每本书都允诺消灭脂肪

㈥ 人类学和社会学的区别用英语怎么说

人类学和社会学的区别用英语怎么说
人类学和社会学的区别的英文翻译 翻译

人类学和社会学的区别
The difference between anthropology and Sociology

㈦ 人类学用英语解释 急啊!!!

having more than one spouse at a time

The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage") is used in related ways in social anthropology, sociobiology, and sociology. Polygamy can be defined as any "form of marriage in which a person [has] more than one spouse."

In social anthropology, polygamy is the practice of marriage to more than one spouse simultaneously. Historically, polygamy has been practiced as polygyny (one man having more than one wife), or as polyandry (one woman having more than one husband), or, less commonly as group marriage (husbands having many wives and those wives having many husbands). (See "Forms of Polygamy" below.) In contrast, monogamy is the practice of each person having only one spouse. Like monogamy, the term is often used in a de facto sense, applying regardless of whether the relationships are recognized by the state (see marriage for a discussion on the extent to which states can and do recognize potentially and actually polygamous forms as valid). In sociobiology, polygamy is used in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. In a narrower sense, used by zoologists, polygamy includes a pair bond, perhaps temporary.

Forms of polygamy
Polygamy exists in three specific forms, including polygyny (one man having multiple wives), polyandry (one woman having multiple husbands), or group marriage (some combination of polygyny and polyandry). Historically, all three practices have been found, but polygyny is by far the most common.[2] Confusion arises when the broad term "polygamy" is used when a narrower definition is intended.

Polygyny
Polygyny is the situation in which one man is either married to or involved in sexual relationships with a number of different women at one time. This is the most common form of polygamy.

Polyandry
Polyandry is a practice where a woman is married to more than one man at the same time. Fraternal polyandry was traditionally practiced among nomadic Tibetans in Nepal parts of China and part of northern India, in which two or more brothers share the same wife, with her having equal sexual access to them. Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival. A woman can only have so many children in her lifetime, no matter how many husbands she has. On the other hand, a child with many "fathers", all of whom provide resources, is more likely to survive. (In contrast, the number of children would be increased if polygyny were practiced, and a man had more than one wife. These wives could be simultaneously pregnant).[3] It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among poor families, but also within the elite.[4]

Group marriage
Group marriage, or circle marriage, may exist in a number of forms[citation needed], such as where more than one man and more than one woman form a single family unit, and all members of the marriage share parental responsibility for any children arising from the marriage.

Another possibility, which occurs in fiction (notably in Robert Heinlein's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress) but isn't an actual human practice, is a long-lived line marriage. In a line marriage, deceased or departing spouses in the group are continually replaced by others so that family property never becomes dispersed through inheritance.

Bigamy
Main article: Bigamy
Bigamy is the act or condition of a person marrying another person while still being lawfully married to a second person. Bigamy is listed (and sometimes prosecuted) as a crime in most western countries. For example, in the United Kingdom, by law, a married person is not allowed to marry again as long as their first marriage continues.

Serial monogamy
Main article: Serial monogamy
The phrase serial monogamy has been used to describe the lifestyle of persons who have repeatedly married and divorced multiple partners.

Other forms of nonmonogamy
Main article: Forms of nonmonogamy
Other forms of nonmonogamous relationships are discussed at Forms of nonmonogamy. One modern variant is polyamory.

Patterns of occurrence worldwide
According to the Ethnographic Atlas Codebook, of the 1231 societies noted, 186 were monogamous. 453 had occasional polygyny, 588 had more frequent polygyny, and 4 had polyandry.[2] At the same time, even within societies which allow polygyny, the actual practice of polygyny occurs relatively rarely. There are exceptions: in Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple.[5] To take on more than one wife often requires considerable resources: this may put polygamy beyond the means of the vast majority of people within those societies. Such appears the case in many traditional Islamic societies, and in Imperial China. Within polygynous societies, multiple wives often become a status symbol denoting wealth and power. Similarly, within societies that formally prohibit polygamy, social opinion may look favorably on persons maintaining mistresses or engaging in serial monogamy[citation needed].

Some observers[who?] detect a social preference for polygyny in disease-prone (especially tropical) climates, and speculate that (from a potential mother's viewpoint) perceived quality of paternal genes may favour the practice there[citation needed]. The countervailing situation allegedly prevails in harsher climates, where (once again from a potential mother's viewpoint) reliable paternal care as exhibited in monogamous pair-bonding outweighs the importance of paternal genes[citation needed].

Patterns of occurrence across religions

Buddhism
Marriage is considered an issue in Buddhism. According to Theravada Buddhism, polygamy is discouraged and extramatrial affairs are considered sinful. It is said in the Parabhava Sutta that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". In Tibetan Buddhism, namely Tibetan Vajina Buddhism, it is not uncommon to take a consort in addition to a spouse, though it is namely for certain spiritual practices that the spouse may not be able/ready to participate in—or if the husband/wife are at different levels on their spiritual path[citation needed]. A consort is appropriate in such cases. Within this context, either the husband or wife, occasionally both, might take a spiritual consort. This is known as Consort Practice, and there are specific teachings and meditations that go along with it. Consort Practice is often very private, however, and not openly discussed outside of followers of Tibetan Vajrayana—which tends to be a very private form of Buddhism in general – hence it is not very well known. Husbands and wives also engage in Consort Practice together, monogamously.

The 2008 BBC documentary series "A Year in Tibet", however, recorded three distinct cases of polyandry in and around the city of Gyantse alone (the pregnant farmer's wife in episode 1, "The Visit"; Yangdron in episode 2, "Three Husbands and a Wedding"; and the young monk, Tsephun's, mother in episode 5, "A Tale of Three Monks"). In "Three Husbands and a Wedding", a 17-year-old girl is also shown being forced into a marriage that would have been polyandrous, except that the younger, 12-year-old, brother had to attend school on the wedding day (his parents hint that he will marry his older brother's new wife at a later date). The programs include statements from the women involved that indicate they did not enter the polyandrous marriages willingly, and commentary that indicates young women in Tibet are routinely forced by their families into polyandrous marriages with two or more brothers.

Polyandry (especially fraternal polyandry) is also common among Buddhists in Bhutan, Ladakh, and other parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Hinism
Both polygyny and polyandry were practiced in many sections of Hin society in ancient times. Concerning polyandry, in the ancient Hin epic, Mahabharata, Draupadi marries the five Pandava brothers. Regarding polygyny, in Ramayana, father of Ram, king Dasharath has three wives, but Ram has pledged himself just one wife. The god-figure Lord Krishna, the 9th incarnation of the Hin god Vishnu had 16,108 wives with all of whom he had regular sexual relationship and fathered ten sons in each of them. Besides this he also had extra marrital affairs with many other women, who all were impregnated by him. Historically, kings routinely took concubines (such as the Vijaynagara emperor, Krishnadevaraya). In the post-Vedic periods, polygamy declined in Hinism, and is now considered immoral [4], although it is thought that some sections of Hin society still practice polyandry, along with areas of Tibet, Nepal, and China. After independence from the British, religions in which polygamy was still practiced were allowed to continue. Under the Hin Marriage Act, polygamy is considered illegal for Hins, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs [5]. However, Muslim men in India are allowed to have multiple wives. Marriage laws in India are dependent upon the religion of the subject in question.[6]

Judaism

Biblical practice
The Hebrew scriptures document approximately forty polygamists. Notable examples include Abraham, who bore for himself a child through his wife's maidservant;[7] Jacob, who had fallen in love with Rachel, but was tricked into marrying her sister, Leah;[8] David, who inherited his wives from Saul;[9] and perhaps most famously, Solomon, who was led astray by his wives.[10]

In general, however, polygamy was never considered the ideal state,[11] with multiple marriage a realistic alternative in the case of famine, widowhood, or female infertility.[12] One source of polygamy was the practice of levirate marriage, wherein a man was required to marry and support his deceased brother's widow, as mandated by Deuteronomy 25:5–10.

The Torah, Judaism's central text, includes a few specific regulations on the practice of polygamy, such as Exos 21:10, which states that multiple marriages are not to diminish the status of the first wife (specifically, her right to food, clothing and conjugal relations). Deuteronomy 21:15–17, states that a man must award the inheritance e to a first-born son to the son who was actually born first, even if he hates that son's mother and likes another wife more;[13] and Deuteronomy 17:17 states that the king shall not have too many wives.[14] The king's behavior is condemned by Prophet Samuel in 1Samuel 8. Exos 21:10 also speaks of Jewish concubines. Israeli lexicographer Vadim Cherny argues that the Torah carefully distinguishes concubines and "sub-standard" wives with prefix "to", lit. "took to wives."[15]

The monogamy of the Roman Empire was the cause of two explanatory notes in the writings of Josephus describing how the polygamous marriages of Herod were permitted under Jewish custom.[16]

Modern practice
In the modern day, Rabbinic Judaism has essentially outlawed polygamy. Ashkenazi Jews have followed Rabbenu Gershom's ban since the 11th century.[17] Some Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews (particularly those from Yemen and Iran) discontinued polygamy much more recently, as they emigrated to countries where it was forbidden. The State of Israel has made polygamy illegal,[18][19] but in practice the law is not enforced, primarily so as not to interfere with Bedouin culture, where polygamy is common. Provisions were instituted to allow for existing polygamous families immigrating from countries where the practice was legal.

Among Karaite Jews, who do not adhere to Rabbinic interpretations of the Torah, polygamy is almost non-existent today. Like other Jews, Karaites interpret Leviticus 18:18 to mean that a man can only take a second wife if his first wife gives her consent (Keter Torah on Leviticus, pp.96–97) and Karaites interpret Exos 21:10 to mean that a man can only take a second wife if he is capable of maintaining the same level of marital ties e to his first wife; the marital ties are 1) food, 2) clothing, and 3) sexual gratification. Because of these two biblical limitations and because nearly all countries outlaw it, polygamy is considered highly impractical, and there are only a few known cases of it among Karaite Jews today.

Christianity
Saint Augustine saw a conflict with Old Testament polygamy. He writes in The Good of Marriage (chapter 15) that, although it "was lawful among the ancient fathers: whether it be lawful now also, I would not hastily pronounce. For there is not now necessity of begetting children, as there then was, when, even when wives bear children, it was allowed, in order to a more numerous posterity, to marry other wives in addition, which now is certainly not lawful." He refrained from judging the patriarchs, but did not dece from their practice the ongoing acceptability of polygamy. In chapter 7, he wrote, "Now indeed in our time, and in keeping with Roman custom, it is no longer allowed to take another wife, so as to have more than one wife living." [emphasis added]

The New Testament authors seem to prefer monogamy from church leaders. Paul writes in 1Timothy 3:2, " A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach;" Something similar is repeated in the first chapter of the Epistle of Titus.

Monogamy also seems to be preferred for all Christians, and not just leadership, by the author of 1 Corinthians where it is stated in chapter 7, verse 2, "Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own husband." Additionally, many readers find Matthew 19:9 to be nonsensical if not declaring an equivalency between polygamy and altery: "And I say to you, whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another, commits altery; and whoever marries her who is divorced commits altery."

The Roman Catholic Church has subsequently taught that

"polygamy is not in accord with the moral law. [Conjugal] communion is radically contradicted by polygamy; this, in fact, directly negates the plan of God which was revealed from the beginning, because it is contrary to the equal personal dignity of men and women who in matrimony give themselves with a love that is total and therefore unique and exclusive."[20]

This is also the normal position among Protestant Churches, and it can therefore be said that the mainstream Christian position is to reject polygamy in principle[citation needed].

Periodically, Christian reform movements that have aimed at rebuilding Christian doctrine based on the Bible alone (sola scriptura) have at least temporarily accepted polygamy as a Biblical practice. For example, ring the Protestant Reformation, in a document referred to simply as "Der Beichtrat" (or "The Confessional Advice" ),[21] Martin Luther granted the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of altery and fornication,"[22] a dispensation to take a second wife. The double marriage was to be done in secret however, to avoid public scandal.[23] Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." ("Ego sane fateor, me non posse prohibere, si quis plures velit uxores cere, nec repugnat sacris literis.")[24]

"On February 14, 1650, the parliament at Nürnberg decreed that, because so many men were killed ring the Thirty Years’ War, the churches for the following ten years could not admit any man under the age of 60 into a monastery. Priests and ministers not bound by any monastery were allowed to marry. Lastly, the decree stated that every man was allowed to marry up to ten women. The men were admonished to behave honorably, provide for their wives properly, and prevent animosity among them."[25][26][27][28][29]

The modern trend towards frequent divorce and remarriage is sometimes referred to by conservative Christians as 'serial polygamy'[citation needed]. In contrast, sociologists and anthropologists refer to this as 'serial monogamy', since it is a series of monogamous (i.e. not polygamous) relationships.[30] The first term highlights the multiplicity of marriages throughout the life-cycle, the second the non-simultaneous nature of these marriages.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, there has often been a tension between the Christian churches' insistence on monogamy and traditional polygamy. In some instances in recent times there have been moves for accommodation; in others churches have resisted such moves strongly. African Independent Churches have sometimes referred to those parts of the Old Testament which describe polygamy in defending the practice.

Mormonism
Main article: Polygamy and the Latter Day Saint movement
See also: Polygamy in the United States and List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage
The history of Mormon polygamy (more accurately, polygyny) begins with belief that Mormonism founder Joseph Smith received a revelation from God on July 17, 1831 that some Mormon men would be allowed to practice "plural marriage". This was later set down in the Doctrine and Covenants by the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[31] Despite Smith's revelation, the 1835 edition of the 101st Section of the Doctrine and Covenants, written before the doctrine of plural marriage began to be practiced, publicly condemned polygamy. This scripture was used by John Taylor in 1850 to quash Mormon polygamy rumors in Liverpool, England.[32] Polygamy was illegal in the state of Illinois[33] ring the 1839–44 Nauvoo era when several top Mormon leaders including Smith, Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball took plural wives. Mormon elders who publicly taught that all men were commanded to enter plural marriage were subject to harsh discipline.[34] On June 7, 1844 the Nauvoo Expositor criticized Smith for plural marriage. The Nauvoo city council declared the Nauvoo Expositor press a nuisance and ordered Smith, as Nauvoo's mayor, to order the city marshall to destroy the paper and its press. This controversial decision led to Smith going to Carthage Jail where he was killed by a mob on June 27, 1844. The main body of Mormons left Nauvoo and followed Brigham Young to Utah where the practice of plural marriage continued.[35]

In 1852 Apostle Orson Pratt publicly acknowledged the practice of plural marriage through a sermon he gave. Additional sermons by top Mormon leaders on the virtues of polygamy followed.[36] Controversy followed when writers began to publish works condemning polygamy. The key plank of the Republican Party's 1856 platform was "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery".[37] In 1862, Congress issued the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act which clarified that the practice of polygamy was illegal in all US territories. The LDS Church believed that their religiously-based practice of plural marriage was protected by the United States Constitution,[38] however, the unanimous 1878 Supreme Court decision Reynolds v. United States declared that polygamy was not protected by the Constitution, based on the longstanding legal principle that "laws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices."[39]

㈧ “人类学家”英语怎么读

anthropologist [ænθrə’pɒləʤɪst]

音标打不上去饿。。

读音。。 安斯诺。跑了追死特（他）。。

㈨ 08年考研英语阅读理解第三篇翻译

08年考研英语阅读理解第三篇翻译：
在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国国家篮球协会中仅有的身高超过7英尺的三个人之一。可是如果他参加了上个赛季的话，他就变成了42分之一了。这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变，而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大，更高的身材。
虽然体育界的这种趋势可能蒙蔽了一个没有被承认的现实：美国人基本上停止生长了。虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸，特别是那些出生在已移民美国很多代的那些人，但是明显的，在二十世纪60年代早期，已经到达了他们的身高的极限。他们已经不可能再长得更高了。“在这个基因和环境的条件下，现在整体的人们已经长到我们能够达到的范围了，”Wright州大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea说道。拿NBA球员来说，他们身高的增加主要由于从世界各地招募到了球员。
身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，而发育是需要能量和营养的，其中的蛋白质用来供给组织的生长。在20世纪初，营养不良和儿童疾病妨碍了整体的发育。但是当饮食和健康的促进，儿童和青少年平均每20年都增长了大概1.5英寸，这就是长高的趋势。根据疾病防治中心，从1960年开始，人们的平均身高，男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸，就没有怎么改变了。
总的说来，避免太高的身高是有很多优点的。在生产时，较大的婴儿通过产道是有更多的问题的。而且，就算人类已经直立行走已经几百万年了，我们的脚和背部继续对抗着巨大的压力，这些压力来源于双足直立的姿势和巨大的肢体。“有一些限制是个体器官的基因结构导致的。”西北大学的人类学家William Leonard说道。
基因的最大化可以改变，但是不要期待它会马上就能发生。Mass州的Natick的军队研究中心的高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更换新的制服和工作站。她说，不像那些篮球制服，军队的制服长度很长时间都没有改变了。如果你需要在不远的将来预测人类的身高而去设计一款新的设备，Gordon说基本上，“你都能够使用现在的数据并且觉得非常地自信。”
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the indivial organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”