陶瓷的歷史英語閱讀
㈠ 有關於陶瓷英語方面的書籍嗎
我也是學硅酸鹽專業的。你看看硅酸鹽專業的專業英語，就有不少關於陶瓷的，當然水泥、玻璃的也不少。
㈡ 景德鎮瓷器英文介紹
Jingdezhen porcelain is famous for its white porcelain.
（景德鎮瓷器以白瓷為聞名。）
Known as "white as jade, bright as mirror, thin as paper, sound like qing" said.
（素有「白如玉，明如鏡，薄如紙，聲如磬」之稱。）
The variety is complete, once reached more than 3000 kinds of name.
（品種齊全，曾達三千多種品名。）
Excellent porcelain, lightweight modeling, decorative diversity.
（瓷質優良，造型輕巧，裝飾多樣。）
In the decoration of blue and white, glaze red, ancient color, pastel, bucket color, new color and so on.
（在裝飾方面有青花、釉里紅、古彩、粉彩、鬥彩、新彩等。）
Among them especially to blue and white, powder color procts for the bulk, color glaze for famous proction.
（其中尤以青花、粉彩產品為大宗，顏色釉為名產。）
There are many varieties of glaze, such as green, blue, red, yellow, black and so on.
（釉色品種很多，有青、藍、紅、黃、黑等類。）
Only red glaze system, that is, jun red, lang kiln red, ji red and rose purple, etc.
（僅紅釉系統，即有鈞紅、郎窯紅、霽紅和玫瑰紫等。）
The procts are well known in the world and are one of the outstanding representatives of ancient ceramic art.
（均用"還原焰"燒成，產品馳名世界， 是稱譽世界的古代陶瓷藝術傑出代表之一。）
(2)陶瓷的歷史英語閱讀擴展閱讀
景德鎮瓷器品質特性：景德鎮瓷器自古以來，名揚天下。在琳琅滿目的瓷器中，最著名的有典雅素凈的青花瓷，明凈剔透的青花玲瓏瓷，五彩繽紛的顏色釉瓷。
幽靜雅緻的青花影青瓷，古樸清麗的古彩瓷，萬紫千紅的新彩瓷，明麗雋秀的窯彩瓷，別開生面的總和裝飾瓷等。這些珍貴的名瓷，被人們譽為「中華民族文化之精華」、「瓷國之瑰寶」。
㈢ 關於陶瓷的英語作文80個詞
A Chinese porcelain-ware displaying battles between dragons, Kangxi era (1662-1722), Qing Dynasty.
Fonthill vase is the earliest Chinese porcelain object to have reached Europe. It was a Chinese gift for Louis the Great of Hungary in 1338.Porcelain is generally believed to have originated in China. Although proto-porcelain wares exist dating from the Shang Dynasty about 1600 BCE, by the Eastern Han Dynasty (100-200 BCE) high firing glazed ceramic wares had developed into porcelain, and porcelain manufactured ring the Tang Dynasty period (618–) was exported to the Islamic world, where it was highly prized.[4] Early porcelain of this type includes the tri-color glazed porcelain, or sancai wares. Historian S.A.M. Adshead writes that true porcelain items in the restrictive sense that we know them today could be found in dynasties after the Tang,[5] ring the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties.
By the Sui (about 580 AD) and Tang (about 620 AD) dynasties, porcelain had become widely proced. Eventually, porcelain and the expertise required to create it began to spread into other areas; by the seventeenth century, it was being exported to Europe.
Korean and Japanese porcelain also have long histories and distinct artistic traditions.
㈣ 陶瓷的英語介紹
"陶瓷"是一種通稱,"陶"和"瓷"在質地上、物理性能上有很大區別。中國是最早製造陶器的國家之一,是最早發明瓷器的國家。
陶器的出現大約在距今1萬年左右,中國進入新石器時代,開始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的發明。中國陶器的分布比較廣泛,主要集中的在黃河流域和長江流域。其中仰韶文化是新石器時期比較有代表性的文化類型,以彩陶為特點,也稱"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和廟底溝兩個類型,裝飾圖案有很高的藝術價值。馬家窯文化是新石器晚期的文化類型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今約5000年。黑陶是繼彩陶之後的又一偉大創造發明,距今約4000年的龍山文化時期,出現了工藝獨特的蛋殼陶。近些年來,山東、河北一帶多有仿製,有較高的收藏價值。秦漢時期的陶俑,是我國古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技術和藝術達到了很高的境地。此外,唐代的三彩器、明清兩代的紫砂器等,都是中國陶器文物的重要內容,很值得深入收藏和研究。
陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的總稱。陶瓷的傳統概念是指所有以粘土等無機非金屬礦物為原料的人工工業產品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物經混煉,成形,煅燒而製成的各種製品。由最粗糙的土器到最精細的精陶和瓷器都屬於它的范圍。對於它的主要原料是取之於自然界的硅酸鹽礦物(如粘土、長石、石英等),因此與玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工業,同屬於"硅酸鹽工業"(Silicate Instry)的范疇。
陶瓷的發展史是中華文明史的一個重要的組成部分,中國作為四大文明古國之一,為人類社會的進步和發展做出了卓越的貢獻,其中陶瓷的發明和發展更具有獨特的意義,中國歷史上各朝各代不同藝術風格和不同技術特點。英文中的"china"既有中國的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中國就是"陶瓷的故鄉"。
早在歐洲人掌握瓷器製造技術一千多年前,中國人就已經製造出很精美的陶瓷器。中國是世界上最早應用陶器的國家之一,而中國瓷器因其極高的實用性和藝術性而備受世人的推崇。
所謂陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石礦做胎體,用長石和石英等原料制釉,並且通過成型、乾燥、燒制而成的製品,主要有日用、藝術、和建築陶器等三種。考古發現已經證明中國人早在新石器時代(約公元前8000)就發明了陶器。原始社會晚期出現的農業生產使中國人的祖先過上了比較固定的生活,客觀上對陶器有了需求。人們為了提高生活的方便,提高生活質量,逐漸通過燒制粘土燒制出了陶器。
隨著近代科學技術的發展,近百年來又出現了許多新的陶瓷品種。它們不再使用或很少使用粘土、長石、石英等傳統陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至擴大到非硅酸鹽,非氧化物的范圍,並且出現了許多新的工藝。美國和歐洲一些國家的文獻已將"Ceramic"一詞理解為各種無機非金屬固體材料的通稱。因此陶瓷的含義實際上已遠遠超越過去狹窄的傳統觀念了。
迄今為止,陶瓷器的界說似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用鋁硅酸鹽礦物或某些氧化物等為主要原料,依照人的意圖通過特定的物理化學工藝在高溫下以一定的溫度和氣氛製成的具有一定型式的工藝岩石。表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷質還具有不同程度的半透明度,通體是由一種或多種晶體或與無定形膠結物及氣孔或與熟料包裹體等微觀結構組成。
陶瓷工業是硅酸鹽工業的主要分支之一,屬於無機化學工業范圍.但現代科學高度綜合,互相滲透,從整個陶瓷工業製造工藝的內容來分析,它的錯綜復雜與牽涉之廣,顯然不是僅用無機化學的理論所能概括的。
陶瓷製品的品種繁多,它們之間的化學成分.礦物組成,物理性質,以及製造方法,常常互相接近交錯,無明顯的界限,而在應用上卻有很大的區別。因此很難硬性地歸納為幾個系統,詳細的分類法各家說法不一,到現在國際上還沒有一個統一的分類方法。
"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.
The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.
Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial instrial procts. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of procts. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as instry, with an "instrial silicate" (Silicate Instry ) Area.
The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery."
As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.
The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the procts, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural proction so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, graally burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.
With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.
To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.
Portland ceramic instry is one of the main branches of instry, belong to the scope of inorganic chemical instry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic instry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.
A wide variety of ceramic procts, their chemical composition. Mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.
㈤ 關於陶瓷發展以及陶瓷怎樣傳入國外得英語作文
"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.
The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.
Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial instrial procts. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of procts. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as instry, with an "instrial silicate" (Silicate Instry ) Area.
The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery." changaiyin
As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.
The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the procts, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural proction so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, graally burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.
With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.
To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.
Portland ceramic instry is one of the main branches of instry, belong to the scope of inorganic chemical instry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic instry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.
A wide variety of ceramic procts, their chemical composition. Mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.
翻譯
"陶瓷"是一種通稱,"陶"和"瓷"在質地上、物理性能上有很大區別.中國是最早製造陶器的國家之一,是最早發明瓷器的國家.
陶器的出現大約在距今1萬年左右,中國進入新石器時代,開始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的發明.中國陶器的分布比較廣泛,主要集中的在黃河流域和長江流域.其中仰韶文化是新石器時期比較有代表性的文化類型,以彩陶為特點,也稱"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和廟底溝兩個類型,裝飾圖案有很高的藝術價值.馬家窯文化是新石器晚期的文化類型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今約5000年.黑陶是繼彩陶之後的又一偉大創造發明,距今約4000年的龍山文化時期,出現了工藝獨特的蛋殼陶.近些年來,山東、河北一帶多有仿製,有較高的收藏價值.秦漢時期的陶俑,是我國古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技術和藝術達到了很高的境地.此外,唐代的三彩器、明清兩代的紫砂器等,都是中國陶器文物的重要內容,很值得深入收藏和研究.
陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的總稱.陶瓷的傳統概念是指所有以粘土等無機非金屬礦物為原料的人工工業產品.它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物經混煉,成形,煅燒而製成的各種製品.由最粗糙的土器到最精細的精陶和瓷器都屬於它的范圍.對於它的主要原料是取之於自然界的硅酸鹽礦物(如粘土、長石、石英等),因此與玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工業,同屬於"硅酸鹽工業"(Silicate Instry)的范疇.
陶瓷的發展史是中華文明史的一個重要的組成部分,中國作為四大文明古國之一,為人類社會的進步和發展做出了卓越的貢獻,其中陶瓷的發明和發展更具有獨特的意義,中國歷史上各朝各代不同藝術風格和不同技術特點.英文中的"china"既有中國的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中國就是"陶瓷的故鄉".changaiyin
早在歐洲人掌握瓷器製造技術一千多年前,中國人就已經製造出很精美的陶瓷器.中國是世界上最早應用陶器的國家之一,而中國瓷器因其極高的實用性和藝術性而備受世人的推崇.
所謂陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石礦做胎體,用長石和石英等原料制釉,並且通過成型、乾燥、燒制而成的製品,主要有日用、藝術、和建築陶器等三種.考古發現已經證明中國人早在新石器時代(約公元前8000)就發明了陶器.原始社會晚期出現的農業生產使中國人的祖先過上了比較固定的生活,客觀上對陶器有了需求.人們為了提高生活的方便,提高生活質量,逐漸通過燒制粘土燒制出了陶器.
隨著近代科學技術的發展,近百年來又出現了許多新的陶瓷品種.它們不再使用或很少使用粘土、長石、石英等傳統陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至擴大到非硅酸鹽,非氧化物的范圍,並且出現了許多新的工藝.美國和歐洲一些國家的文獻已將"Ceramic"一詞理解為各種無機非金屬固體材料的通稱.因此陶瓷的含義實際上已遠遠超越過去狹窄的傳統觀念了.
迄今為止,陶瓷器的界說似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用鋁硅酸鹽礦物或某些氧化物等為主要原料,依照人的意圖通過特定的物理化學工藝在高溫下以一定的溫度和氣氛製成的具有一定型式的工藝岩石.表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷質還具有不同程度的半透明度,通體是由一種或多種晶體或與無定形膠結物及氣孔或與熟料包裹體等微觀結構組成.
陶瓷工業是硅酸鹽工業的主要分支之一,屬於無機化學工業范圍.但現代科學高度綜合,互相滲透,從整個陶瓷工業製造工藝的內容來分析,它的錯綜復雜與牽涉之廣,顯然不是僅用無機化學的理論所能概括的.
陶瓷製品的品種繁多,它們之間的化學成分.礦物組成,物理性質,以及製造方法,常常互相接近交錯,無明顯的界限,而在應用上卻有很大的區別.因此很難硬性地歸納為幾個系統,詳細的分類法各家說法不一,到現在國際上還沒有一個統一的分類方法.
㈥ 求一篇關於陶瓷的英語的文章，要求，有中文翻譯。字數500.速度，滿足要求就給分，先到先得。
CiZao territory along the stream of ancient sites, more numerous, early in the 1950s, the Palace Museum ChenWanLi FengXianMing, Mr CiZao kiln for such had survey, Thereafter, xiamen university, quanzhou museum of human JiaoTongShi overseas JinJiangXian museums, museums, museums in fujian province as the unit of the researchers have done a lot of research work, and have tried to dig, local large specimens, found in the southern dynasty - 26. In January of this place, Tang and five six sites, 12 this song and yuan dynasties, Qing dynasty. This 7 The song and yuan dynasties, TongZiShan spider mountain sites, soil sites include the tail set this mountain sites, CiZao referred to as listed in the first batch of fujian, this unit of provincial level. In this mountain, song dynasty xikou retaining golden hill sites listed jinjiang municipal units of cultural relics protection.
CiZao kiln proct variety, the shape of diversity. The breed with life daily utensils for bulk, in addition to display device, building materials, etc. Life in the vessel is bowl, plate, lamp, disc, basin, bowls, wash, cans, cylinder, urn, pot, bottle, lamp, dishes, lamp, ZhiHu, water injection, army, must hold pillow etc, porcelain, Display device are furnace, sweet fume, vase, flowerpot, animals, plants and animals YanDi fractal model (such as lions, tigers, tortoise, toad, peach, etc), and other like such a piggy bank, waist, can artifacts, Building decoration materials, etc. Among them, huang painted iron army, the market, the decorative plate is green glair for export procts, dragon urn is the most local characteristics.
The CiZao kiln chinaware TaiZhi general grayish, particle TaiZhi thicker, dense enough. Also because of this, the porcelain clay glair place more womb a yellowish-white makeup. But generally only half glaze, was in no glaze. Glaze can be classified into five categories, namely green glair, sauce black glaze, huang, green and yellow green glair glaze. Green glair in bowls, disc, lamp, port, basin, caddy, pot, ZhiHu, army, lamp, holding furnace, sweet fume, etc in green glair color; add brown under Many in the dark glaze sauce bowl, the lamp, lamp, cans, pot, ZhiHu, water injection, furnace waist, such as, some of the light side or bowl, the mouth ShiQing glaze, along the sauce black glazed, Yellow green glair is in bottles, cans, army, hold, water injection, basin, plate, furnace, pillow, birds and animals eat model, Some for the yellow color glaze, green glair, green glair is much "silver" return, Some are yellow and green glair with n a device. Adornment gimmick, picking flowers, there MoYin, DiaoLou, glazing and coloured drawing or pattern, etc. Decoration pattern has flowers (Ephraim, chrysanthemum, peony flowers, tangle, flowers, etc.), the grass (grass), the melon leng, melons, chicken, and stroke, YunLei, string equipment.the grain, the cloud, water color and spread point, especially in the dragon grain.
In the jinjiang county annals "have" China township, take a focal porcelain kiln, and the earth open BoZi, cylinder, the size of the urn what genera, and give the foot." The records. Based on the field investigation and CiZao kiln relevant archaeological data, in Japan and the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya, south east Asia, southeast Asia etc. Nation in the east and have CiZao kiln procts. In these countries, some of the museum, the museum collections often works, thus the kiln, CiZao kiln is an important area of export porcelain.
The army, bottle, ZhiHu, cans, disc is a song period of the main export procts. Among them, the army is dedicated to people in southeast Asia and the religious activities, "Dragon" proction since Ming dynastiy urn, follow, but also continuously domestic exports to southeast Asia. During the Ming and qing dynasties, CiZao to burn a daily ceramics, thick, with overseas Chinese still marketing of going abroad, porcelain making technology also spread throughout southeast, promote the development of local ceramic technology, such as the Philippines meters of land "neville" fires, CiZao WuXing overseas Chinese porcelain is taught. Until recently, still have many overseas Chinese in this camp, imparting ones.
CiZao kiln is China's southeastern coast, with the important export ceramic kilns, is a strong kiln of local characteristics and style of the kilns. Its location - near quanzhou harbor port, make its export condition is superior. At the same time, it is closely related to the rise in quanzhou port quanzhou in song and yuan dynasties, when the traffic and foreign trade reached its peak, is the development of CiZao kiln proction period of prosperity. Some of the CiZao kiln proct is specially designed for export and fire, such as army as may be to adapt to the southeast Asia and religious life of furnace burn CiZao artifacts, the procts implement class colorful, although is extensive, but it should be pointed out that special features, CiZao kiln unearthed some porcelain sculpture, deep eye high nose figure, vividly reflected quanzhou sea port of song and yuan dynasties "rise in birth million."
But CiZao ceramic in Ming dynasty, because when the glazed procts mainly of extinction, cylinder, pot, cans, disc, proction and sale of demand, narrow. How to position yourself? ChongZou ancestors certainly not, then the path of people are turning to architectural ceramics. In 1979, CiZao WuJinShi people, through many thousands of practice in the ancient kiln burned modern glazed pottery. Since the start CiZao on real significance of ceramic enterprise, the development of extraordinary scale.
After more than ten years of development, CiZao town as the five big building ceramic proction base, become one of national xinghuo regional ceramic materials pillar instrial technology innovation, national ceramics instry in fujian province, the demonstration base of science and technology, and has ShiFanZhen ceramic group, advanced kiln proction line 15 more than 300. Output value over 100 million yuan of enterprise group has 6, the value of the enterprise has super million, the building materials CiZao 159 procts sold throughout the country, the exterior wall tiles yield an equivalent to two thirds of the proction. Almost the glazed tiles. CiZao town by an unknown technocrat rural town has become MinDongNa economic hub. For many years in fujian province and comprehensive economic strength strong town. June 2000, Chinese sanitary ceramics association awarded "China ceramic town" honorary title.
磁灶境內古窯址多沿溪分布，數量眾多，早在二十世紀五十年代，故宮博物院陳萬里，馮先銘等先生就對磁灶窯進行過調查；其後，廈門大學人類博物館、泉州海外交通史博物館、福建省博物館、晉江縣博物館等單位的研究人員均對其進行了大量的調查工作，並進行過局部試掘，採集到大量標本，發現了南朝至清代的二十六處窯址。其中南朝窯址1處；唐、五代窯址6處；宋元時期窯址12處；清代窯址7處。宋元時期的蜘蛛山窯址、童子山窯址、土尾庵窯址、大坪山窯址統稱為磁灶窯址，列為福建省第一批省級文物單位。南朝溪口山窯址、宋代金交椅山窯址列為晉江市級文物保護單位.
磁灶窯產品品種繁多，器形多樣。其品種以生活日用器皿為大宗，此外還有陳設器、建築材料等。生活日用器皿中有碗、盤、盞、碟、盆、缽、洗、罐、缸、瓮、壺、瓶、燈、盂、盞托、執壺、水注、軍持、急須、瓷枕等；陳設器則有爐，香熏、花瓶、花盆、動物形硯滴、動植物模型（如獅、虎、龜、蟾蜍、壽桃、力士像等），以及其它如腰鼓、撲滿、鳥食罐等器物；建築材料有裝飾板等。其中，黃釉鐵繪花紋大盤、軍持、青釉碟是專供外銷的產品，龍瓮是最具地方特色的。
磁灶窯瓷器的胎質一般呈灰色，顆粒較粗，胎質不夠緻密。也正因為此，瓷器胎土施釉處多上一層黃白色化妝土。但一般僅施半釉，器內無釉。釉可分為五大類，即青釉、醬黑釉、黃釉、綠釉與黃綠釉。青釉多見於碗、碟、盞、缽、盆、小罐、壺、執壺、軍持、燈、爐、香熏等器物，有的還在青釉下添加褐彩；醬黑釉多施於碗、盞、盞托、罐、壺、執壺、水注、爐、腰鼓等器物，有的如碗、盞里側或口沿施青釉，外施醬黑釉；黃綠釉則見於瓶、壺、罐、軍持、水注、盆、盤、爐、枕、鳥食罐及動植物模型等；有的為單色的黃釉、綠釉，綠釉器多有「返銀」現象；有的則黃、綠釉同施一器。裝飾手法有刻劃、剔花、模印、雕鏤、施釉及彩繪等。裝飾紋樣有花卉（蓮、菊、牡丹、纏枝花、折枝花等）、草葉（卷草）、瓜棱、瓜、鳳，以及篦劃、雲雷、弦紋、卷雲、水波及點彩、文字等，其中尤以龍紋最具特色。
在《晉江縣志》中就有「瓷器出瓷灶鄉，取地土開窯，燒大小缽子、缸、瓮之屬，甚饒足，並過洋。」的記載。通過對磁灶窯的實地調查和有關考古資料證實，歷年來日本、菲律賓、印度尼西亞、馬來西亞、新加坡、泰國、斯里蘭卡、肯亞等東亞、東南亞、南亞和東非國家中多有磁灶窯產品出土。在這些國家的一些博物館、美術館，常收藏有該窯作品，由此，證明磁灶窯是一處重要的外銷陶瓷產地。
軍持、瓶、執壺、罐、碟等是宋元時期大量外銷的主要產品。其中，軍持是專門適應東南亞人民進行宗教活動需要而燒制的；「龍瓮」的生產自宋明至今，沿襲不斷，除了內銷外還輸出到東南亞各國。明清時期，磁灶以燒制單一的日用粗陶為主，仍運銷海外，隨著華僑的大批出國，制瓷技術也傳播南洋各地，促進當地陶瓷工藝的發展，例如菲律賓米岸燒制的「文奈」瓷器，就是磁灶吳姓華僑傳授的。直到近代，仍有眾多華僑在海外操營此業，傳授技藝。
磁灶窯是我國東南沿海地區，以燒造外銷陶瓷為主的重要窯口，是具有濃量的地方特色和時代風格的民窯。它所處的地理位置---瀕臨泉州港口岸，使其外銷條件優越。同時，它與泉州港的興衰密切相關，當泉州在宋元時期對外交通和貿易達到鼎盛的時候，也正是磁灶窯生產發展昌盛的時期。磁灶窯的某些產品是專門為外銷而燒造的，如軍持等可能是為適應東南亞各地宗教性生活而接受的定燒器物，磁灶窯的產品器類豐富多彩，雖然比較粗放但卻頗具特色，特別應指出的，磁灶窯出土的一些瓷雕塑，深目高鼻的人物形象，生動地反映了泉州港宋元時期「漲海聲中萬國商」的景象。
但磁灶的陶瓷在明清之後，由於宋時釉彩等工藝的的失傳，產品主要以缸、壺、罐、碟為主，生產和銷路窄小，市場需求低。如何定位自己？重走祖輩們的老路肯定不行，於是人們把目光投向了建築陶瓷。1979年，磁灶人吳金世，歷經多次的實踐終於在千百年的古窯里燒出了現代的釉面磚。磁灶從此開始了真正意義上的跨越，建陶企業得到了超常規模的發展。
經過十幾年艱苦的發展,磁灶鎮作為全國5大建築陶瓷生產基地之一，成為國家級星火區域性陶瓷建材支柱產業區、國家級技術創新陶瓷工業示範基地、福建省第三批科技示範鎮，目前，擁有建陶集團15家，先進輥道窯生產線300多條。產值超億元的企業集團有6家，產值超千萬元的企業有159家，磁灶的建材產品暢銷全國各地，外牆磚產量一項就相當於全國產量的三分之二。琉璃瓦幾乎壟斷全國的市場。磁灶鎮由原來名不見經傳的鄉村小鎮一躍成為閩東南經濟重鎮。連續多年綜合經濟實力位居福建省10強鄉鎮前列。2000年6月，被中國建築衛生陶瓷協會授予「中國陶瓷重鎮」榮譽稱號。
㈦ 求一篇兩千字與陶瓷，釉相關的英語文章，最好能有翻譯
Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln to ince reactions that lead to permanent changes, including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. There are wide regional variations in the properties of clays used by potters and this often helps to proce wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other minerals to be mixed to proce clay bodies suited to specific purposes.
Prior to some shaping processes, air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Once a clay body has been de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After shaping it is dried before firing. There are a number of stages in the drying process. Leather-hard refers to the stage when the clay object is approximately 75-85% dry. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state. Clay bodies are said to be "bone-dry" when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. Unfired objects are often termed greenware. Clay bodies at this stage are very fragile and hence can be easily broken.
It is believed that the earliest pottery wares were hand built and fired in bonfires. Firing times were short but the peak-temperatures achieved in the fire could be high, perhaps in the region of 900 degrees Celsius, and were reached very quickly. Clays tempered with sand, grit, crushed shell or crushed pottery were often used to make bonfire-fired ceramics, because they provided an open body texture that allows water and other volatile components of the clay to escape freely. The coarser particles in the clay also acted to restrain shrinkage within the bodies of the wares ring cooling, which was carried out slowly to rece the risk of thermal stress and cracking. In the main, early bonfire-fired wares were made with rounded bottoms, to avoid sharp angles that might be susceptible to cracking. The earliest intentionally constructed kilns were pit-kilns or trench-kilns; holes g in the ground and covered with fuel. Holes in the ground provided insulation and resulted in better control over firing.
The earliest known ceramic objects are Gravettian figurines such as those discovered at Dolni Vestonice in the modern-day Czech Republic. The Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Věstonická Venuše in Czech) is a Venus figurine, a statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BCE (Gravettian instry). The earliest pottery vessel found to date was excavated from the Yuchanyan Cave in southern China and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2009 reports that the ware dates back to 18,000 years ago. Pottery vessels made by the Incipient Jōmon people of Japan from around 10,500 BCE have also been found. The term "Jōmon" means "cord-marked" in Japanese. This refers to the markings made on clay vessels and figures using sticks with cords wrapped around them. Pottery which dates back to 10,000 BCE have also been excavated in China. It appears that pottery was independently developed in North Africa ring the tenth millennium b.p. and in South America ring the seventh millennium b.p.
The earliest history of pottery proction can be divided into 4 periods namely; the Hassuna period (5000 - 4,500 BCE), the Halaf period (4,500 - 4000 BCE), the Ud period (4000 - 3000 BCE), and the Uruk period (3,500 - 2000 BCE). The invention of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia sometime between 6,000 and 4,000 BCE (Ud period) revolutionized pottery proction. Specialized potters were then able to meet the expanding needs of the world's first cities. Pottery was in use in ancient India ring the Mehrgarh Period II (5500 - 4800 BCE) and Merhgarh Period III (4800 - 3500 BCE), known as the ceramic Neolithic and chalcolithic. Pottery, including items known as the ed-Dur vessels, originated in regions of the Ins valley and has been found in a number of sites in the Ins valley civilization.
In the Mediterranean, ring the Greek Dark Ages (1100–800 BCE), artists used geometric designs such as squares, circles and lines to decorate amphoras and other pottery. The period between 1500-300 BCE in ancient Korea is known as the Mumun Pottery Period.
The quality of pottery has varied historically, in part dependent upon the repute in which the potter's craft was held by the community[citation needed]. For example, in the Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia, Halafian pottery achieved a level of technical competence and sophistication, not seen until the later developments of Greek pottery with Corinthian and Attic ware[citation needed]. The distinctive Red Samian ware of the Early Roman Empire was copied by regional potters throughout the Empire. The Dark Age period saw a collapse in the quality of European pottery which did not recover in status and quality until the European Renaissance[citation needed.
這是平行文本相關翻譯：
陶器，是用黏土或陶土經捏製成形後燒制而成的器具，陶器的英文"pottery"可以同時指土器（earthenware）、陶器、石陶器（stoneware）及瓷器的集合。陶器歷史悠久，在新石器時代就已初見簡單粗糙的陶器。陶器在古代作為一種生活用品，在現在一般作為工藝品收藏。
一般認為最早的陶器是手制的，並在篝火（bonfires）燒制。燒制時間短但火達到的最高溫度可以很高，約在900℃左右，而且達到的速度很快。黏土與沙、砂礫、打碎的貝殼或打碎的陶器調合後會被用來製造篝火燒制陶瓷器，這是因為它們提供了一個開放的坯體質地令水及其他揮發性成分可以輕易離開。黏土中較粗糙的粒子亦會發揮在冷卻時限制陶器坯體內部收縮的作用，此過程以緩慢速度進行，並減低熱應力及破裂的危機。早期以篝火燒制的陶器主要是圓底的，用意是避免尖銳的角令破裂容易發生。最早有目的而建設的窯是穴窯（pit kiln）或溝窯（trench kiln），即在地面掘一個洞再在上面鋪滿燃料。在地面的洞提供了隔離層，令燒制過程可以有更佳的控制。
中國最早的陶器出現於新石器時代早期。大約在距今15000年左右，首先在中國南方可能已經開始制陶的試驗，到距今9000年左右大致完成了陶器的發明和探索。1962年於江西萬年縣仙人洞遺址發現的圓底罐，其年代據放射性碳素測試為公元前6875±240年，為夾砂紅陶，外表有繩紋。裴李崗文化（公元前5500～前4900年）中的陶器則多為泥質或夾砂紅陶，亦有少量灰陶。在接下來的磁山文化（公元前5400年～前5100年）、大地灣文化（公元前5200年～前4800年）、仰韶文化、馬家窯文化、大汶口文化、龍山文化可以看出古代中國人的制陶工藝不斷發展，品質提高，種類增多。在中國，彩陶出現在公元前4000年左右。"半坡彩陶"為仰韶文化的一部分，在1953年首先於陝西西安市半坡村被發現，主要包含水壺及碗等。一開始它們上面純粹為紅色，但陶器上漸漸有獨特的符號，稱為半坡陶符，紋飾有動物紋、幾何紋、編織紋等。此後在臨近各省也發現了類似的陶器。在公元前2500年至2000年的龍山文化中，出現了黑陶，這是中國制陶工藝的一次高峰。 在商朝，有理論認為是當時印歐語系的游牧民族帶來陶輪的技術，令陶器量產化。在周朝，以陶輪製作的陶器會以更高溫燒制，令其硬度增加，同時亦會使用綠色的釉料。秦朝的陶俑兵馬俑成為當時最具代表性的陶器，而在此時陶器的描繪主題由動物轉變為人。在漢朝，陶器的描繪主題由為佛教的傳播而出現了佛的形象。到了唐朝，中國出現了白色的陶瓷，而同時亦出現了其他陶像，唐三彩成為當時藝術精華的代表。到了宋朝，因為瓷器技術開始成熟令中國的陶器的輝煌被瓷器完全蓋過。此後中國的陶瓷器重點便落在瓷器上。然而明清的紫砂壺等陶器乃至近代的江蘇宜興、廣東石灣的陶器工藝仍然有非常高的水準。