英語科技文的閱讀
培養學生英語科技文閱讀能力：
1．詞彙表「八到」記憶法
這是中學生使用最多的方法之一，即將生詞表和人的器官相結合：眼裡看到、心裡想到、手裡寫到、嘴裡拿到、耳朵聽到、（結合實物還可以）鼻子嗅到、舌頭嘗到、手指觸到。學生在記憶時不要偷懶，一定要邊記邊比劃，把各個器官充分調動起來。這種方法使學生把目標詞彙與自己的大腦神經聯系，易記憶深刻，印象持久。
2．分類記憶法
即分析單詞的形態，將所要記得單詞根據其義、形、音進行分類。例如，按音標的拼讀規則記憶單詞，按詞性變化記憶單詞，按同音記憶單詞，教師還可教給學生關於英語詞根和詞綴的知識等；通過詞根加前綴或後綴可派生出新的單詞，將兩個或更多的詞放在一起，可合成新的單詞。
3．聯想記憶法
蘇聯著名心理學家巴甫洛夫指出：「記憶要依靠聯想，而聯想則是新舊正式建立聯系的產物。」美國心理學家威廉·詹姆士也說：「記憶的秘訣就是根據我們想記住的各種材料來進行各種各樣的聯想，而這些聯想就成了各種資料的釣鉤，萬一資料沉沒腦海，我們就可以通過聯想這樣的釣鉤將資料鉤出來。」充分運用發散思維展開自己的想像力，使所要記憶的英語單詞，生動、形象和具體化，使生詞與熟詞之間建立一種聯系，從而達到以舊帶新，快速記憶的目的。
『貳』 關於科技的英語小短文
基因改造食物安全嗎？
- 鼓吹基因改造作物的人說，這類作物不像傳統作物，需要的有毒農葯較少，對環境有利。但令批評者擔憂的是潛在的風險，他們想知道所謂的利益究竟有多少。到底基因改造作物是環保美夢的實現，還是一場正在形成中的災難？科學家正積極尋找答案。
人們對基因改造食物的態度，似乎愈來愈壁壘分明，一邊的人支持，另一邊的人則是畏懼。支持者宣稱，種植基因改造作物對環境傷害較小，而食用這種農作物製成的食品也完全無害。它們還說，基因工程讓農作物在貧瘠的土地上也能生長，或可培育出更營養的食物。在不久的未來，全球人口快速膨脹，還得靠這方法解決糧食問題。持懷疑態度者則反駁，基因改造作物對生態環境或人體健康都有極大的風險，令人憂心，不該貿然接受。許多歐洲國家抱持這種態度，因而限制基因改造作物的種植與輸入。主要的爭議，集中在基因改造食物的安全性。然而，最近的科學研究又是如何看待基因改造食物的危險呢？答案，往往迷失在各種報導的爭議中；但是在接下來的篇幅里，它們將呈現在你的眼前。
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS: Are They Safe?
- Are genetically modified crops an environmental dream come true or a disaster in the making? Scientists are looking for answers
The world seems increasingly divided into those who favor genetically modified (GM) foods and those who fear them. Advocates assert that growing genetically altered crops can be kinder to the environment and that eating foods from those plants is perfectly safe. And, they say, genetic engineering－which can ince plants to grow in poor soils or to proce more nutritious foods－will soon become an essential tool for helping to feed the world's burgeoning population. Skeptics contend that GM crops could pose unique risks to the environment and to health－risks too troubling to accept placidly. Taking that view, many European countries are restricting the planting and importation of GM agricultural procts. Much of the debate hinges on perceptions of safety. But what exactly does recent scientific research say about the hazards? The answers, too often lost in reports on the controversy, are served up in the pages that follow.
『叄』 怎樣做英語閱讀理解做題的技巧有哪些
做英語閱讀理解的技巧有：
1、若針對舉例子、人物言論出題，需要查找例子以及人物所說的句子前後的內容，然後與各選項逐一核對。
2、在出現一些關鍵詞,如however，but，moreover, therefore，thus時，要特別注意句子前後意義的轉折、遞進、因果等關系。
3、細節理解題的答案一般是同義替換項或者同義轉換。
現狀分析
IDC最近的報告預測稱，到2020年，全球數據量將擴大50倍。這當然並不僅僅是數據的洪流越來越大，全新的支流也會越來越多，各種意想不到的來源都在產生著數據。它正以前所未有的速度，顛覆人們探索世界的方法，驅動產業間的融合。
人們的閱讀方式、閱讀品位在海量信息時代也發生了重大改變，青燈黃卷式的傳統模式被即時在線瀏覽所取代，以快餐式、跳躍性、碎片化為特徵的數字閱讀已成為一種潮流趨勢。龐大的數據流背景下，人們尋找閱讀內容的過程變得繁冗不堪，有價值信息如何被發現則成為更具研究價值的問題。
推薦閱讀的確能夠為人們提供一定的選擇性空間，但是如果僅僅依靠推薦來決定閱讀內容，那麼大多數人的閱讀能力都只能維持在一個水平，因為他們閱讀的內容相差無幾。數字化背景下人們需要的是更具個性化的閱讀方式。
『肆』 英語寫的科技文（計算機類的）
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (1940–1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space. Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch battery. Personal computers, in various forms, are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are used to control other devices — for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to instrial robots, digital cameras, and children's toys.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage capacity.
History of computing
Main article: History of computer hardware
The Jacquard loom was one of the first programmable devices.It is difficult to identify any one device as the earliest computer, partly because the term "computer" has been subject to varying interpretations over time. Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies - that of automated calculation and that of programmability.
Examples of early mechanical calculating devices included the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer.It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour,and five robotic musicians who play music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed every day in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.
The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that proced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine". Due to limited finances, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical Engine.
Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the U.S. Census in 1890 by tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith and manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which later became IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, graally adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult (Shannon 1940). Notable achievements include:
EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture.Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational computer.
The non-programmable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory.
The secret British Colossus computers (1943), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes.
The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.
The U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.
Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the "stored program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, distributed in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored-program architecture commenced around this time, the first of these being completed in Great Britain. The first to be demonstrated working was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM or "Baby"), while the EDSAC, completed a year after SSEM, was the first practical implementation of the stored program design. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann's paper—EDVAC—was completed but did not see full-time use for an additional two years.
Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored-program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture.
Microprocessors are miniaturized devices that often implement stored program CPUs.Computers that used vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s. Vacuum tube electronics were largely replaced in the 1960s by transistor-based electronics, which are smaller, faster, cheaper to proce, require less power, and are more reliable. In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. By the 1980s, computers became sufficiently small and cheap to replace simple mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. The 1980s also witnessed home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household.
『伍』 跪求有關科技的英語小短文
Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old. Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings. Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings
『陸』 誰能給我一個關於科技的英語小短文，帶中文翻譯；
Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.
不久之前,許多人認為嬰兒的基本需求是食物和保持溫暖乾燥.人們以為嬰兒只有到了五六個月大的時候才會開始學東西.
Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.
然而,美國的醫生聲稱嬰兒在他們出生的頭幾天便開始學習.肯尼迪施萊佛國立兒童健康和人類發展機構是聯邦政府代理機構,他的目標是鑒別那些能影響人類健康發展的經驗.
Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings
該機構的調查科學家們注意到嬰兒很大程度上受環境的影響,如果嬰兒的母親做了什麼他們喜歡的事情,這個嬰兒就會笑.嬰兒學著通過微笑來愉悅母親或者監護人來達到得到最好的照料的目的.這就是嬰兒如何學習與他人聯系交流的方式.
『柒』 我要一些英語科普的閱讀文 要有中文的哦！謝謝
Black holes on a collision course
趨於碰撞的黑洞
Scientists say Chandra provides first evidence that two such mysteries can coexist in one galaxy. 科學家說，錢德拉望遠鏡首次證實兩個黑洞可共存於同一星系中。
In a very bright galaxy 400 million light-years away, two black holes are drifting toward each other and in millions of years will merge with an eruption of energy and a burst of gravitational waves that could warp the very fabric of space, astronomers said Tuesday. 天文學家本周二說，在一個距地球4億光年的明亮星系內，兩個黑洞正在互相靠近，數百萬年後將融為一體，並爆發出大量的能量，由此產生的引力波可能會影響到宇宙的每一個角落。
THE SCIENTISTS said the Chandra X-ray Observatory has found the first evidence that two immense black holes can coexist in the same galaxy and that they are moving toward each other for an eventual merger. 《科學家》說，錢德拉X線望遠鏡已經發現初步證據，證明兩個巨大的黑洞可以同時存在於同一星系中，它們正在彼此靠攏，最終將合二為一。
The double black holes were found in a bright, highly active galaxy known as NGC6240, about 400 million light-years from the Earth. 這對黑洞存在於一個極其活躍明亮的星系中，該星系被命名為NGC6240，它距地球約有4億光年。
Astronomers studied NGC6240 because it proced unexplained bursts of X-rays that appeared to come from one of two nuclei at the galactic center. Images collected by radio, infrared and optical observations showed two bright spots, but did not pinpoint the origin of the X-rays. 天文學家之所以研究NGC6240，是因為發現該星系中心有兩個核，其中一個不斷爆發出難以解釋的X線。由無線電、紅外線和光學觀察收集到的影像顯示該星系中有兩個亮點，但無法准確定位X線的來源。
When Chandra, with its sensitive X-ray detectors, focused on the nuclei, astronomers hoped it would tell them whether either of the two points of activity were black holes. 錢德拉裝有敏感的X線檢測器，天文學家用它對准這星系的核心，希望確定兩個活躍點中是否有一個為黑洞。
"Much to our surprise, we found that both were active black holes," Stefanie Komossa of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, said in a statement. 德國Max Planck研究所的Stefanie Komossa在一份申明中說："我們驚訝地發現它倆都是活躍的黑洞。"
Finding two black holes in one galaxy, said Komossa, "supports the idea that black holes can grow to enormous masses in the centers of galaxies by merging with other black holes." Komossa說，同一星系兩洞並存的科學發現證明，星系核心的黑洞可以通過相互兼並融合而發展為宏大的物質。
An artist's conception shows two black holes whirling around each other at the center of a galaxy. 藝術化的構想是：這兩個黑洞在星系中心互相圍繞對方旋轉。
Guenther Hasinger, also of Max Planck, said the Chandra images captured the unmistakable markings of two black holes - high-energy photons swirling around the dense black hole centers and X-rays spewing out from iron atoms being pulled into the center at a high rate of speed. Max Planck的Guenther Hasinger說，錢德拉所攝的影像捕獲了可以確定兩個黑洞並存的跡象，即在密度甚高的黑洞中心周圍渦動著高能量的光子，從鐵原子中噴射出的X線被高速吸入黑洞中心。
Komossa and Hasinger are co-authors of a study submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Hasinger和Komossa曾聯名撰文發表在《天文物理學通訊》上。
The two black holes in NGC6240 are now about 3,000 light-years apart and are expected to merge some time in the next few hundred million years, the researchers said. The merger will be accompanied by an eruption of radiation and a burst of gravitational waves that will spread throughout the universe, causing ripples in the fabric of space, the astronomers said. 據研究人員介紹，NGC6240中的兩個黑洞目前相距大約3000光年，預計要幾億年後才能彼此融合，屆時將會產生大量的輻射和引力波，沖擊宇宙各處，造成太空的漣漪。
The gravitational ripples could cause minute changes in the distance between any two points in the universe, they said. 天文學家說，這種引力漣漪會使宇宙中任何兩點間的距離發生細微的變化。
In another study, French and Argentine astronomers said that observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes have detected a stellar black hole streaking across the Milky Way at about 250,000 miles an hour. A companion star is being dragged along and slowly devoured by the black hole, according to scientists at the French Atomic Energy Commission and the Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics in Argentina. 在另一項研究中，法國和阿根廷天文學家說，通過哈勃太空望遠鏡和地面的天文望遠鏡，他們發現一個星球的黑洞正以25萬英里的時速穿越銀河系。據法國原子能委員會和阿根廷天文和空間物理研究所的科學家介紹，這個黑洞後還有另一顆星尾隨相伴，並正在被黑洞慢慢地蠶食。
The astronomers said the stellar black hole may have been created by an exploding star in the inner disk of the Milky Way. The black hole is 6,000 to 9,000 light years away, the researchers said. A report on the observations appears Tuesday in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
A black hole is a point in space that is so dense with matter that its gravitational field will not let anything - not even light - escape. Stellar black holes, equal to 3.5 to about 15 solar masses, can be formed by the collapse of a single massive star. But galactic black holes, such as those in NGC6240, are much larger, equal perhaps to millions of solar masses, and are usually at the center of galaxies.The Milky Way, home galaxy of the sun and its planets, is thought to have a black hole at its center.With its immense gravitational pull, a black hole can suck in gas, st and other matter from the surrounding space. Entire stars can be stripped and pulled into the bottomless maw. As it spirals in at near light speeds, matter captured by a black hole heats by millions of degrees and gives out intense radiation in several parts of the spectrum, including X-rays. The orbiting Chandra observatory is able to detect these X-rays and relay the data to Earth for study by astronomers. 黑洞就是太空中的一個點，此點密度甚高，使得任何物質甚至光都無法脫離它的引力。一個巨星的瓦解就足以產生質量相當於3.5至15個太陽的星球黑洞。但星系黑洞如NGC6240中的黑洞要大得多，質量相當於幾百萬個太陽，通常位於星系的中心。 銀河系是太陽及其九大行星的家，科學家認為銀河系的中心就存在著一個黑洞。靠著強大的引力牽拉，黑洞能吸入來自周圍空間的氣體、塵埃和其它物質。這個無底洞甚至將整個星球分解後吸入。物質被黑洞捕獲後以幾近光速的高速被旋轉吸入洞中時，它所釋放出的熱量可高達幾百萬度，並可發出不同的強烈射線，包括X射線。正在軌道上運轉的錢德拉望遠鏡可以檢測到這些X射線，並將數據傳回地球，供天文學家研究。
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed by the space shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. 美國航空航天局的錢德拉X線望遠鏡是在1999年7月23日，由哥倫比亞號太空飛船搭載發射升空的。
生命的循環
Facing death, Jeff Cross and Lily Cheng had run out of options. But a rare "domino" liver transplant, involving a living donor, gave both a future.
面對死亡，傑夫·克羅斯和程莉莉已經沒有其他選擇了。但是一個罕見的"多米諾"式肝臟移植(涉及到一位活人器官捐獻者)，卻給兩人帶來了新的生機。
Circle of Life
Since last spring, Jeff Cross, 29, had been tormented by night sweats, a side effect of the rare genetic illness that threatened to kill him unless he got a new liver.