制度的英語閱讀
⑴ 英語閱讀理解的題目及答案
Passage Fifteen (The Second Wave of Feminism)
The statistics I』ve cited and the living examples are all too familiar to you. But what may not be so familiar will be the increasing number of women who are looking actively for advancement of for a new job in your offices. This woman may be equipped with professional skills and perhaps valuable experience, She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President』s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.
She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism. She is the modern woman who is determined to be.
Her forerunner was the radical feminist who interpreted her trapped position as a female as oppression by the master class of men. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.
The radical feminists found strength in banding together. Coming to recognize each other for the first time, they could explore their own identities, realize their own power, and view the male and his system as the common enemy. The first phases of feminism in the last five years often took on this militant, class-warfare tone. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country. Consciousness-raising groups allowed women to explore both their identities and their dreams—and the two were often found in direct conflict.
What is the stereotyped role of American women? Marriage. A son. Two daughters. Breakfast. Ironing. Lunch. Bowling, maybe a garden club of for the very daring, non-credit courses in ceramics. Perhaps an occasional cocktail party. Dinner. Football or baseball on TV. Each day the same. Never any growth in expectations—unless it is growth because the husband has succeeded. The inevitable question: 「Is that all there is to life?」
The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves. The magazine 「Ms.」 was born in the year of the death of the magazine 「Life.」 But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves. Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged. Many had been with the male chauvinist.
It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation. Consciousness-raising increasingly is regarded as a means to independence and fulfillment, rather than a ceremony of fulfillment itself. Genuine independence can be realized through competence, through finding a career, through the use of ecation. Remember that for many decades the ecation of women was not supposed to be useful.
1. What was the main idea of this passage?
[A]. The Second Wave of Feminist. [B]. Women』s Independent Spirits.
[C]. The Unity of Women. [D]. The Action of Union.
2. What was the author』s attitude toward the radical?
[A]. He supported it wholeheartedly. [B]. He opposed it strongly.
[C]. He disapproved to some extent. [D]. He ignored it completely.
3. What does the word 「militant」 mean?
[A]. Aggressive. [B]. Ambitions. [C]. Progressive. [D]. Independent.
4, What was the radical feminist』s view point about the male?
[A]. Women were exploited by the male.
[B]. Women were independent of the male.
[C]. Women』s lives were deprived by the male.
[D]. The male were their common enemy.
Vocabulary
1. trapped 被誘入圈套的，陷阱
2. servile 屈從的，奴隸的，奴性的
3. dehumanized 使失去人/個性的
4. pretension 要求，權利，借口
5. look beneath 看到下面
6. band together 緊密團結在一起
7. explore 探索，考察
8. phase 階段，方面，形式
9. class-warfare 階級斗爭
10. hammer home 硬性灌輸
hammer home an idea into sb. 硬向某人灌輸某種觀念
11. intrigue 使著迷，密謀，用詭計取得
12. stereotype 固定不變的，陳規舊習的
13. attest 證明，證實，表明
14. chauvinist 沙文主義者，男子至上主義這
15. moderation （政治，宗教上）穩健中庸，緩和
16. fulfillment 臻於完善，發揮潛在能力
17. sexism 性別歧視（常指其實婦女）
18. be independent of 獨立於……之外，不受……控制/支配
難句譯注
1. She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President』s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.
這是作者杜撰的名字，含有諷刺內涵。Mr. Seldom Seen 很少見到的先生。說明公司很難見到他。那麼做他的助手就是她替他干一切活。星期五姑娘。星期五是《魯濱遜漂流記》中的一個人物，是魯濱遜的僕人。這位星期六休假日來上班的姑娘，當然得干主人的一切活。
[參考譯文] 她不會滿意做「很少見」先生的助手，也不願做助理副主席的星期五姑娘，那位姑娘是唯一的一個星期六來上班的人。
2. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society.
[結構簡析] she believed 形式上插入語，實際 Men 句是它的賓語從句。In order that 義：為的是。目的.狀語。
[參考譯文] 她認為男人為婦女創制了一個持家操勞的奴隸角色，為的是男人可以獲得事業和機遇參與決定重大的社會抉擇。
3. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.
[結構簡析] 兩句句子。前一句的賓語為主從句，後為並列句。
[參考譯文]於是，激進女權主義者認為綜觀歷史，婦女一直是被壓迫被奴役，被非人化，主要原因就是因為男人就是想剝削他的妻子，孩子們的母親。有時是有意的剝削；有時是由於沒有透過生活的假象看到問題的實質，是無知所致。
4. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country.
[參考譯文] Betty Friedan， Gloria Steinem，Germaine Greer，以及其他許多激進女權主義者堅持不懈的強行灌輸（推行）他們的思想，幻想並吸引了國內無數最聰容，最能乾的婦女。
寫作方法與文章大意
文章論述「爭取女權運動的婦女」，也可以說是女權運動的第二次浪潮。作者從歷史上的女權運動激進分子觀點談起：婦女為男人所奴役，剝削。因為男的想獨攬決策社會的大權，到女子覺醒，認識自己和自己的力量，把男人視作她們共同的敵人。最後是目前向緩沖發展的趨勢，也是作者觀點。
答案祥解
1. A. 第二次女權運動的浪潮。在第一段，一般性描述之後（見難句譯注1），作者畫龍點睛的指明「她就是我所指的第二次女權運動浪潮的象徵。她是決心要成為的現代婦女的代表。」以後的文章就是圍繞女權運動而寫的。見文章大意。
B. 婦女的獨立精神。這只是女權運動中部分內容。 C. 婦女團結。第三段一開始就提到「激進女權主義者發現了緊密團結在一起的力量。」也是女權運動的部分內容。
D. 團結運動。
2. C. 有點不贊成。這在最後兩段表現的最為明顯：「許多女權運動組織迅速發展證明這些激進爭取女權的人觸到了某些活躍的神經。（非常活躍）。 Ms 雜志就在《生活》停刊那年誕生。可是喚起覺醒的會議常常成為這些活動的目的。性別歧視（歧視婦女）也常常顛倒過來並且提倡憎恨男人。許多人曾是男權至上主義者。」「因此，察覺向平和中的趨向發展並不難。提高覺悟的做法越來越被認為是獨立與成就的方式，而不是慶賀成就本身的儀式。真正的獨立是能夠通過能力，通過尋找一份事業，通過應用教育加以實現。要記住，幾十年來，婦女教育被認為是無用的。」如果是倒數第二段是作者對激進分子有點批評，不滿的態度的表現，那麼最後一段就是作者的觀點：獨立是靠塌實工作，提高婦女自身的能力來實現的。
A. 他全心全意的擁護。 B. 他強烈反對。不完全如此。 D. 他完全忽視不顧。
3. A. 好鬥的。（斗爭性強的）。第三段第三句：「在最近5年中女權運動首要方面常常具有這種好鬥的階級斗爭調子。」
B. 野心的。 C. 進步的。 D. 獨立的。
4. D. 男人是她們共同的敵人。第三段：「激進女權運動分子在緊密團結中找到了力量。第一次她們認識了自己，她們可以探索自我，意識到她們的力量，把男人及其制度視為她們共同的敵人。」
A. 婦女為男人們所剝削。這在第三段中講到，見難句譯注3。這是婦女觀點中具體內容之一。也是為什麼說男人及制度是她們共同敵人的原因之一。 B. 婦女不受男人支配。 C. 男人剝奪了女人生活。
⑵ 請問哪位有11年海淀一模的英語閱讀理解文章翻譯
同學你好，我是來自新東方優能學習中心的老師鍾雷
以下是海淀一模閱讀理解譯文，祝你取得好成績。
A
周一：我在這兒，周圍什麼都沒有。這次野營的想法起初並不順利。天正下著雨，帳篷還在漏水。這次遠足似乎要花很長時間，我仍然不理解一路上怎麼一直都是上坡。我怎麼會被我哥哥說服去做這種事情呢？當我們到家的時候——如果我們還能夠到家——他將不得不做一些大事來使我恢復狀態。也許他應該去購物中心發起狂購！
周二：事情開始好轉。今天太陽出來了，因此我們能夠離開帳篷曬曬太陽。我們的營地設在一個小湖邊，之前由於雨和霧的緣故我沒有發現這個湖。群山在我們周圍，森林漂亮極了。我們花了大半天把東西從背包或者帳篷里拖出來，而後放在陽光能曬干它們的地方。下午晚些時候我們嘗試著捕一些魚作為晚餐，但魚比我們要聰明。晚上，我們生起一堆火，歡快地歌唱。
周三：我們走到湖的對岸，而後爬到了小山頂。在那兒我們看到其他那些山峰特別高聳，森林在我們周圍蔓延到很遠。上山的路上我們還穿過了一片雪地。
周四：我捕到了我的第一條魚！我們沿著匯入湖水的小溪前行。走了大約兩英里，我們來到了一個Carol覺得魚很多的地方。她有一支能打包帶著的魚竿。我要求去拋投魚竿，並且第一次就釣到了一條魚。Carol釣到得更多一些。但是他們看起來太漂亮了以至於不能作為午餐食用，於是我們把它們放回到溪水中。
周五：難以置信的是我們已經要回家了。雖然沖熱水澡、在真正的床上睡覺以及吃垃圾食品都將很美妙，但這次旅行真的很棒。我們已經開始討論明年進行另一次郊遊歷險了，要在一個能乘坐獨木舟沿河而下的地方。真的難以置信，但是我覺得這個城市女孩的血管里流著一些鄉村血液。
B
我有了靈感，關上了工作室的燈。黑暗中，我脫下襯衫，開始演奏大提琴。我生命中第一次感覺到樂器抵住我熾熱的胸膛。我從未想過，音樂學者經常討論不同樂器產生的共振，但是演奏者的身體一定會對聲音產生一些影響。深入挖掘這些音符，我想像著我的胸和肺是聲箱的一部分，我好像可以通過我的坐姿和上身的緊縮程度改變聲音。
短暫的即興彈唱之後，我開始彈奏，仍然在黑暗中，我聽到了音樂透過我皮膚的聲音。這是第一次我沒有考慮這段音樂別人聽起來怎麼樣，慢慢地，很愉悅地，很感激地，我又重新聽了一遍。這些音符，開始像涓涓細流，後來像是荒漠洞穴中冒出來的清涼的噴泉。大約一個小時之後，我抬頭向上看，黑暗中看到一隻貓的輪廓，他坐在我面前的地板上，清理著它的爪子並且發出很大的呼嚕聲。我又有一個觀眾了，像他一樣謙恭。
所以這就是我現在用我的大提琴做的事情。每天我都會找時間至少調試它一次，閉上眼睛，傾聽。這可能不會產生那種我一直渴望的復原——年年用力的演奏已經在我的技術上留下了疤痕——但是如果我覺得可以勝任的話，可能最終會嘗試辦一場音樂會。偶爾我會感到一種渴望的刺痛，我希望我可以在我的燈燃盡之前再在大舞台上舉辦一場音樂會，只要一場就好，但是這種渴望現在逝去的越來越快。我現在接受了這個現實，不像我之前感覺那樣，我可以為自己彈奏，自己欣賞。當我彈奏的時候，我感到放鬆和舒展，好像我可以伸展開我的胳膊，從公寓的這端碰到那端。成就感和高尚縈繞並激勵著我。
C
讓你的孩子學會為他人考慮可能比用塑料叉子敲碎堅果還要難，但是，不必太擔心，這不是不可能的事情，有許多方法可以鼓勵你的孩子關注眼前的社交圈之外的人。當他學會為他人著想時，他的自我感覺會更加良好。
紐約的一個團體治療中心——維斯切斯特團隊的醫療主任Michelle Maiden berg解釋道：「青少年總是很關心事業、大學和未來的情況，這很具有挑戰性，也是他們以自我為中心的原因之一。」然而，一旦參加了社區服務，他們就會超越個人利益。他們也可以直接從別人面對的挑戰里學到東西。當他意識到自己可以影響別人的生活的時候，他會體會到權威感。
不知道怎樣讓你的孩子遠離手機、投身於社區服務嗎？青少年只對涉及到他們興趣范圍之內的社區服務項目才會買賬。Maiden berg 說：「要找到他們感興趣的事情來維持其動力和靈感。」比如，某個人對烹飪感興趣，就可以讓他參加煲湯、烘焙的志願服務，來支援需要幫助的家庭。在感興趣的領域做志願活動既可以鞏固這方面的基礎知識，又可以幫助他人。
家長可以通過做志願服務來盡自己的一份力量。孩子們可以直接從家長們那裡學習到，個人享樂並不總是那麼重要的。
要讓孩子們知道他們能得到的好處。Maiden berg建議：「想盡任何辦法鼓勵孩子做志願活動。」他認為做社區志願服務可以建立自信心。他還補充說：「通過與人合作，孩子們可以提高管理、人際交往和溝通技能。志願服務有助於孩子為他人著想，走向成熟。」還有一個好處，就是志願小時數在簡歷中很重要！
D
在發達國家，只有兩個國家不能提供帶薪假期保證，使父母照顧新生兒。去年春天，澳大利亞，這兩個國家之一，通過在2011年建立健全有薪假期制度來消除它制度中的壞的方面。這一消息並未在美國成為重大新聞，對於這一點我並不驚訝——我們現在是發達國家中沒有這類政策的唯一一個。
美國確實有一項明確的家庭政策——1993年通過的家事病假法。它使得員工可以有至多12周的無薪假期來照顧新生嬰兒或者是處理家事與病假。除了適中的利益外，美國商會以及其他商務群體非常激烈地反對它，認為它是「政府運營的個人管理」,「一個危險的先例」。實際上，這個進程上的每一步，當民主黨派領導人努力將工薪家庭余額辦法引入法律中的時候，商務群體就已經在強烈地反對了。
正如耶魯大學法學教授Anne Alstott所爭論的那樣，證明父母的供養正確的基礎是將家庭看做一個社會商品，這種社會商品在某種程度上是社會必須為之付錢的。父母在生活中的很多方面都有很大的負擔：當涉及孩子的時候，什麼都沒得說。社會期望並且需要父母為孩子提供持續不斷的關心。而且社會希望並需要父母，在這18年或更長的時間里持之以恆地扮演好他們的角色。
雖然大部分父母因為愛而這么做，但是依然存在因照顧不周而產生的公眾懲罰。換句話說，父母所做的是出於對國家的關心，原因是顯而易見的——照顧孩子不僅從道德上來說是緊迫的，對於社會的未來也是很重要的。因為養育不包含公共責任而把它歸為個人選擇，這一點不僅僅忽視了良好的撫養帶來的社會利益；實際上，這是在竊取那些利益，因為今天的孩子就是社會未來的公民，那些利益將會累積為社會的全部。實際上，據估計，父母對孩子投資的價值，以及所投入的時間與金錢，相當於GDP的20%-30%。如果這些投資帶來巨大的社會利益——很清晰地展現出來——那麼為家庭提供更多社會支持的好處也將會變得更加明晰。
七選五
有時候，我們的擔憂與焦慮可以打敗我們。另外，我們的擔憂還可以改變我們對現實是什麼的理解。以下是一些當你緊張的時候，可以用來幫助你更好地認知事物的技巧。
71當你緊張的時候，停下手頭的事情，嘗試做一些放鬆的事。 一個人應當做一個深呼吸，並在幾分鍾之內找一些事情來做，使他暫時不去想那些問題。他還可以呼吸一下新鮮空氣，聽一些歌曲或者做一些活動，這些可以讓他們在處理事情上有一個新鮮的視角。
記住，我們害怕的想法只會讓我們看起來更糟糕，並可能使事情變得更糟。72處理好你的擔憂的一個好方法是通過想一些積極的事物和現實的想法，來挑戰你消極的念頭。當突然有一些使你感覺很害怕或很緊張的想法時，你可以通過問自己一些使自己保持客觀和理性的問題，來挑戰自己的想法。
當你處理你的畏懼感以及焦慮感的時候，聰明一點。不要試圖立即處理好所有事情。當面臨一個緊急或者即將到來的任務，而這個任務使你很緊張的時候，把這項任務分成一系列小的步驟。73分別完成這些小的步驟，這會使得你的壓力變得可控，並且可以提高你成功的幾率。
記住世界上一切擔憂不會改變任何問題。我們擔憂的事情大部分都不會發生。74與其去想那些不可能發生的事情，還不如把精力集中在你能夠做的事情上。其他任何事都交由上帝去做。
控制我們的恐懼與擔憂並不簡單。當你的恐懼與焦慮在你身上占據上風的時候，試著冷靜下來並找到事情的事實。關鍵是學會放鬆。你能做的就是每天做到最好，做最好的希冀，並且當事情真正發生的時候，學會放鬆。75每一次都做出一點努力，事情最終會成功的。
⑶ 05——07年考研英語閱讀及譯文
回答字數在10000字以內，所以就放了2005年希望對你有用。
2005 Passage 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of 「goods and services」 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introces his topic by
[A]. posing a contrast.
[B]. justifying an assumption.
[C]. making a comparison.
[D]. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement 「it is all too monkey」 (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D]. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]. can be taught to exchange things.
[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
重點詞彙：
assumption （假定；承擔；呈現）是assume的名詞形式；見1997年Text 2。.參consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆斷——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潛在的假定。
grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申訴人提出不滿意見交付仲裁者。悲痛傷心事不幸憂傷。因為有冤情（）而滿懷悲痛（）向申訴人申訴。
tardily adv.緩慢。形容詞形式拖拉的。（諧音記憶：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）
counterpart （相似或對應的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前綴「對等」，part部分，「對等的部分」。見2000年 Passage 4 。
token n. 表示, 向征, 記號, 代幣 adj. 象徵的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼淚是快樂的一種奇怪的表示。
reluctant （不願的，勉強的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作「反復」，luct可看作詞根lect「選擇」，-ant形容詞後綴，人們都不願反反復復地作選擇，所以「反復選擇」→不願的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建議制度是有效的——不要不願使用它們。
indignation n. 憤慨, 義憤。 記憶：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在裡面的民族，能不憤慨嗎？比如老薩，呵呵。形容詞形式 indignant adj. 憤怒的, 憤慨的
難句分析：
①Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短語regard…as…的被動形式；with加名詞作狀語，即「帶有潛在的假定」，其中assumption後接有that引導的同位語從句解釋說明假定的內容。
翻譯：這種行為被看作是「人之長情」，他潛在的假定就是其他動物不可能有這種高度發達的不公平意識。
②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
該句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引導的時間狀語從句，其中包含了so that引導的目的狀語從句。
翻譯：當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時，猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
試題解析：
這篇文章是講猴子有一種天然的公平意識，文章本身難度不是太大，一開始做了一個類比，講人的公平意識。然後根據這個類比，文章重點談猴子們的公平意識。這篇對比性的文章兩個方面要理解，第一，人類和猴子之間都有一種近似的表現，當受到不公正待遇的時候，都有義憤填膺的感覺，如果把握這個邏輯，就是類比的邏輯。第二, 最後兩段關於選擇的實驗的對象以及實驗的結果。
21題，我們應該選擇C，考察第一段的寫作手法，明顯用的是猴和人之間的相似形的比較關系。
22題答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做類比，指出猴子與人一樣都抱怨不公平
23題答案選A，這個是事實細節題，答案是根據文章第三段第一句話得到的，雌性的猴子被選擇做研究，是因為她們更加註重她們獲得的東西。
24題答案選擇C，他們最終的發現是什麼，篇章最後兩段反復重復，如果沒有受到公平的話，
25題選擇B.這篇文章第一段和最後一段都出現一個詞，"假設"為什麼猴和人都有這種心理反應，這個問題沒有得以解決。
全文翻譯：
人人都喜歡大幅加薪，但是當你知道一個同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候，那麼加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話，你甚至會變得怒不可遏。這種行為被看作是「人之長情」，其潛在的假定其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的不公平意識。但是由喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進行的一項研究表明，它也是「猴之常情」。這項研究成果剛剛發表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進行了研究。它們看起來很可愛，性格溫順，合作，樂於分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人們一樣，它們往往比雄性更關注「商品和服務」價值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子很願意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是，當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時，猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界裡，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當一隻猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時，第二隻猴子就不願意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一隻猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那麼另外一隻就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上，只要在另一房間里出現了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會情感的影響。在野外，它們是相互合作的群居動物。只有當每隻猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時，這種合作才可能穩定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒准確無誤地傳達給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
2005 Passage 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report 「Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of 「paralysis by analysis」.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A]. a protector.
[B]. a judge.
[C]. a critic.
[D]. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by 「paralysis by analysis」 (Last line, paragraph 4)
[A]. Endless studies kill action.
[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C]. prudent planning hinders.
[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C]. Press for further scientific research.
[D]. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.
重點詞彙：
prudent adj. 謹慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天氣下外出時帶上件厚外套是謹慎的。名詞形式prudence n. 審慎。記憶：rude 粗魯的，無禮的，p不-rude粗魯的-ent形容詞後綴
paralysis n. 癱瘓, 麻痹。 para-側面。參見2003年Text 2。
paraphrase （n.v.釋意）即para+phrase，para-前綴表「在旁邊、輔助」，phrase即「短語；用短語表達」，故「用短語輔助表達」→釋意。以para-為前綴的單詞還有paragraph（文章的段、節；短評）←para+graph寫；parameter（參數）←para+meter計量；parasite（寄生蟲）←para+site地點。
analysis n. 分析, 分解。記憶：an-a-lysis，後綴同上，分析成一個an,a。聯想：反義詞synthesis n. 綜合, 合成
take the legislative initiative
take the initiative 帶頭,開始著手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.開始著手試圖解決這個問題
initiative n. 主動。 名詞形式initiate vt. 開始, 發動, 傳授 v. 開始, 發起
legislative adj. 立法的, 立法機關的 n. 立法機關。參見1999 Passage 4 。legislation （立法；法規）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg詞根「法律」（參allegation宣稱，2003年Text 2），is是，late遲的，-ion名詞後綴，「法律是遲的」→舊法律難以適應新事物→所以要不斷「立法」→「立法」之產物即「法規」。
難句解析：
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
主幹部分是The latest was a panel，表語panel後接有兩個定語成分：from的介詞短語和含enlisted的過去分詞，即「白宮召集的、來自國家科學院的專家團」，其中第二個定語成分中又包含一個不定式結構，表目的，即「為了告訴我們……而召集的（專家團）」。
翻譯：最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團，他們告訴我們，地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖，而這個問題主要是人為造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
該句子的主幹是由and連接的兩個並列從句，前一分句的主幹是science…provide us with…guide；後一分句的主幹是it is critical，其中it為形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的主語從句。從句的主幹是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments後接有兩個定語結構，一是that引導的定語從句，一是concerning分詞結構。
翻譯：但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
該句子的主幹是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as結構做比較狀語，意為「正如…一樣」；insisting 引導的分詞結構做定語修飾主語voice，分詞結構中含有兩個並列的由that引導的賓語從句，第二個賓語從句的真實主語是不定式結構to keep…
翻譯：就象吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。
試題解析：
第二篇文章是一篇一般的時事性文章，這也是一篇類比，考完了以後很多考生說這篇文章講抽煙，其實不是的，作者講抽煙是想說明現在的溫室效應，也是一種類比，許多人抽煙沒有人去管，因為缺乏足夠的證據,咱們各國政府也不管溫室效應, 也是同樣的原因。中心講的是世界各個政府對溫室效應的解決的態度，篇章的關鍵詞圍繞這樣三個問題展開，第一個就是證據不充足。第二是科學的意義。第三是制定法律，尤其最後三段大量出現立法和法規的現象，
26題選C，
27應該選D，科學應該作為一個指導性，是答案是根據文章第2段的最後兩句話。
28題是猜單詞題，單詞所在的句子的意思是有些人總要科學證據，結果抹殺了行動。所以選A。29答案選擇D，採取某種法律措施，法律在最後的段落重復的最多。
30題作者談的抽煙的教訓對我們溫室處理也是一樣的，選B。
全文翻譯：
還記得科學家們認為吸煙會致人死亡，而那些懷疑者們卻堅持認為我們無法對此得出定論的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為缺乏決定性的證據，科學也不確定的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為反對吸煙的游說是為了毀掉我們的生活方式，而政府應該置身事外的時候嗎？許多美國人相信了這些胡言亂語，在三十多年中，差不多有一千萬煙民早早的進了墳墓。
現在出現了與吸煙類似的令人感到難過的事情。科學家們前仆後繼，試圖使我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴重的威脅。最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團，他們告訴我們，地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖，而這個問題主要是人為造成的。明確的信息表明是我們應該立刻著手保護自己。國家科學院院長Bruce Alberts在專家團報告的前言中加上了這一重要觀點：「科學解答不了所有問題。但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
就象吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷的排放氣體。這是一個危險的游戲；到了有百分之百的證據的時候，可能就太晚了。隨著風險越來越明顯，並且不斷增加，一個謹慎的民族現在應該准備一份保單了。
幸運的是，白宮開始關注這件事了。但是顯然大多數總統顧問並沒有認真看待全球氣候變暖這個問題。他們沒有出台行動計劃，相反只是繼續迫切要求進行更多的研究――這是一個經典的「分析導致麻痹案例」。
為了成為地球上有責任心的一員，我們必須積極
⑷ 哪裡有09年考研英語答案解析 最好有閱讀翻譯
2009年考研英語試題答案解析
答案解析：
1. B.本題考查動詞，後面的賓語是「the fruit-fly experiments described…」， suppose表示「假設」， observe表示「觀察」，image表示「想像」， Consider「考慮」，代入文中表示「考慮已經被描述出來的實驗」，符合語境。
2. A.本題考查動詞短語，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐嚇…。tend to do表示「有…傾向，往往…」，代入文中表示比較聰明的果蠅往往壽命較短。
3. D.本題考查形容詞， lighter更輕的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更穩定的，dimmer比較暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的結論，即由「果蠅越聰明壽命越短」推出 「燈泡越暗使用時間越長」。
4. B.本題考查名詞。由前半句「燈泡越暗使用時間越長」推出「這是不特別亮的燈泡的一個優點」。tendency傾向，advantage優勢，inclination傾向，priority優先權。
5. C.本題考查動詞短語，turns out證明是，insist on堅持，sum up總結，put forward提出。
6. A.本題考查介詞， off表示離開。代入文中表示離開起點時。
7. D.incredible難以置信的，spontaneous自發的，inevitable不可避免的，graal漸進的。學習是一個漸進的過程，所以選graal.
8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂貴的代價。大量的物種會學習，但它們首先學會的是知道什麼時候停止學習，與上文的例子燈泡呼應。四個選項中， fight表示斗爭，doubt表示懷疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正確答案為C
9. B.本題考查形容詞，修飾intelligence。 invisible看不見的， indefinite不確定的，這兩個選項意思不符合，排除。different不同的，limited有限的。因為所有物種的智力都是有限的，所以limited符合文意。
10.D.cast a glance backward「回顧」，固定搭配。
11.D.feature特徵，influence影響，result結果，cost代價。Cost「代價」與文中「事實證明，智力是要付出代價」相呼應。
12.B.本題考查介詞，on the mind of「為…著想」，by the mind「通過思考」，outside和across不與mind的搭配。
13.C.本題考查動詞，與之搭配的賓語是experiments ，選項中perform能與experiments 搭配，表示「做實驗」。deliver遞送，carry運送， apply應用。
14.D.前一句提到experiments，本句提到一個具體的實驗，所以選for instance例如。by chance偶然，in contrast相反，as usual照常。
15.A.由後半句中they would test us to可推測本句使用了虛擬語氣，選項中if可以引導虛擬條件句。 unless除非，as正如，lest唯恐。
16.C.本題考查動詞。所填動詞表明實驗的目的，並且所填動詞的賓語是limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain ，選項中「determine確定」符合題意，並與下文的decide相呼應。moderate適中的，overcome克服， reach達到。
17.B.本題考查介詞，四個選項中for 表示表示目的，這個句子的正常句序是intelligence in humans is really for what.
18.A.本題考查邏輯關系。這個句子位於段末，顯然起到總結性的作用。四個選項中，Above all最重要，After all畢竟，However然而，Otherwise否則，故選Above all。
19.A.本題考查形容詞，修飾question 。fundamental基本的，comprehensive全面的，equivalent相等的，hostile敵對的。由句後問題的內容可推出這是一個最基本和重要的問題，所以選fundamental。
20.C.本題考查副詞。空前說「想研究這個問題」，空後說「結果還不確定」。四個選項中，By accident「偶然」，In time「及時」，So far「到目前為止」，Better still「更好的是」，只有So far符合語意。
全文翻譯：
對動物智力的研究總是讓我們思考人類到底有多聰明。參考下卡爾齊默周二發表在科學時代刊物上的文章所描述的果蠅試驗。有些果蠅比普通果蠅聰明，但是壽命較短。這表明暗淡的燈泡使用時間更長，也表明暗淡是燈泡的一個優勢。
事實證明，智力是要付出昂貴的代價。它需要更高的給養、消耗更多的燃料，因為智力依靠的是學習(一個循序漸進的過程)而不是一種本能，所以離開起點時緩慢。許多其他的物種也有學習能力，很顯然他們學到的東西之一就是知道何時停止。
有限的智力是否有適應值呢?這也是此項研究的課題。我對此很感興趣。這個試驗不是去回顧那些被我們劃為低智商的物種，而是含蓄在問我們自己智力的真正代價是什麼。我們所遇到的每種動物的想法。
對動物智力的研究也讓我想，如果動物有機會的話，他們會對人類作什麼樣的實驗。比如說，每隻有主人的貓都在進行一個小型的操作性條件反射研究。我們認為如果動物也能進行試驗的話，他們會測定我們的忍耐度，忠誠度，以及對地形的記憶力。他們會試圖判定人類智力的實際用處，而不僅僅是判定人類智力的高低。最重要的是他們希望研究一個最基本的問題：人類是否真正意識到了自己所生存的世界?對此，目前仍無定論。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Text 1
21【C】事實細節題。意為：Wordsworth認為以何種方式便能獲得
文章第二句中提到We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and
relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.我們在無意識的狀態下就能行成，使
們的頭腦處於自動導航，放鬆地進入一種無意識的慣性當中。從這個表述中可以看出習慣的
形成過程完全是一種無意狀態下的機械活動。
22.【D】事實細節題。意為：研究者發現習慣的形成可以被
第二段第二句當中指出當人們有意識的培養新的習慣時，我們就創造出一種相關的軌跡，甚至是全新的腦細胞，這可以使我們的思想進入一個創新的軌道上。由此可見研究人員認為習慣的形成是可以被引導的。
23.【A】詞義句義題。意為：「ruts」的意思最貼近於
A 痕跡 B 系列 C 特點 D 聯系
原文提到：不要試圖擺脫你的舊習慣;一旦這個過程的 進入大腦，它們就會留在腦中。根據上下文邏輯最合上下文語境的為A選項。
由於24、25題題干不清晰暫不做出解析。
24.【A】事實細節題。
25.【A】事實細節題。
Text 2
26.【A】推理判斷題。 意為：從第一二段文章表明PTK很容易買到。
文中第一二段有多處體現，首段最後一句話「只需花30美元在地方葯房作親子鑒定……」.第二段第一句我們可以看到 「自從去年不需要處方即購可買之後，己經超過6萬人購買了PTK 」。甚至從第二段整段我們可以看出：B項關於鑒定價格浮動只在第二段最後一句有所體現。C項文中未提到。D項屬過度推斷。
27.【C】事實細節題。 意為：PTK是用來鑒定親子關系的。
從文中第三段可以看到「被收養的孩子可以通過親子鑒定找到他具有血緣關系的親屬」。A選項比較具有迷惑性，從第三段後半句我們可以看出「PTK最近惹怒了很多譜系學家，他們支持用PTK來探尋一個家族的祖藉」。可以看出PTK沒有主要被用來尋找一個人的出生地。選項B，D文中未提及。
28. 【D】事實細節題。意為：持懷疑態度的觀察者認為祖先鑒定沒有達到聲稱的准確性。
從題干信息我們可以將它定位到文中第五段第一句我們可以看出: 那些正在做祖先鑒定的人們所宣揚的(祖先鑒定)精確度其實是錯的。這句話是對這一段的概括，ABC三個選項都只是它的細節之一。因此，D選項正確。
29.【A】事實細節題。意為：最後一段中商業基因鑒定面臨的一個問題是數椐收集的紊亂。
從最後一段第二句我們可以看出「一些公司使用的資料庫並不依賴於系統的數據收集而是把不同研究機構收集的信息合在一起。這就意味著處理數據的公司不同，所用DNA資料庫也會不同。」文中並未提及數據是否重合，B無根椐。CD文中沒有體現。
30.【B】主旨大意題。 意為：本文最合適的題目應是DNA測試及它存在的問題。
A選項中 「DNA測試的贊成與反對」從文中我們看不到作者有明顯贊成DNA測試的傾向，C選項，文中沒有特別強調實驗室內外的問題。D選項「DNA測試背後的謊言」， 作者只是客觀地提出了DNA測試存在的不準確性問題，但並沒有指明是哪些人的謊言。
Text 3
31.【D】推理判斷題目。意為：在第一段作者認為在貧困國家教育的重要性被高估了。
作者在首段指出「傳統的觀點認為在貧困國家對促進經濟的快速發展而言，教育是極應優先考慮的要素之一，這是種錯誤的看法。」教育的優先性和教育的重要性實際上是一個意思，而既然文中說優先教育是種錯誤的看法，由此可推出教育的重要性被過度的重視了即被高估了，因此D正確。
32.【B】事實細節題。意為：第一段表明建立新的教育體系需要幾代人的努力。
在第一段作者主要談論了靠優先發展教育來促進經濟發展是錯誤的看法，而世界各國的工人經過了勞動培訓可以獲取高產量進而帶來更高的生活水平。解答細節題時同樣明顯背離中心的選項可首先排除，即先可排除A,C;在依據第一段的倒數第二句可知：通過教育體系來使足夠多的人能提高經濟能力將需要兩三代人。由此可知建立教育體系在當前是不可能，而這種建立需要幾代人的努力才能實現。
33.【B】事實細節題。意為：日本和美國勞動力的主要區別是日本的勞動力更多產。
解答本題可用運排除法。依據文章的第二段，美國勞動力受教育程度差遭到嘲笑並被認為是其經濟表現差的原因之一。美國工人接受了職業培訓後，本田、豐田的美國公司才達到了日本95%的產量，由此可知日本工人的生產力比美國工人的生產力高。從文中可知，美國勞動力受教育程度差是個事實也是美國經濟表現差的重要原因，由此可排除不符合文意的C選項;而A,D的信息在文中未提及，由此可得出只有B正確，而依據文意，既然日本保持了汽車產量的全球領先地位，自然日本的勞動力比美國的勞力更多產也驗證了B為正確答案。
34.【A】推理判斷題。意為：作者引用了我們祖先的例子來表明當人們有了充裕的時間時，教育才出現。
依據文章倒數第二段的最後兩句可知，作者舉出了我們祖先的例子是來論證最後一句話得出的觀點：只有當人們有了更高產的獲得食物的方式時，人們才有時間做其它事情。由此可推知，教育是獲得食物以外的其它事情，而受教育的前提是人們有剩餘時間，由此可知A為正確答案。
35.【C】主旨大意題。意為：教育的發展受約於產量的提高。
文章在最後一段針對上文討論的教育和生產的關系做出了總結。在本段作者明確指出缺乏正規的教育並不能限制發展極大提高產量的世界勞動力，而反之，對提高產量的限製得以解釋了為什麼教育發展得沒有那麼快。由此可見，提高產量優先於發展教育，故C為正確答案。而A,D的表達不符合文章的中心;B項的意思和文意相反。
Text 4
36.【B】事實細節題目。意為：作者認為在17世紀的新英格蘭 。
B為正確選項。A選項為原文的篡改。C選項從原文的表述中無法推出。D選項文章中沒有提到「對於知識的追求享有自由的環境」
37.【B】推理判斷題。意為：第二段中暗示出新到達英格蘭的人
B為正確選項，新到達清教徒帶著舊世界的文化。些段中的第二句提到，we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture……，選項中的New Englanders對應文中的Puritans, brought with them the culture of the Old World對應該文章中的carriers of European culture，故此選項為此句中的同義替換。
38.【D】事實細節題。意為：早期到達馬薩諸賽海灣的牧師和政治領導人
D為正確選項為新英格蘭創造了新的知識環境。對應第三段中的最後一句話There men wrote and publish ed extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. A選項中in the new world縮小了原文所表述的范圍，B選項在文章中沒有提到，C選項不夠全面。幫D為正確答案。
39.【A】例證題。意為：關於John Dane的故事表明受教育較少的新英格蘭人 。
A為正確選項舉例是為了說明文中的觀點，由文章第四段可知，觀點為their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality，所以在四個選項中只有A選項和文章的觀點最為符合。
40.【C】推斷題。意為：從文章中可以看出到新英格蘭的早期的定居者 。
C為正確選項，能過全文可看出來到英語蘭早期的定居者，有政客、牧師、裁縫還有漁由此可見早期的定居者背景多種多樣。
Part B
一.文章結構分析
本文是一篇文化類的文章，主要講的是文化發展過程中的各種關於文化的理論。
第一段講的是Herbert Spencer的「生物和文化進化理論」。
第二段講的是Lewis Henry Morgan的「文化進化理論」。
第三段可以看到，Franz Boas提出了一種「歷史特殊論(historical particularism)」，它強調所有文化的唯一性。
第四段還是講了Franz Boas的理論。
第五段我們除了看到「歷史特殊論(historical particularism)」外，還看到一種「diffusionism」理論和「diffusionists」這一種人。
第六段，Émile Durkheim提出了一種文化理論，他認為宗教信仰有助於加強社會團結。
二.試題具體解析
通過分析文章我們可以看到，文章就是圍繞著這幾種理論展開討論的，文章層次很清晰，
而空格出現的位置一律都是段落的末尾，這樣我們可以分析，所有的選項內容應該與段落前面的內容有密切的聯系。
我們先大體瀏覽一下各個選項的內容。
選項A主要介紹了什麼叫「diffusionism」， 即它認為文化的革新有一個唯一的起源，並且在社會之間傳遞。因為第5段出現了diffusionism，所以我們可以判斷，選項A肯定出現在44題之前。而且other anthropologists的出現提示，前文可能出現了anthropologist這一詞，那我們回到原文中找各個人的職業，就可以看到整篇文章提出的4個主要理論家中，只有Lewis Henry Morgan和Franz Boas的職業是anthropologist，所以，我們暫時把答案A鎖定在42和43之間。
選項B的大體意思是：為了盡可能全面的了解特殊的文化，(particular cultures是關鍵詞)，他對語言學和身體人類學都很熟悉。回到文章，我們在第3段找到了the uniqueness of all cultures, 我們可以斷定，這個選項中的he指的就是Franz Boas。那Boas在第3段和第4段都出現過，所以我們把選項B鎖定在43和44。
選項C的意思是，人類的進化有這樣一個特徵，就是「survival of the fittest」適者生存，並且解釋了種族和社會的適者生存觀念。因為第一段講的是Herbert Spencer的「生物和文化進化理論」。並且出現了Charles Darwin，我們都知道Charles Darwin提出了生物界的適者生存，而這里說人類社會的進化也有適者生存這一特徵，所以，我們可以首先確定41的答案是選項C。
選項D的關鍵詞是important rituals重要的禮儀和initiation ceremonies和一些典禮，我們在文章中並沒有發現有這方面的內容，所以暫且擱置。
選項E說，在他看來，不同方面的文化diverse aspects of culture，例如……，隨著社會的進化都改變了。我們在讀文章的時候，一定要把每一段的關鍵詞劃出來，以利於和選項中的關鍵詞對應。讀第二段的時候，文章說，在他的作品裡，他盡量說明了how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 這跟選項E的內容不謀而合。所以，我們可以斷定，42題的答案為選項E。因為前面把答案A鎖定在42和43之間，而42題的答案為選項E，所以確定選項A為43題的答案。確定了43題答案為A，因為之前我們把選項B鎖定在43和44，所以排出了43，我們把選項B鎖定在44題。
選項F我們可以看到一個關鍵詞functioning，這個詞在第6段出現過，所以，我們暫且擱置不管。
選項G是一個例子，如果是答案的話應該是用來補充說明前面的觀點的，它說，由於信息缺乏，這兩位人類學家提出農耕等這些都是起源於古埃及，並且傳播到世界各地。事實上，所有這些文化發展在世界不同地方的不同時期都曾分別出現過。通過分析這個例子，我們可以知道，這是兩種不同的觀點的比較。 在第五段我們除了看到「歷史特殊論(historical particularism)」外，還看到一種「diffusionism」理論和「diffusionists」這一種人。正好是兩種理論的對比，所以我們可以把45題的答案輕松的定位到選項G。
這樣我們初步確定了答案，41的答案是選項C，42題的答案為選項E，43題的答案為選項A，44題的答案為選項B，45題的答案定位到選項G。
最後代入選項，通讀全文，檢查文章邏輯順序和流暢程度。
Part C
46. 本句考點：賓語從句，of 短語作定語，代詞指代， but引導並列句
結構分析：句子主幹是：it may be said that…, but this effect… its effect及its original motive.中it在句中指代social institution。
參考譯文：可以說，任何社會制度的價值在於它對擴大和改進經驗方面的影響，但是這種影響並不是它原來的動機的一部分。
47. 本句考點：強調句，分詞結構作後置定語, 省略
結構分析：強調句的正常語序是：the by-proct of the institution was noted Only graally, and this effect …was only still more graally (noted). considered as a directive factor in the conct of the institution作this effect的後置定語。
參考譯文：一種制度的副產品，只是逐步被注意到的，而這種效果被視為實施這種制度的一個指導性因素更加緩慢得多。
48. 本句考點：比較狀語從句，動賓分隔
結構分析:本句主幹是while引導的一個比較狀語從句。in our contact with 作為一個插入成分，分隔了ignore和它的賓語the effect of…。
參考譯文：在和他們(年輕人)接觸的時候，雖然容易忽略我們的行動對他們的傾向的影響，但是也不像與成年人打交道那麼簡單。
49. 本句考點：since引導的原因狀語從句，代詞指代，賓語從句，賓語從句嵌套定語從句。
結構分析：本句主幹是Since… we cannot help considering…其中whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability作cannot help considering的賓語，which will secure this ability作為嵌套定語從句修飾the powers。
參考譯文：既然我們的主要任務在於使年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住考慮我們是否在形成獲得這種能力的力量。
50. 本句考點：插入語，定語從句，同位語從句
結構分析：within the broad ecational process which we have been so far considering 作為插入語，which we have been so far considering為定語從句修飾process，本句主幹是：We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of ecation. that of direct tuition or schooling與a more formal kind of ecation 是同位語關系。
參考譯文：因此，我們可以在上面所考慮的廣闊的教育過程之內區別出一種比較正規的教育，即直接的教導或學校教育。
Section III Writing
51.
09年小作文要求寫一封建議信，相比07年建議信要求更加具體，且話題更為熟悉。考生對這個話題可寫的東西比較多。且在平時大作文的訓練中考生都接觸過不少表達觀點看法和提出建議的方法，尤其在環境保護方面的建議措施接觸的更多，因此這篇小作文題材是大家非常熟悉的，難度適中。
52.
09年大作文仍然是圖畫式作文，題目要求與往年基本相同。寫好這篇作文主要在於兩點：第一，描述圖畫。圖片描寫可能會給一部分考生造成困難，這一點要看學生平時的積累。第二，寓意理解。題目圖片看似簡單，實則抽象。揭示主題需結合中文提示「網路的近與遠」，即網路為人們的生活帶來的便利以及不便。這一主題比較貼近現代生活，也是當今大學生熟悉的話題：網路雖然非常便利，讓人與人足不出戶就可以相互聯系，但是人與人之間的直接聯系卻變得稀少了。
⑸ 高一英語閱讀表達題
第一篇頌飢：
閱讀笑攜下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇碰櫻伏60詞左右的內容概要。
When a consumer finds that something he or she bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to what the procer says for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保單),or any other records that might help, at the store of buying. In most cases, this action will proce results.
However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favour, taking it as true that he or she has a just right.
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of buying, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can show clearly what is wrong with what was bought in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This stereo(立體音響) does not work.”.
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the procer, if so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the expected result, the consumer can go a step further. He or she can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.
第二篇：
The West began to take more notice of the East. The fifth volume of an enormous work re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology is to be published next year. The first volume, which was published twenty years ago, set the tone for the whole work. In it, evidence was given to show that many inventions which, until then, western historians had claimed for Europe, were made first in China. The attempt to rewrite the intellectual history of the world was not received without protest by some respectable historians. However, the evidence that has been presented so far in the first four volumes has persuaded many historians who were doubtful at first. China’s invention of paper, printing, the magnetic compass and gunpowder has never been quarrelled, but this new history has added advanced bridge design, mechanical clocks, paddle boats and many other inventions to the list.
In the four volumes published so far no attempt has been made to explain why China has not kept up with the West in science and technology in modern times. It is probable that the answer is to be found in the social and economic history of China, where an unchanged society under a relatively kind regime(政治制度)of upper classes contrasts with the potentially revolutionary and energetic society of the West at the end of the Middle Ages. In recent years, the Chinese government has been making every effort to catch up with the West again, and there is little doubt that the gap is being reced year by year. But will China avoid the West’s mistakes?
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 13 WORDS.)
62. So far, how many volumes have been published?
_________________________________________________________.
63. What was confirmed by the evidence in the first volume published?
_________________________________________________________.
64. The subject of this five-volume work is _______________________________________.
65. According to the passage, what’s the probable reasons for China not keeping up with the west?
_________________________________________________________.
>>>>>>參考答案<<<<<<
第一篇：
After buying something wrong, a consumer can show the guarantee at the store of purchase. If that doesn’t work, he or she can make a polite complaint to the store manager in person, on the phone or in letter. If this also can’t lead to the desired result, the consumer can warn the seller he or she will take legal action or turn to some organizations for help.
第二篇：
62. Four
63. Many inventions western historians had claimed for Europe were made first in China
64. re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology
65. China’s (the) unchanged society and the revolutionary and energetic society of the West
⑹ 高中英語閱讀理解之主旨大意的解題方法
高中英語閱讀理解之主旨大意的解題技巧
典例剖析1.[2015·江蘇高考，C篇]Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it's important to me.”) to an external factor (e.g. ，“I volunteer because I'm required to do so.”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have concted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on indivial differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers' expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相關) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an indivial begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.”
QWhat is the best title of the passage?
A.How to Get People to Volunteer
B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C.How to Keep Volunteers' Interest
D.How to Organize Volunteer Activities
[答案]A主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要闡述了人們為什麼要做志願者，和持續進行志願活動與志願者身份認同之間的正比關系，並強調要加強對志願者身份的認同。A項“如何讓人們參與志願者活動”能概括文章中心，適合做標題。故選A。
2.[2015·天津高考，B篇]Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
...
QWhat does the passage mainly present?
A.A new design idea of household robots.
B.Marketing strategies for social robots.
C.Information on household robots.
D.An introction to social robots.
[答案]D主旨大意題。第一段第一句“Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.”開篇點題並結合對全文的整體理解可推知，本文是一篇說明文，主要對社交機器人進行了簡要的介紹。故選D。
技能演練
CHICAGO (Reuters)Smoking not only can wrinkle (皺紋) the face and turn it yellow—it can do the same to the whole body, researchers reported on Monday.
The study, published in the Archives of Dermatology, shows that smoking affects the skin all over the body—even skin protected from the sun.
...
Smoking can also damage the connective tissue (組織) that supports both die skin and the internal organs.
QThe best title for this passage would be ________.
A.The Danger of Smoking
B.Smoking Causes Skin Aging
C.Quit Smoking for Health
D.A Survey of Smokers
答案：B主旨大意題。本文主要講述了吸煙影響皮膚，使皮膚衰老。所以選B。
2.British pupils taught by Chinese are better than their peers in maths and science, a new study has found.
In a study aimed at comparing the British and the Chinese school systems, pupils taught by Chinese teachers outperformed the rest of their peers in a series of exams set by an independent research body (The Institute of EcationIOE).
In an experiment for BBC Two's “Are Our Kids Tough Enough? Chinese School”， five teachers from China were responsible for the ecation of 50 students for four weeks at Bohunt School in Hampshire. Learning together in one classroom, the students of mixed abilities were taught in a Chinese style ecation system, with 12 hour days and a stricter learning regime (制度).
...
QWhat's the test mainly talk about?
A.The British students guided by the Chinese teachers behave better than their mates in some aspects of schooling.
B.Chinese teachers are better than American teachers in maths and science.
C.The school systems between China and Britain are so different.
D.The Chinese teachers show a stricter learning to the British students.
答案：A主旨大意題。本文主要講述由中國老師指導的英國學生在學校的表現比其他學生要好。所以選A。
3.In an incredible feat (技藝) of memory, college lecturer Li Yan, 51, recited every word of an EnglishChinese dictionary, a total of 220,000 words.
The 51yearold business English lecturer at Xi'an Jiaotong University in Xi'an, started to recite the entire content of an EnglishChinese dictionary on August 6, 2013, and completed the task 19 days later. Since that first recitation, she has performed the task 28 times.
“I tried to remember every word in the dictionary in order to make it easier for me to teach my classes，” Li said.
Her perseverance (堅持) comes from a hard life that taught her to keep going forward no matter how many difficulties she encountered.
...
QWhat could be the best title for the text?
A.A Responsible Mother
B.An Effective Teaching Method
C.An Extraordinary Female
D.A Living Dictionary
答案：D主旨大意題。本文主要講述的是一個大學講師，通過努力把一部英漢詞典全部背過，堪稱一部“活詞典”。
4.[2016·青島聯考]I work in a nursing home and my job is to take care of the elderly.
This year, a very sweet old lady that I cared for, Alice, had gone through a difficult time. She got dementia and so she had been in the hospital twice. In November I was finally able to get her back to her “home”.
Alice had thought her daughter was coming to visit her on Christmas Day and that they were going to have the whole family together like the old days. When she finally realized that that happy moment was not going to happen, she was very sad. Knowing that her daughter was coming after Christmas was not enough to make her feel happy. I hated the idea of her being alone on the holiday!
On Christmas Eve, I gave her a surprise by asking if she would like to go to a candlelight service at church that night.
Instead of taking her to my church, I took her to her old neighborhood church where all her friends were. We got there early and I got her a seat where her friends could see her as they came in. Then soon some of her friends came to the church and they rushed over to greet her and sit with her.
The candlelight service was beautiful and Alice got a lot of love from her old and new friends there.
The truth of the story is that I am the one who got the best gift: the smile on Alice's face.
QWhat is the best title for this passage?
A.A Special Candlelight Christmas Eve
B.The Dream of All Old Lonely Ladies
C.My Special Job
D.The True Love
答案：A主旨大意題。本文講述了作者幫助一位老人過了一個特別的燭光平安夜的故事，故選A項。
高中英語閱讀理解之指代對象題的解題技巧
典例剖析[2015·浙江高考，C篇]If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜間活動的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
...
QWhat does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?
A.The night. B.The moon.
C.The sky. D.The planet.
[答案]A指代判斷題。根據第一段中的“even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with night.”可知，事實上，雖然我們並不承認自己是白晝生物，但很多時候我們總是用光來照亮夜晚，故此處it指代前面的“the night”。故選A項。
2.[2015·湖南高考，A篇]...
Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.
I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him.
Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists?
It's about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be traced and there might be an opportunity to claim.
——JML
Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper.
QThe underlined word “they” in the third letter refers to ________.
A.accidents B.vehicles
C.pedestrians D.cyclists
[答案]D指代判斷題。根據第三封信第一段第一句的主語“Cyclists”可知，該信主要是對騎自行車者的抱怨和建議;結合畫線詞所在句中的“they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident”可知，騎自行車者應該注冊登記並購買保險，這樣當他們撞上行人或車輛，引發事故時，可以被查出，承擔責任。由此可推知，“they”指代的是“cyclists”。故D項正確。
3.[2015·福建高考，B篇]...
Papa, as a son of a dirtpoor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory, for ecation was for the rich then. So, the world became his school. With great interest, he read everything he could lay his hands on, listened to the town elders and learned about the world beyond his tiny hometown. “There's so much to learn，” he'd say. “Though we're born stupid, only the stupid remain that way.” He was determined that none of his children would be denied (拒絕) an ecation.
Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day. Though, as children, we thought this was crazy, it would never have occurred to us to deny Papa a request. And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned. We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly. Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some comment, always to the point.
QThe underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”.
A.one new thing B.a request
C.the news D.some comment
[答案]C指代判斷題。根據畫線詞前面的“We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant”可知，吃晚飯的時候，作者一家人會談論這一天所發生的新聞，不管這些事是多麼的無關緊要。由此可推知，“it”指代的是這句話中的“the news”。故答案選C。
技能演練Have you heard of the term “tweenager” ? It's a new word being used in the UK to describe children between the ages of about 10 and 12. Why are the media suddenly referring to kids in this way?
Well, more and more companies are beginning to create procts and services for tweenagers. The Disney company sells the Hannah Montana television show, music, films and procts to tweenagers and their parents. You can get everything from branded lunchboxes and cellphones, to fan magazines and clothing. The High School Musical series of films is also intended for a tweenage audience. So, it's all about sales, which tells us tweenagers must have more money, freedom and influence upon their parents than they have ever had before.
...
QThe underlined word “they” in the second paragraph most probably refers to “________”.
A.companies B.sales
C.tweenagers D.their parents
答案：C指代判斷題。現在的孩子比以前的孩子有更多的零花錢、更多的自由，以及對家長的影響更大了。這里是拿現在的孩子跟以前的孩子對比，所以選C。
2....
Like Schmid, the editors of several selfpublished art magazines also champion (捍衛) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for some else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place?” The note became the starting point for Rothbard's addictive publication, which features found photographs sent in by readers, such a poster discovered in our drawer.
...
QThe underlined word “them” in Paragraph 4 refers to ________.
A.the readers
B.the editors
C.the found photographs
D.the selfpublished magazines
答案：D指代判斷題。根據第四段第一句“Like Schmid, the editors of several selfpublished art magazines also champion (捍衛) found photographs.”以及第二句中畫線後的“called simply Found”可推知，them指代“self-published art magazines”，所以選D。
3.[2016·山西聯考]...
The latest Chinese “god song” (an Internet term to describe pop songs that spread virally through the Internet) is still stirring up fierce debates between those who view it as a milestone for Chinese pop music going global and those who regard it as a bad image of China.
Last week, Little Apple, written and performed by the Chopsticks Brothers, won the AMA International Song Award and the_o performed the song at the 2014 American Music Awards in Los Angeles. Another Chinese pop singer, Zhang Jie, won the International Artist Award.
...
QWhat do the underlined words “the o” refer to?
A.Little Apple.
B.Chopsticks Brothers.
C.Zhang Jie.
D.American singers.
答案：B指代判斷題。根據第二段的第一句“Last week, Little Apple, written and performed by the Chopsticks Brothers, won the AMA International Song Award and the_o performed the song at the 2014 American Music Awards in Los Angeles.”可推知，the o的意思是“一對表演者”，此處代指《小蘋果》的表演者“筷子兄弟”，故選B項。
4.[2016·南昌一模]...
Even if trees cannot walk, they are still on the move.
In parts of the Arctic, entire forests are moving northward. Across the Arctic, temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else in the world. As that happens, the tree line that marks where forests stop and the treeless tundra (凍原) starts has been shifting northward. Trees growing along the tree line must protect themselves from the cold wind. To do this,_plants tend to grow horizontal (水平的) branches low to the ground. The energy it takes for trees to grow this way means they don't have enough energy to make seeds.
QWhat does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.To proce more seeds.
B.To move northward
C.To respond to the climate change.
D.To protect themselves from the cold wind.
⑺ 規章制度英語作文
Rules are like rulers they tell us what we should do.We use signs to talk about rules.There are four kinds of signs.They are warning signs,information signs,direction signs,instruction signs.We can find a 『No smoking』 the library.It means we must』t smoke.We can find a 『Have a barbecue』 sign in the suburbs.It tells us we can have a barbecue.A direction sign tells us where to go.An instruction sign tells us how to do something.Signs are very important for us.They tell us what we must or must』t do.We should obey the signs.If there are no signs,accidents will happen everywhere.
⑻ 英語文章閱讀帶翻譯3篇
在世界經濟全球化及中國加入WTO的形勢下,社會需要大量能夠用英語在國際上進行科技、經貿、法律和 文化 等方面交流的專業人才。下面是我帶來的英語 文章 閱讀帶翻譯，歡迎閱讀!
英語文章閱讀帶翻譯篇一
In the public interest
The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the indivial citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes.
The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the indivial. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.
A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to
find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
斯堪的納維亞半島各國實行開明的社會政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐漸形成了一種完善的制度以保護每個公民不受專橫的和不稱職的政府官員的欺壓。由於這種制度行之有效，已被其他國家採納。
是瑞典人首先認識到政府工作人員如文職人員、警官、衛生稽查員、稅務人員等等也會犯錯誤或者自以為在為公眾服務而把事情做過了頭。早在1809年，瑞典論會就建立一個保護公民利益的制度。議會內有一個代表各政黨利益的委員會，由它委派一位稱職的人選專門調查個人對國家的意見。此人官銜為“司法特派員”，但瑞典人一般管他叫“J.O.”，即“司法特派員”。司法特派員不受任何政治壓力的制約。他聽取社會各階層的各種大小意見，並進行調查。由於意見均需用書面形式提出，司法特派員每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律師作他的助手協助工作，每封信都詳細批閱。司法特派員的工作沒有什麼秘密可言，他的信件是公開的，供公眾監督。如果公民的意見正確，司法特派員便為他伸張正義。司法特員採取的行動因意見的性質不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批評某位官員，也可以甚至向議會提議修改某項法律。下述事件是司法特派員工作的一個典型例子。
一個住在瑞典鄉村的外國人寫信給司法特派員，抱怨說他受到警察的虐待，原因就是因為他是個外國人。司法特派員立即寫信給當地警察局長，請他寄送與此事有關的材料。材料中沒有任何文字記載證明外國人所說的情況符合事實，警察局長矢口否認這一指控。司法特派員難以處理。但是，當他又收到住在同一村莊的另一個外國人寫的一封內容類似的投訴信時，他立即派出一位律師前去調查。律師證實有個警察確實多次粗魯地對待外國人。警察歧視外國人的事在官方檔案中不可能加以記載，司法特派員只有派他的代表去核對事實才能了解真相。當事的警察受到嚴厲的斥責，並被告知，如果再有人投訴他，他將受到起訴。司法特派員及時採取的行動，迅速制止了這一起不愉快的事件，不然這件事可能因未得到人們注意而不了了之。
英語文章閱讀帶翻譯篇二
Instinct or cleverness?
We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the instrious ant lives in a highly
organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ?
Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally proces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of
the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods!
我們自幼就在對昆蟲的懼怕中長大。我們把昆蟲當作害多益少的無用東西。人類不斷同昆蟲斗爭，因為昆蟲弄臟我們的食物，傳播疾病，吞噬莊稼。它們無緣無故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上，它們未經邀請便飛到我們房間里，或者對著露出亮光的窗戶亂撲亂撞。我們在日常生活中，不但憎惡如蜘蛛、黃蜂之類令人討厭的昆蟲，而且憎惡並無大害的飛蛾等。閱讀有關昆蟲的書能增加我們對它們的了解，卻不能消除我們的恐懼的心理。即使知道勤奮的螞蟻生活具有高度組織性的社會里，當看到大群螞蟻在我們精心准備的午間野餐上爬行時，我們也無法抑制對它們的反感。不管我們多麼愛吃蜂蜜，或讀過多少關於蜜蜂具有神秘的識別方向的靈感的書，我們仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我們的恐懼大部分是沒有道理的，但去無法消除。同時，不知為什麼昆蟲又是迷人的。我們喜歡看有關昆蟲的書，尤其是當我們了解螳螂等過著一種令人生畏的生活時，就更加愛讀有關昆蟲的書了。我們喜歡入迷地看它們做事，它們不知道(但願如此)我們就在它們身邊。當看到蜘蛛撲向一隻蒼蠅時，一隊螞蟻抬著一隻巨大的死甲蟲凱旋歸時，誰能不感到敬畏呢?
去年夏天，我花了好幾天時間站在花園里觀察成千隻螞蟻爬上我那棵心愛的桃樹的樹干。那棵樹是靠著房子有遮擋的一面暖牆生長的。我為這棵樹感到特別自豪，不僅因為它度過了幾個寒冬終於活了下來，而且還因為它有時結出些甘甜的桃子來。到了夏天，我發現樹葉開始枯萎，結果在樹葉背面找到成串的叫作蚜蟲小蟲子。蚜蟲遭到一窩螞蟻的攻擊，螞蟻從它們身上可以獲得一種蜜。我當即動手作了一項試驗，這項試驗盡管沒有使我擺脫這些螞蟻，卻使我著迷了24小時。我用一條膠帶把桃樹底部包上，不讓螞蟻接近蚜蟲。膠帶極粘，螞蟻不敢從上面爬過。在很長一段時間里，我看見螞蟻圍著大樹底部來回轉悠，不知所措。半夜，我還拿著電筒來到花園里，滿意地(同時驚奇地)發現那些螞蟻還圍著膠帶團團轉。無能為力。第二天早上，我起床後希望看見螞蟻已因無望而放棄了嘗試，結果卻發現它們又找到一條新的路徑。它們正在順著房子的外牆往上爬，然後爬上樹葉。我懊喪地感到敗在了足智多謀的螞蟻的手下。螞蟻已很快找到了相應的對策，來對付我那套完全不科學的辦法!
英語文章閱讀帶翻譯篇三
From the earth: greatings
Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are proced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'.
A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained.
Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this
star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the
only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe.
天文學方面最新發展使得我們能夠在銀河系和其他星系發現行星。這是一個重要的成就，因為相對來說，行星很小，而且也不發光。尋找行星證明相當困難，但是要在行星上發現生命會變得無比艱難。第一個需要解答的問題是一顆行星是否有能夠維持生命的條件。舉例來說，在我們的太陽系裡，對於生命來說，金星的溫度太高，而火星的溫度則太低。只有地球提供理想的條件，而即使在這里，植物和動物的進化也用了40億年的時間。
一顆行星是否能夠維持生命取決於它的恆星——即它的“太陽”——的大小和亮度。設想一下，一顆恆星比我們的太陽還要大，還要亮，還要熱20倍，那麼一顆行星為了維持生命就要離開的它的恆星非常遠。反之，如果恆星很小，維持生命的行星就要在離恆星很近的軌道上運行，而且要有極好的條件才能使生命得以發展，但是，我們如何才能找到這樣一顆行星呢?現在，沒有一台現存的望遠鏡可以發現生命的存在。而開發這樣一台望遠鏡將會是21世紀天文學的一個重要的研究課題。
使用放置在地球上的望遠鏡是無法觀察到其他行星的生命的。地球周圍溫暖的大氣層和望遠鏡散出的熱量使得我們根本不可能找到比行星更小的物體。即使是一台放置在圍繞地球的軌道上的望遠鏡——如非常成功的哈勃望遠鏡——也因為太陽系中的塵埃微粒而無法勝任。望遠鏡要放置在木星那樣遙遠的行星上才有可能在外層空間搜尋生命。因為我們越是接近太陽系的邊緣，塵埃就越稀薄。一旦我們找到這樣一顆行星，我們就要想辦法將它的恆星射過來的光線遮暗，這樣我們就能徹底“看見”這顆行星，並分析它的大氣層。首先我們要尋找植物，而不是那種“小綠人”。行星上最容易生存下來的是細菌。正是細菌生產出我們在地球上呼吸的氧氣。在地球上發展的大部分進程中，細菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作為地球上的居民，我們總存有這樣的希望：小綠人來 拜訪 我們，而我們可以和他們交流。但是，這種希望總是只在科幻小說中存在。如果我們能夠在另一顆行星上找到諸如細菌的那種低等生命，那麼這個發現將徹底改變我們對我們自己的看法。正如美國國家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼爾.戈爾丁指出的“在其他地方發現生命會改變一切。任何人類的努力和想法都會發生變化。”