八年级新理念英语第三册在线阅读
A. 《新概念英语同步互动习题集第三册》txt下载在线阅读全文,求百度网盘云资源
《新概念英语同步互动真题集（第三册）》（新东方名师编写组 编）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读
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书名：新概念英语同步互动真题集（第三册）
作者：新东方名师编写组 编
出版社：商务印书馆
出版年份：2010-1
页数：348
内容简介：
《新概念英语同步互动真题集(第3册)》试题均来自各种考试的真题及模拟题，在选取文章时既注意与对应课文的关联性，又注意语言的优雅、凝练和幽默，句型工整而又富于变化。本册重点在于理解语篇内句子之间内在的逻辑关系，使学习者认识到句型的精练、优美、实用与可模仿性，从而将其有机地运用于英语写作之中；并进一步扩充讲解词汇、短语及语法的实战运用，为考生顺利通过各种考试打下扎实的基础。
unit13a但是我很健康，我通常在每天放学回家后锻炼身体。我的饮食习惯也非常好。我尝试着去吃许多蔬菜。每天，我都吃水果，喝牛奶。我从来不喝咖啡。当然，我也喜欢吃垃圾食品，并且每周我都会吃二至三次垃圾食品。哦，我每天晚上九点睡觉，所以正如你所见，我把自己照顾的很健康。并且，我的健康生活帮助我得到许多好成绩。吃健康食物、锻炼身体，都使我学习变得很好。3b并且我认为我有一点不健康。我几乎从来没有锻炼过。每周我吃两次蔬菜，但是我从来不吃水果。并且我不喜欢喝牛奶。我喜欢垃圾食品，并且我每周都要吃三到四次垃圾食品。我还喜欢喝咖啡，所以，也许我并不太健康。纵然我也有一个健康的习惯，每天9点睡觉。unit23a传统的中医相信我们需要阴阳平衡才能健康。举个例子，你是不是经常感到虚弱和劳累?也许是因为你体内有太多阴。你应该多吃热的阳性食物，像牛肉之类。吃党参和黄芪这样的草本植物对于此类问题也有很好的作用。但是如果有些人太有压力感并且经常生气，也许他们是阳性太多了。中医认为他们应该吃阴性多的食物，例如豆腐。中医现在在西方的一些国家很是受欢迎。有一个健康的生活方式很容易，并且饮食平衡是很重要的。3b所有人有时都会感到劳累。当你劳累的时候，你不应该在晚上出去，你应该在这段时间里早点睡觉。并且你应该锻炼身体来保持健康。你同样应该多吃水果和其他健康的食物。你感到劳累的时候不应该学习。unit33a本.兰伯特，法国留学的著名歌手，这个夏天正在度过他的假期。他考虑过是去希腊还是西班牙。但是最后决定去移民加拿大。"我永远在欧洲度过假期"他说"这次我想做些不同的事情。我听说移民加拿大很美，并且我知道许多加拿大人讲法语。"本去了加拿大的五大湖。他在六月的第一个星期离去并且呆在加拿大直到九月。他计划有一个轻松地假期。"我散步，钓鱼，并且骑车。我计划花费一些时间在美丽的乡间。我热爱大自然。我希望我能够忘记所有的麻烦。在晚上，我放录音，并且睡更长的时间。一个多好的假期，我不能再等待了。"3bunit43a在北美洲，大多数学生坐校车上学。一些硕士学位也是步行或骑车上学。世界上不同的地区，事物也是不同的。日本留学，大多数硕士学位坐火车上学，虽然其他的人也是步行或骑车上学。在中国，主要看你在何方。在大城市，学生们通常骑车去学校或者坐公交。在有河或湖的地方，像洪山黄和开山刀，硕士学位们通常坐船去学校。这绝对比坐公交要有趣的多！3bunit53a嗨，亨瑞谢谢你的邀请函。我很抱歉这星期不能拜访你。我非常的忙。今天晚上我要去参加堂兄的生日会。明天，我不得不去看牙医。在星期三，我有网球训练和学校的比赛。并且在星期四我不得不去准备化学考试。在周五，我要去和一些朋友看电影。你能在周五和我们一起看电影吗?请过会儿写给我索尼亚3bunit6亲爱的伊莎贝尔谢谢你的来信。这是我和我孪生姐姐刘颖的照片。正如你所见，一些地方我们长得一模一样，一些我们看起来不同。我们都有黑眼睛黑头发，即使我的头发比她的短。我们都喜欢体育运动，即使刘颖比我更擅长运动。她比我要外向，我更加安静。我认为我比她聪明。我最喜欢的学科是物理和化学，而她最喜欢体育。不论如何，我们都喜欢去公园。请来拜访我们爱你刘丽。3a我喜欢像我一样的朋友,投资移民新加坡，我比班上的任何同学都要安静，我最好的朋友袁明丽也很安静。虽然我们也有些差异。我比她聪明。她更加擅长体育。吉姆斯.格林没有必要成为相同的人。我喜欢交性格不同的朋友。我最好的朋友拉瑞比我高，并且更加外向。我们都喜欢体育运动，但是拉瑞比我更擅长运动。她总是在网球方面战胜我。同样我比她安静。黄磊我并不在意这些。我的朋友卡罗，非常逗趣，并且比我要外向。我不认为真正的友谊里两人的差异并没有多重要。玛丽.史密斯3-5单元的3b我没有空格中的答案。6单元没有3b课文，但有两个3a，我给你翻译公司了。如果你有3-5单元的3b可以发给我，我再给你翻译公司。
C. 新概念英语第三册电子版
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提取码:ti9m
《新概念英语3》是该教材首次出版以来第一次推出的新版本。这套经典教材一如既往地向读者提供一个完整的、经过实践检验的英语学习体系，使学生 有可能在英语的四项基本技能——理解、口语、阅读和写作——方面最大限度地发挥自己的潜能。
D. 新概念英语第三册| Lesson 1 A puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of "cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一竖困搭只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。可是，随着证据越尺改来越多，动物园的专家们感到有必要余拿进行一番调查，因为凡是声称见到过美洲狮的人们所描述的情况竟是出奇地相似。
搜寻美洲狮的工作是从一座小村庄开始的。那里的一位妇女在采摘黑莓时的看见“一只大猫”，离她仅5码远，她刚看见它，它就立刻逃走了。专家证实，美洲狮非被逼得走投无路，是决不会伤人的。事实上搜寻工作很困难，因为常常是早晨在甲地发现那只美洲狮，晚上却在20英里外的乙地发现它的踪迹。无论它走哪儿，一路上总会留下一串死鹿及死兔子之类的小动物，在许多地方看见爪印，灌木丛中发现了粘在上面的美洲狮毛。有人抱怨说夜里听见“像猫一样的叫声”；一位商人去钓鱼，看见那只美洲狮在树上。专家们如今已经完全肯定那只动物就是美洲狮，但它是从哪儿来的呢？由于全国动物园没有一家报告丢了美洲狮，因此那只美洲狮一定是某位私人收藏豢养的，不知怎么设法逃出来了。搜寻工作进行了好几个星期，但始终未能逮住那只美洲狮。想到在宁静的乡村里有一头危险的野兽继续逍遥流窜，真令人担心。
◆spot /spɑt/v. 看出 发现pick out, see, recognize, catch sight of
n.斑点：There is a black spot on your shirt.
on the spot 立刻 马上= at once, immediately [不正式的说法]
在现场at the place of the action
spot = see 强调结果 辨别出 看见 识别 发现
find 强调发现的结果
find out 查出事实真相
discover 做出重大发现
notice 注意到
observe ：观察
watch 观察活动中的人或画面
recognize短暂认出
confirm确认
detect 侦察
check in/out 检查
look into调查 = investigate
identify 确认 UFO- Unidentified Flying Object
◆evidence /'evɪdəns/n.证据 证明 物证 [不可数] =proof
in evidence 显而易见的 显眼 引人注目的
He was in evidence at the party.
evident /'evɪdənt/ adj.清楚的 显而易见的 显然的
evidently /evɪdəntli/ adv.显而易见 显然地 证据确凿地
cumulate /'kjuːmjʊleɪt/ v. 堆积 adj. 累积的 堆积的
cumulation /kjʊmjʊ'leʃən/ n.积累 蓄积 堆积
cumulative /'kjumjələtɪv/ adj.渐增的 积累的 累积性
cumulatively /k'jumjʊleɪtɪvlɪ/ adv.累计地 累积地
◆accumulate /e'kju:mjuleit/ v. 积累 积聚[强调积累的过程]
accumulative /ə'kjumjə.leɪtɪv/ adj. 累计 积累的 累积性的
accumulation /ə.kjumjə'leɪʃ(ə)n/ n.积累 累积物 积聚 堆积
gather /'ɡæðər/ vt.聚集 把某人召集在某处
collect /kə'lekt/ v.收集 采集Do you collect stamps?
assemble /ə'semb(ə)l/ v. 集合 集会 装配 组装
hoard /hɔrd/ v.囤积 贮藏 大量顾贮存= store up
amass /ə'mæs/ v.积聚[主要用在诗歌和文学作品]= come together
◆cling-clung-clung /klɪŋ/ v. 粘 附着 依附 : hold tightly
stick /stɪk/ 粘住 stick the envelop
stick to 坚持stick to one's promise/word ;
sticky /'stɪki/ adj.粘的 闷热的
◆hunt /hʌnt/n. 追猎 寻找 v. 打猎 搜寻 追捕
hunter /'hʌntər/ n.猎人 狩猎者
manhunt n.搜捕 搜索 追捕
witch-hunt 以莫须有罪名进行的政治迫害[搜捕女巫]
The last time a Democrat sat in the White House, he faced a nonstop witch hunt by his political opponents.
上次民主党人入主白宫时，面临政治对手无休无止的迫害。
hunt for 追猎 搜寻 hunt down 搜寻 寻找 穷追到底
run after :强调追赶 追求:What are you running after in your life?
seek 寻觅追寻= pursue 比较正式 比较美的词汇（抽象）追求
chase 追赶：They are chasing the thief.
search 搜寻某处为了寻找到某人或某物
go for 喜欢 go after追求
◆ corner /'kɔrnər/ n.角落 拐角 街角 v.走投无路 逼…入绝境 拐弯
at the corner of the street
in the corner of the room
on the corner of the desk.
cut corners 走捷径 抄近路
◆trail /'treil/n. 一串 一系列 v.跟踪 追踪 = follow
trailer /'treɪlər/ n.挂车 拖车 电影预告片
trial /'traɪəl/ v.试验；试用 n.审判 试用 考验
◆convince vt.使...信服：convince sb. of sth.
+宾语从句that搭配使用;
没有宾语的情况下要采用主系表结构: be convinced of/that
convincible/kən'vɪnsɪbəl/ adj.可信服的 可被说服的
convincing /kən'vɪnsɪŋ/ adj.令人信服的 有说服力的
convincingly /kənˈvɪnsɪŋlɪ/ adv.有说服力地 让人信服地
invincible / ɪn'vɪnsəb(ə)l/ adj.不可战胜的 所向披靡
invincibility /ɪnˌvɪnsə'bɪləti/ n.无敌
◆puma /'pjumə/n. 美洲狮
◆print /print/n. 印痕 v.打印 印刷
printer n.打印机 印刷商
imprint /ɪm'prɪnt/ n.压印 印记 痕迹 v.压印 产生重大影响 使铭记
◆somehow /'sʌmhaʊ/ adv. 不知怎么搞地不 不知为什么
somewhat /'sʌmwɑt/ adv.有点 稍微 有几分
someway / 'sʌm.weɪ/ adv.以某种方法 以某种方式 设法
berry /'beri/ n.浆果 莓
strawberry /ˈstrɔˌberi/ n.草莓
straw /strɔ/ n.吸管 稻草 麦杆
◆blackberry /'blæk.beri/ n. 黑莓
human /'hjumən/ n. 人 adj.人本性的 有人情味的
humanity /hju'mænəti/ n.博爱 人性 人类 人道 仁慈
humane /hju'meɪn/ adj.人道的 善良的 仁慈的
inhumane /ɪnhju'meɪn/ adj.残忍的 不人道的 无动于衷的
inhumanity /ɪnhju'mænəti/ n.非人道 不人道 残酷的行为
humanism /'hjumə.nɪzəm/ n.人道主义 人文精神
humanist /'hju:mənɪst/ n.人道主义者
humanistic /hjuːmə'nɪstɪk/ adj.人道主义的 人文主义的
humanitarian /hju.mænɪ'teriən/ n.慈善家 人道主义者
humanize /'hjumə.naɪz/ v.使更适合人 使更人道
humankind /hjumən'kaɪnd/ n.[统称]人 人类 = human race
◆human being /'hjumən 'biːɪŋ / n.人类
human capital 人力资本 人力资源
HR human resource 人力资源 人事部
human rights 人权 human nature 人性
human race 人类 人类种族
◆oblige /ə'blaɪdʒ/ v.使...感到必须 效劳 迫使 oblige to 强迫
feel obliged to do sth:感觉有必要做某事；
I feel obliged to say no to his demand.
be obliged to do sth. 被迫做某事 = be forced to do sth.
obligate /'ɒblɪgeɪt/ v. 强制 使负义务adj.强制性的 有责任的
obligation /ɑblɪ'ɡeɪʃ(ə)n/ n.义务 责任 职责
obligatory /ə'blɪɡə.tɔri/ adj.义务的 强制性的 义不容辞的
mandatory /'mændə.tɔri/ adj.强制的 法定的 义务的
mandatory attendance 强制出勤[义务教育上的强制上课]
◆disturb /dɪ'stɜrb/ v. 令人不安 打扰 干扰 弄乱
disturbance /dɪ'stɜrbəns/ n.干扰 障碍 紊乱 骚乱
disturb v. cause sb to be worried/upset/anxious
disturbing adj.令人不安的 disturbed adj.感到不安的
◆at large :逃遁的，没有被控制的= on the loose
详细的 (in detail ): I need talk to you at large .
总体来讲(as a whole ) = in general大体上
The students at large are hungry for English.
◆ possess /possess/ v.拥有 控制 占有 支配 具备
possession /pə'zeʃ(ə)n/ n.拥有 具有 属地 个人财产
in the possession of sb.为...所有=in sb's possession ;
in possession of sth.拥有某物
take possession of拥有
possessive /pə'zesɪv/ adj.占有欲强的 不愿分享的 n.所有格
英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）
●状语从句
◆原因:because, since, now that（既然,as, for, this reason...
◆结果:so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result
◆时间：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays...
◆条件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc.
◆让步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what/ how/when→ whatever/however / whenever...
◆ 目的：in order that, in order to, to,
◆ 比较：than, as ... as, by comparison（相比较），by contrast（相对照）...
●名词性从句- 通常由 that或疑问词导出。
How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.
（主语从句）
The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（宾语从句）
The problem is what we'll do next.（表语从句）
We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）
●同位语（Appositive）:
同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。
When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. 在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在 “reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。
◆同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。
I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday.
（that 引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分）
We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad.
（that 引导的句子解释了fact的内容）
★同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容
关系词用that而不是which 时间- when 地点-where
An idea came to me that I might do the experiment in another way. I have no diea what has happened to him.
★能接同位词从句的名词有：belief 信仰 , fact, idea, doubt, rumor 谣言, evidence证据, conclusion结论, suggestion建议, problem, order, answer, discovery发 现, explanation解释, principle原则, possibility可能性, truth, promise承诺, report报告, statement声明, knowledge知识, opinion 观点, likelihood 可能性, reason, advice...
◆ 同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which, who, what和关系副词when, where, why, how或 whether 引导。
There arouse the question whether we could win the game.
I have no idea howto explain it.
◆ 一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句:
on the assumption在...前提下
on the ground由于...原因
on the condition that在...条件下
with the exception有...例外
owing to the fact由于...事实
on the understanding基于...理解
The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa.
那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。
●分隔式同位语从句
◆为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）
An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter.
I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie "Titanic".
◆同位语从句与定语从句之区别
定语从句的引导词 that 或 which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。
I've got an answer that A is right. (同位语从句，that 不做成分)
I've got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语）
●可以充当同位语的词组或短语。
◆名词短语。（使句型更为简洁）
Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998.
Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history.
◆动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更为流畅）
I'm crazy about the game, playing baseball.
Going to concert, that sounds a great idea.
◆不定式短语。（陌生只是掌握的开始）
The problem what to do next remains unsolved.
Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.
◆形容词词组。（有逗号隔开）
All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally.
Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity.
●同位语的引导词。（重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分）
引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：
◆namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是说）, in other words（换句话说), or, for short 表示等同关系。
◆such as, say, so to speak（譬如说）, including（包括）, for instance（或 for example (e.g./eg),表示举例和列举关系。
◆especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重点, (在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。)
★一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词后面,但为了保持句子的平衡,也可以把谓语动词放在从句之前；
定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明，修饰；
● 指人：主语: who 宾语: who/whom 定语：whose
The teacher who teaches us is a man.
The teacher teaches Tom whose father is a doctor.
● 表达事物：that (也可指人） which
This is an apple that/which is from China.
● 时态状语：when
At the time when I arrived, He was about to leave.
● 地点状语：where
This is the school Where I learned English.
● 原因状语：why
That's why I don't want to go out.
定语从句中which以及指代人的宾语的whom,在非正式用法当中可以省略；省略时,介词不能前置到关系代词whom, which前,只能用于非固定的动词短语后面;
介词不能前置: look at 注视 look for 寻找
介词可以前置: live in居住
This is the old house in which he lived;
This is the old house he lived in.
This is the paper on which I learned the news.
He came home with a book on which he drew a bird.
He went to the garden again at where he picked some apples.
He arrived at the time when I was very busy.
The found a cave in which gold was found.
She gets a new teacher from whom she learns English.
She finished her homework with whom was her teacher.
The news on which a man was at large proved to be fake.
#非谓语动词#所有的非谓语动词前+ not,构成它的否定形式
●to do:
一般式主动 to do
一般式被动to be done
完成式主动 to have done
完成式被动 to have been done
●现在分词doing:
一般式主动doing
一般式被动being done
完成式主动 having done
完成式被动 having been done
●过去分词done:
完成式主动 having done
完成式被动 having been done
The reports received by London Zoo that a puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London were similar in nature.A woman picking blackberries saw it first , but the puma moved from place to place ,leaving a trail of dead deer and small animals.Paw prints and puma fur were found as well ." cat-like noises" were heard at night and the animal was seen up a tree. Now experts were convinced that the animal really was a puma.
Mrs. Stone had spent the whole morning picking blackberries in the
countryside near her home.It was nearly lunch time, so she decided to
return home for lunch. She was just picking up her basket when she heard
a noise in the bushes.Then she saw an animal which looked like a cat.
She knew it was not a cat because it was so large.The animal suddenly
turned round to look at her and she thought it was going to come towards
her and perhaps attack her. She dropped her basket and screamed loudly.
Hearing the sound, the animal disappeared into the bishes, after which
Mrs. Stone picked up her basket and ran all the way home. She told the
neighbours that she had seen a puma in the countryside, but they did not
believe her. She also telephoned the police but they did not believe
her either.
E. 跪求新理念，初一第三册，翻译网址。
第一篇“小发明家”会议
1.
本,查德,比安卡和朱迪在每个月的第三个星期四举行他们的发明家俱乐部会议
他们轮流展示他们的新发明
明天轮到本展示他的新发明了,唯一的问题是,他还没有想出一个发明…
本坐在厨房的餐桌旁,吃着一碗冰淇淋。
“我能制作什么呢?”他边吃边问他自己
本不知道他要发明什么
他吃完冰淇淋,去再拿一
但是,没有冰淇淋剩下了,
“我知道了,”他兴奋地说
“我要发明一个冰淇淋制造机!”
2.
本抓起一些纸和一支钢笔,
然后,他画出一幅冰淇淋制造机的设计草图。
那幅草图看起来不太像冰淇淋制造机,但本确信它会奏效的
“我不需要测试它,”他自言自语
“嗯,我不会有时间测试它了。”
本只有买配料的时间
第二天下午,查德,比安卡和朱迪来到查德的卧室里
本已经带着一个口袋出现了,
他把那个口袋倒个底朝上,许多奇怪的物品掉下来
“一堆垃圾!”比安卡说
那是个好发明”
哈,”本说
“等着瞧,”
3.
本捡起的第一个物品,又大又园,由钢制成
它是洗衣机中间的一个部件。
本举起那个部件,透过底部的一个孔看过去
“是你钻了这个孔吗?”查德问
“是的,”本说
“这孔你钻得不是很好。”查德说
“只要它奏效就行,”本告诉查德
“东西也得看起来好看,你知道的,”查德说
下一步,本抓起一根软管,把它装入他钻的那个孔里
“我想我知道它是什么了,”朱迪兴奋地说
“它是一个老鼠窝!”
“一个什么?”比安卡和查德一起问
“一个老鼠窝,”朱迪说。
“老鼠穿过那个软管爬进它的家,
F. 新概念英语第三册精选必背文章
《新概念英语》是我国引进稿盯外国教材比较成功的一种,尤其第三册(技能的培养)部分,句型集中,词汇丰富,用法或伍新颖。下面是我带来的新概念英语第三册精选必背 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
新概念英语第三册精选键团和必背文章1
The process of ageing衰老过程
At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually ‘die of old age’, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer----on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things ‘wear out’. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself----it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselves----well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we graally lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reced by half again.
人体在12岁时是生命力最旺盛的时期。虽然在这个时期人的身材、体力和智力还有待发展和完善，但在这个年龄死亡的可能性最小。再早一些，我们是幼儿和小孩子，身体较脆弱;再迟一些，我们就要经历生命力和抵抗力逐步衰退的过程。虽然这个过程起初难以觉察，但最终会急转直下，不管我们怎样精心照料我们自己，不管社会和医生怎样对我们进行精心照顾，我们也无法再活下去了。生命力随时间的流失而衰退叫做衰老。人类发现的最不愉快的一个事实是：人必然会衰老。既使我们能避开战争、意外的事故和各种疾病，我们最终也会“老死”;衰老的速度在人与人之间相差甚微，我们最可能死亡的年龄在65至80岁之间，有些人会死得早一些，少数人寿命会长一些——活到八十几岁或九十几岁，但这种可能性很小。不管我们多么幸运，多么健壮，我们所希望的长寿实际上是有限度的。
衰老的过程，不经提起，正常人容易忘记;一经提醒，才会记起。我们对人总是要衰老的现象并不陌生，多年来就已认识到。生命力随着时间流失而丧失活力，人随着年龄的增长而接近死亡，这是不言而喻的，就像一壶热水迟早会凉下来，一双鞋渐渐会磨破一样。人们不但认识到所有的动物，大概也认识到所有的有机物，如树木，甚至宇宙本身，从事物的本质上来说都会“磨损掉”。我们通常看到的大多数动物，即使能让它们活得足够长久的话，也会像我们一样衰老的。像上紧发条的手表那样的机械装置，或太阳，也都会消耗完其能量(整个宇宙是否如此，目前尚有争论)。不过，这些衰老的情况同人并不相似。手表停了依然是只手表，还可以重上好发条。然而一只老掉牙的手表，磨损太厉害，老得一点儿也不准了，最终会不值得 修理 了。但是，手表决不会自行修理，它不是由有生命的部件组成，而是由金属组成，而金属可以随着磨擦而磨损殆尽。而我们人，在一定时间内是可以自行修复的，除了暴病而死或意外事故外，至少足以克服一切一般疾病和事故。在12岁至80岁之间，我们逐渐丧失这种能力。能使我们在12岁时病倒的疾病，到了80岁可能会使我们一蹶不振而进入坟墓。假如我们能保持12岁时的旺盛生命力，那么我们当中的一半人过700年才死去，剩下的一半人再过700年，才会又减少一半。
新概念英语第三册精选必背文章2
What every writer want作家之所需
I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration; all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a ‘skeleton’, as we were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred image appears; he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books; like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as well try to explain a crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore.
This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.
我所认识的作家寥寥无几，然而凡是我所认识和尊敬的作家，都立即承认在他们动笔时，不清楚要写什么，怎么写。他们心中有一个或两个角色。他们处于急切不安的状态，而这被当作是灵感。他们无不承认，一旦“旅程”开始，“目的地”常有急剧的变化。据我所知，有位作家花了9个月的时间写了一部有关克什米尔的小说，后来却把整个 故事 背景换成了苏格兰高地。我从未听说过任何一位作家像我们在学校学的那样，动笔前先列什么提纲。作家在剪裁修改、构思时间、穿插情节、以至从头重写的过程中，会领悟到素材中有很多东西是他刚动笔时所未意识到的。这种有机的加工过程往往达到不寻常自我发现的境界，具有难以言表的构思魅力。一个朦胧的形象出现在作家的脑海里，他左添一笔，右添一笔，形象反而消逝了;可是，好像还有什么东西存在着，不把它捕捉到，作家是不会罢休的。有时，一个作家一本书写完了，但兴奋仍不消散。我听说一些作家，除了自己的书外，别的书一概不读，犹如希腊神话中那位漂亮少年，站在镜前，不能辨认出自身的真面目。由于这个原因，作家喋喋不休地谈论自己的书，挖掘其隐晦的含义，增添新的含义，询问周围人的反应。作家如此行事当然会被人误解。他还不如给人讲一个犯罪案件或一个恋爱故事。顺便说一句，他也是个不可饶恕的令人厌烦的人。
这种企图消除自己和读者之间距离的作法，企图用不了解自己的人的观点来研究自己塑造的形象的作法，会导致作家的毁灭，因为他已经开始为取悦他人而写作了。
一两年前，一位年轻的英国作家发表了中肯的看法。他说，初稿是才华，以后各稿是艺术。也是由于这个原因，作家同任何艺术家一样，找不到可休息的场所，找不到伙伴和活动使自己得到安逸。任何局外人的判断也比不上他自己内心的正确判断。一旦作家从内心的紊乱中理出头绪，就应按任何评论家想像不到的无情规范约束自己去写作;当他沽名钓誉时，他就脱离了自我生活，脱离了对自己灵魂最深处世界的探索。
新概念英语第三册精选必背文章3
Patterns of culture 文化 的模式
Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in indivial actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the indivial, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the indivial is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbor’s superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得，只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究，至于风俗呢，只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实上，情况正好相反。从世界范围来看，传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成，它比任何个人养成的行为都更加引人注目，不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定的风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中，人们也无法超越这些定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰•杜威曾经非常严肃地指出：风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个人对风俗的任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时，杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先就是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起，他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到他会说话时，他就是 传统文化 塑造的一个小孩子了;等他长大了，能做各种事了，他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯，他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗;而在地球的另一边，诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就很少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性，我们才能明白人类生活中主要的复杂现象。
只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时，对风俗的研究才是全面的，才会有收获。首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里，如对仙人掌、白蚁或星云性质的研究，应采取的研究 方法 是，把有关各方面的材料汇集起来，同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如，用这种方法，我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究中，各主要的社会学科才用对一个局部地区各种情况的研究(如对西方文明的研究)来代替对全人类的研究。只要我们同原始人，我们同野蛮人，我们同异教徒之间存在的区别在人的思想中占主导地位，那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度：不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到，这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗，暂且可以说是超自然的东西，必须放在一起加以考虑，我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。