高考英語閱讀作者情感態度
㈠ 高考英語閱讀答題技巧「四選一」
2017年高考英語閱讀答題技巧「四選一」
高考英語閱讀理解常見的題目形式是四選一，顧名思義，就是從四個備選答案中選出符合題目要求的答案。為了幫助大家備考，我整理了一些答題技巧，希望能幫到大家!
1、細節題解題技巧
細節題，顧名思義，就是指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換)。
現在圍繞上述的定位理論，引申出幾個小的技巧：
(1) 關鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細節題，如涉及到數字(日期、時間、價格等)，就可以在文章中快速圈出數字，再找出目標數字及相對應的細節作息，還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等，其他的還包括一些提示情節發展，或條綱性關鍵字眼，如First， Next， Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s， I always wanted to fly a plane， but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英語北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析：此題屬典型細節題，通過題干中的時間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分，很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
(2) 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關鍵詞和文中的不一致，但屬於同義性質，同義轉換其實是在關鍵間的基礎上拐了個彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out， exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英語北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析：此題屬細節題，定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對應，而want most和longs for對應，這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結：在閱讀中，精準快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質。定位法是需要在做題的過程中有意識的培養的，做題的技巧也是可以總結的，關鍵是要自覺培養這種分析歸納和總結的意識以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義：在理解原文字面意思的基礎上，通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。
出現特徵：在考題中經常出現的詞有infer， imply， indicate， conclude， learn from， probably， most likely， prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'; “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her， but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英語北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析：由題目得知：是考察作者的態度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語和行為，即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her， but what could we have done? She was a present.“
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對它是正的情感，排除C，D.再由作者對它的不舍，答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在閱讀原文基礎上，仔細考慮選項是否與文章主題有密切聯系
(2) 再看選項對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
(3) 要注意題目是否過大或者過小
(4) 要避免下列三種錯誤
概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體，導致范圍過小)
過度概括(多表現為擴大范圍)
以事實、細節代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警報) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years， particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association， CTIA， estimates(估計) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act， a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before， and ring， disasters and other emergencies，” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said， following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary， but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages， according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president， likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”， which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (綁架) emergencies， or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英語山東卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析：D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山，提出將創建一個全國性的簡訊警報系統;最後一段重申主題，對這種新系統的未來進行展望。因此最准確的標題是D。A項錯在protecting students;B項錯在by wireless instry;C項錯在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過閱讀上下文，結合中學生應有的賞識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或者片語的意思。出現特徵：劃線或者引號
解題方法之一：根據上下文，往往是本句中的同位關系進行猜測。
Weeks later， standing before this unfriendly mass， I was totally lost. Oh well， I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk， burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report， it all became clear， “My report is on George Washington， the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京，B篇，62，答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析：從burning這個詞來說，意為“發熱的`，強烈的，燃燒的”，後面緊跟動詞片語“find out”說明在尋找時刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的，最後是一個賓語從句，是我曾經做錯過什麼，那麼這個題目顯然就是選擇和“渴望的，熱切的”詞義，顯然為D選項。
5、結構順序題解題技巧
常見提問方式：
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路：
(1) 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想，
(2) 找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭，也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
(3) 最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫，邏輯嚴密。為突出主題，作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
The Diet Zone： A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke， diet Pepsi， diet pills， no-fat diet， vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身體上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level， we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight， but in controlling the consumption of fatty， high-calorie， unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level， diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink， we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain， and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us， but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(營養成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional， and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us， it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds， not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this， we will be much better able to resist diet procts， and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英語北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
題目
解析：文章第一段點明節食產品在誤導人們;第二段說明節食產品對人們心理上的影響;第三段說明節食產品誤導人們認為不費勁就可以減肥，即對人們身體上的危害;第四段說明節食產品的危害;第五段說明人們應該慎重對待節食產品，故從文章結構上看應該是B項正確。
;㈡ 高考英語閱讀理解的答題技巧
高考英語閱讀理解的答題技巧
英語閱讀理解是高考英語必考題型之一，其所佔的分之也比較大，所以打擊一定要重視高中英語閱讀理解題，掌握其解題技巧，下面是我整理的高考英語閱讀理解的答題技巧，希望對你有幫助！
高考英語閱讀理解的答題技巧1
一、速讀全文，了解大意知主題。
閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力。考生必須在十分有限的時間內運用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時空、順序、情節、人物、觀點，並且理清文章脈絡，把握語篇實質。
抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭和結尾。 主題句往往對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用，主旨大意題，歸納概括題，中心思想題往往直接可從主題句中找到答案。
試試看，你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎?
the panda is a popular animal. stories about the panda in the washington zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.
不難看出，文章的第一句是主題句，後面的句子都圍繞這個句子展開。
二、看題干，帶著問題讀文章。
首先要掌握問題的類型，客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案;而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調等，這類題必須經過對作者的態度、意圖以及對整篇文章進行深一層的推理等。其次，了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息，然後有針對性地對文章進行掃讀，對有關信息進行快速定位。此法加強了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的准確率。
三、 邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。
在實際閱讀中，有時作者並未把意圖說出來，閱讀者要根據字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關系，研究細節的暗示，推敲作者的態度，理解文章的寓義。要求讀者對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。推理題在提問中常用的詞有：infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。
四、 猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。
猜詞是應用英語的重要能力。它不但需要准確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞彙。我們要學會「順藤摸瓜」，通過構詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。
a. 定義法
it will be very hard but also very brittle...that is, it will break easily. 從後面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是「脆」的意思。
b. 同位法
they traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即「城堡」。
c. 對比法
she is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一詞表轉折，因此but 前後的意思正相反。後半句的意思是她今天「第一節上了一半才來」，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向「准時」的結論。
d. 構詞法(前綴、後綴、復合、派生等)
perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞， 據此可以斷定 possibility 意思是「可能性」。
e. 因果法
the lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. sometimes the weakness was permanent. so the player could never play the sport again. 從後面的結果「永遠不能再運動」中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為「永遠的，永久的」。
12017高考英語閱讀理解答題技巧二
一.高考閱讀的基本解題思路：
第一，掃描提干，劃關鍵項。
第二， 通讀全文，抓住中心。
1. 通讀全文，抓兩個重點：
①首段(中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出題);
②其他各段的段首和段尾句。(其他部分略讀，有重點的讀)
2. 抓住中心，用一分半時間思考3個問題：
①文章敘述的主要內容是什麼?
②文章中有無提到核心概念?
③作者的大致態度是什麼?
第三，仔細審題，返回原文。(仔細看題干，把每道題和原文的某處建立聯系，掛起鉤)
定位原則：
①通常是由題干出發，使用尋找關鍵詞定位原則。(關鍵詞：大寫字母、地名、時間、數字等)
②自然段定位原則。出題的順序與行文的順序是基本一致的，一般每段對應一題。
要樹立定位意識，每一題、每一選項都要回到原文中某一處定位。
第四，重疊選項，得出答案。(重疊原文=對照原文)
1. 通過題干返回原文：判斷四個選項，抓住選項中的關鍵詞，把選項定位到原文的某處比較，重疊選項，選出答案。
2.作題練習要求：要有選一個答案的理由和其餘三個不選的理由
二.閱讀理解的解題技巧
1.例證題 ：
① 例證題的`標記。當題干中出現example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 時。
② 返回原文，找出該例證所在的位置，既給該例子定位。
③ 搜索該例證周圍的區域，90%向上，10%向下，找出該例證支持的觀點。例子周圍具有概括抽象性的表達通常就是它的論點。
注意：舉例的目的是為了支持論點或是為了說明主題句。舉例後馬上問這個例子說明了什麼問題?不能用例子中的話來回答這個問題。
④ 找出該論點，並與四個選項比較，得出選項中與該論點最一致的答案。
⑤ 例證題錯誤答案設計的干擾特徵經常是：就事論事。
即用例子中的某一內容拉出來讓你去選。(╳)
要求：在閱讀中，遇到長的例子，立即給這個例子定位，即找出起始點，從哪開始到哪結束。
2.指代題 ：
① 返回原文，找出出題的指代詞。
② 向上搜索，找最近的名詞、名詞性短語或句子(先從最近點開始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不會離得太遠)。
③ 將找到的詞、片語或句子的意思代入替換該指代詞，看其意思是否通順。
④ 將找到的詞、片語或句子與四個選項進行比較，找出最佳答案。
3. 詞彙題 ：「搜索代入」法
① 返回原文，找出該詞彙出現的地方。
② 確定該詞彙的詞性
③ 從上下文(詞彙的前後幾句)中找到與所給詞彙具有相同詞性的詞(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所給詞彙在文章中的位置(將之替換)看語義是否合適
④ 找出選項中與代替詞意思相同或相近的選相，即答案
注意：
a.如果該詞彙是簡單詞匯，則其字面意思必然不是正確答案。
b.高考閱讀不是考察字認識不認識，而是考察是否能根據上下文作出正確的判斷。
c.詞彙題的正確答案經常蘊藏在原文該詞彙出現的附近。注意不能靠單詞詞義直接往下推。
d.尋找時要注意同位語、特殊標點(比如分號，分號前後兩句話的邏輯關系不是形式上的並列就是語義上的並列，也就是兩句話的意思相同，所以可用其中一句話的意思來推測 另一句話的意思從而推出所給詞彙含義)、定語從句、前後綴，特別要注意尋找時的同性原則。比如：讓猜一個名詞片語(動詞片語)的意思，我們就向上向下搜索名詞片語(動詞片語)。
隱蔽型詞彙題：題干與原文的某句完全重合，只有一兩個詞被替換掉。隱蔽型詞彙題的做法跟詞彙題的做法幾乎一樣，往上往下找。
4.句子理解題 ：
① 返回原文找到原句。
② 對原句進行語法和詞義的精確分析(找主幹)，應該重點抓原句的字面含義。若該句的字面含義不能確定，則依據上下文進行判斷。注意：局部含義是由整體決定的。
③ 一般來說，選項中的正確答案與原句意思完全相同，只不過用其他英語詞彙換種表達而已。
④ 句子理解題的錯誤選項干擾項特徵：推得過遠。做題時應把握住推的度。
思路： 對句子微觀分析? 不行就依據上下文? 選擇時不要推得過遠。
5.推理題 ：「最近原則」
① 標志： learn, infer, imply, inform
② 看是否可以通過題干返回原文或依據選項返回原文。一般要圍繞文中的一兩個重點進行推理。推理題無論通過題干能不能定位，我們都要把它固化到文章的一兩點上。
③ 依據原文的意思進行三錯一對的判斷。先不要進行推理，若有一個選項跟原文的意思一模一樣，則該選項必然是正確答案。推理題不是考察我們的想像力，它實際是考察我們原文中的某幾個點如一個、兩個點所涉及的問題我們讀透了沒有。因此，不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的遠的要好。
④ 推理題的最近答案原則：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的遠的好，直接推出的要比間接推的好。(原文的某句話變個說法)
注意：做題時不能想得太多，推得過遠。是否把原文讀懂才是關鍵。
6.主旨題 ： 「串線摘帽」
即在自然段少的時候串串線，串線法解不出來時，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。
① 主旨題的標志：mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title
② 串線法：抓首段和其餘各段的第一句話，把其意思連接成一個整體。要注意總結性的提示詞和轉折詞，特別要注意中心句。(主要針對自然段少的文章;針對自然段多的文章，主旨題最好聯系中心句。找一個和中心句最貼近的)
③ 小心首段陷阱。
④ 主旨題錯誤選項的干擾特徵經常是：
⑴ 局部信息，即選項的內容小於文章的內容;
⑵ 范圍過寬，即選項的內容大於文章的內容。
⑤逆向思維法、快速作文法：在兩個選項看上去都十分正確無法選擇時，試著從選項出發，想像一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有那些內容，然後把它與文章的內容比較，接近的即為正確選項。
7. 作者態度題 ：
① 標志：attitude
② 應精確理解四個選項的含義。
③ 不要摻雜自己的觀點。
④ 可以尋找文中一些具有感情色彩的詞。如：fortunately, excessively, too many.
⑤ 舉例的方式。
⑥ 抓論述的主線。把第一段讀透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出來，看整個文章的謀篇結構。
⑦ 做作者態度題時特別注意：首先看清楚是誰對誰的態度。
8. 判斷題 ：
①看可否通過四個選項具體化到文中一點或者根據自然段原則定位。
②每個選項都應返回原文，不能憑主觀印象進行判斷。
③要重點抓是「三錯一對」還是「三對一錯」的關系(做題是要看清題目)。
9. 細節題 ：
看完題目回到原文，重疊原文，得出答案
10.重點題型中的幾個問題：
① 詞彙題：字面意思不是答案，要根據上下文推測其深刻含義
② 句子理解題：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。
③ 推理題：答案很大程度上是原文的重現，不一定非要經過邏輯推理從原文中得出。
11. 正確答案的特徵：
① 正確答案經常與中心思想有關。
② 正確答案的位置，最常見的三個位置是：段首段尾處、轉折處、因果處。
③ 正確答案經常運用的原則是：同義替換、正話反說、反話正說。
④ 從語氣角度來看，正確答案中經常含有不肯定的語氣詞和委婉表達的用詞。如：can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some.
⑤ 正確答案經常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只見樹木不見森林。
12. 錯誤答案的特徵：
第一大層次：
① 無中生有 (未提及的概念);
② 正反混淆 (選項的意思跟原文的意思正好相反);
③ 所答非所問 (雖然選項的說法沒有問題，符合原文，但和題干搭不上邊)
第二大層次：
① 過分絕對;
② 擴大范圍(注意隱蔽型的擴大范圍mostly);
③ 因果倒置;
④ 常識判斷;
⑤ 推得過遠;
⑥ 偏離中心;
⑦ 變換詞性。
常識判斷：如果一個選項僅僅符合常識，不一定是正確答案，還要看文章中類似的意思有沒有出現;如果一個選項不符合常識，一定不是正答案。能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。
高考英語閱讀理解的答題技巧2
1知己知彼：弄清命題理念
要知道做題的秘訣，首先要知道命題人的思想。高考的目的就是分個等級，把大家區別開來，所以在能夠區別的地方設置題目「為難」大家。因此命題老師會挖空心思來出題。高考英語閱讀中選擇題答案就兩種：right or wrong。題支命題的構成方式就是「干擾+陷阱」，陷阱就是下面的錯誤類型。掌握了操作技巧，做閱讀理解既迅速又正確。做題技巧歸納起來就是：找出「right answer」，斃掉「wrong answers'。
2做題四部曲：步驟1-4
做題步驟很重要!英語非常牛的人，先後順序影響不大，但不要相信你非常牛。可能大家有自己的做題習慣與步驟，但是這里推薦的步驟為：讀閱讀題題干並勾關鍵詞——讀題支並勾關鍵詞——讀文章勾出對應的句子——返回問題，選出答案。具體操作見圖。步驟很重要，能夠提高做題的正確率和效率。
例如：以2013英語高考全國卷A篇閱讀理解為例。
第一步：讀36題題干「What does the author say aboutdoctors in general?」——勾出黑體字的關鍵詞;
第二步：讀題支「A. They likeflyingby themselves. B. They are unwilling totake advice. C. They pretend to begood pilots. D. They are quicklearners of CRM——勾出這里標記的黑字體關鍵詞，如法炮製完成36-39題;
第三步：閱讀文章(文章見圖片)——勾出文章中與題干、題支像匹配、類似的詞語、句子，如「Doctor、don't listen、CRM」等;
第四步：返回到題中，將題支中的句子與文章中對應的句子對比，得出答案。
3錯誤答案的特徵
1無中生有：
顧名思義，就是文章中沒有寫，但題支中卻出現了。絕大多數情況下，這種題支就是錯誤的，因為文章沒有提及。這種考題較常見於簡單的模擬考試、出題簡單的省份。但是有2種情況下是正確的：推理的+歸納的，具體解釋見第三部分「正確答案的特徵」。
例如：13年全國卷II中，A篇閱讀理解中，A答案關鍵詞含「like flying」，而文中根本未提到like,就連近義詞enjoy/love等都沒有; D答案中關鍵詞「quick learners 」，對應的句子中就沒有提及quick，就連同義詞fast/rapid都沒出現，同理C答案也一樣。所以遇到這種無中生有的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
2超前判斷：
所謂超前判斷指的是文章中還沒有得出結果，明確得出結論，在題支中就得出了結論/結果，弄錯時態，把現在的說成將來的，把過去的說成現在的，把將來完成的說成現在完成的，把可能的說成已經的，等不一而足。當然別把它和推理出來的答案搞混了，推理歸納的見後面詳解。
例如：2013高考英語上海卷C篇73題，問的是「It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly _____」, D答案是「has been put into wide application」，而文中對應的句子為「so that it might someday perform…」。所以遇到超前判斷的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
3喧賓奪主：
喧賓奪主也就是主次顛倒，沒有弄清主次關系。通俗講，就是在閱讀理解中，對於問題中的題支，能夠在文中找到相對應的部分或者是句子，但是只有一個是最主要的，其他表述都是次要的，這個主要的就是圍繞問題展開敘述的。這種類型的錯誤常見於：歸納短文意思、給短文選擇最適合的標題等類型的問題中。
例如：2013英語上海卷C篇75題，問題是：「Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?」，題支為：A. Father of Robotic Fly B. Inspiration from Engineering Science C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study。根據文章每個答案都有提及，看起來都好像是正確的。通過文章，找出原來是圍繞Robotic和life來講的，這就是最主要的主體，因此正確。而A中father、B中Inspiration、D中Breaks Through都只是輔助部分甚至沒提到。所以遇到喧賓奪主的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
4答非所問:
這個相比大家都懂了，人家問西你答東。題支中的回答和題干不相符。這種問題應該是最簡單的，相信不少人火眼晶晶就能夠看出來。比較准確地說是就是不相關。由於高考想區別出等級，所以需要難度，這種類型的題就比較少了，最為常見於初中英語題中以及高中平時模擬練習中。
例如：比如2013高考山東卷73題B答案。問題是「For what purpose did Pearson start the advertising campaign?」，答案中為「A. To build a goodrelationshipwith the public B. To stress theunusual traditionof Sparrow C. To lean aboutcustomers; 」B、C答案關鍵詞為unusual tradition、customers，文中並沒有圍繞這個來說(當然這里這個例子是不夠精確)。所以遇到答非所問的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
5強加因果：
強加因果就是本來兩件事情就沒有因果關系，卻在題支中說出兩個的因果關系，這都是錯誤的題支。這種類型的錯誤是比較少見的，但是一旦出現，不容易發現，尤其是邏輯性比較強的問題。應對方法是，對於有因果敘述的問題，需要自習推敲一下，看看是否是真的有因果關系。
例如：文章中講了全球氣候變暖( global warming)，文章中可能講亂砍亂伐、汽車尾氣、燃燒秸稈等等問題，在問題中，問你造成全球變暖是由什麼造成的，題支中給你一個選項就是亂砍亂伐，可能你就會想：亂砍亂伐——樹木減少——光合作用減少——二氧化碳消耗減少——大氣中熱、二氧化碳增多——所以全球氣候變換，這就是典型的想多了! 所以遇到這種強加因果的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
6顛倒是非：
把肯定的說成否定，把否定的說成肯定，這種類型的錯誤還是比較容易看出來的。但是如果通過同義轉換，就不是很好看出來了。或者是把不是很明確的說的十分肯定，就較難看出這種顛倒是非的關系。
例如：2013上海卷第74題問的是「Which of the following can be learned from the passage」，B答案為「Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.」而原文對應的句子為「You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead」 。就是明顯的同義轉換後顛倒是非。所以遇到顛倒是非的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
7以偏概全：
以偏概全指的是文章中說的是一個范圍，問題中悄悄將題支的敘述范圍給你改了，很久都看不出來。文章是由幾部分組成的，每個部分肯定有自己的中心范圍，而這些部分就組成了整篇文章，整片文章又只有一個中心，如果是用某部分的來表達整個文章的思想，就是以偏概全。
例如：2013上海卷C篇75題，問的是「Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?」;題支為「A.Fatherof Robotic Fly B.InspirationfromEngineering Science C.RoboticFly ImitatesReal Life InsectD. HarvardBreaks Throughin Insect Study」。根據黑體關鍵詞，A的是一個部分的，B的描述的是下一個部分的, D也是，文章中說的也不是很明確，這種類型的常見於概括文章、給文章起標題概括中心思想的題型中。對於以偏概全的答案可以：直接判為錯誤答案!
錯誤的類型主要是這幾種，另外還有張冠李戴，比如文章中為jack did the work ,題支中卻說成了Jackson;再如he won the prize，卻說成she won the prize等。
近些年英語貌似變得簡單些了，不過如果題出難了的話，還有幾種不容易發現的錯誤類型如：邏輯推理、大小關系不清楚等等，這類似數學的真包含假包含一樣。比如說Jack planted some big trees near his home, the air around getting fresher after that。題支中的描述成「 what jack did prevent the global warming」這樣就是屬於邏輯上的混亂和錯誤。
4正確答案的特徵：同義句轉換的題支
命題的道理是為了增加題的難度，所以不能直接像小學初中一樣給你原文句字，所以必須做個同義句轉換。因此同義句一般都是正確的答案。這種類型的題型在高考、四級、六級考試中非常常見，如果你對自己不是很有底氣，直接選擇這個同義句，根據個人經驗，95%情況下都是正確的!
例如：13年全國卷II中，A篇第36題B選項「They are unwilling to take advice」與文中「They don't listen because they already know it all」 的為同義改寫，所以答案就是這個。因此，同義句轉換的題支可以直接選擇為正確答案.
;㈢ 高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
英語閱讀理解題的難度在不斷增大，考生們也大多知難而進。下面是我為大家帶來的高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧，歡迎閱讀。
一、四選一型閱讀
高考閱讀不同文體按照題型分類主要分為五大類：細節題、推理題、主旨大意題、詞義句意猜測題、結構順序題。
1、細節題解題技巧
細節題，顧名思義，就是指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節（通常是四個）放在一起要求考生判斷是非（選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項）或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案（此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換）。
現在圍繞上述的定位理論，引申出幾個小的技巧：
（1） 關鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細節題，如涉及到數字（日期、時間、價格等），就可以在文章中快速圈出數字，再找出目標數字及相對應的細節作息，還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等，其他的還包括一些提示情節發展，或條綱性關鍵字眼，如First， Next， Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s， I always wanted to fly a plane， but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. （2011年高考英語北京A篇）
What happened to the author in 2011？
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析：此題屬典型細節題，通過題干中的時間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分，很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
（2） 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關鍵詞和文中的不一致，但屬於同義性質，同義轉換其實是在關鍵間的基礎上拐了個彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out， exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. （2010年高考英語北京B篇）
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks？
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析：此題屬細節題，定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對應，而want most和longs for對應，這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結：在閱讀中，精準快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質。定位法是需要在做題的過程中有意識的培養的，做題的技巧也是可以總結的，關鍵是要自覺培養這種分析歸納和總結的意識以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義：在理解原文字面意思的基礎上，通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。
出現特徵：在考題中經常出現的詞有infer， imply， indicate， conclude， learn from， probably， most likely， prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. 「We're moving house.'； 「No space for her any more with the baby coming.」 「We never really wanted her， but what could we have done？ She was a present.」 People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house？ （2010年高考英語北京A篇）
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析：由題目得知：是考察作者的態度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語和行為，即
（1） No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway.
（2） We never really wanted her， but what could we have done？ She was a present.「
（3） People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對它是正的情感，排除C，D.再由作者對它的不舍，答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
（1） 要在閱讀原文基礎上，仔細考慮選項是否與文章主題有密切聯系
（2） 再看選項對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
（3） 要注意題目是否過大或者過小
（4） 要避免下列三種錯誤
概括不夠（多表現為部分代整體，導致范圍過小）
過度概括（多表現為擴大范圍）
以事實、細節代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert （警報） system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years， particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association， CTIA， estimates（估計） more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act， a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission （FCC） with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
「The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before， and ring， disasters and other emergencies，」 FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said， following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary， but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages， according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president， likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve 「approaching threats」， which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction （綁架） emergencies， or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.（ 2008年高考英語山東卷B篇）
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text？
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析：D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山，提出將創建一個全國性的簡訊警報系統；最後一段重申主題，對這種新系統的未來進行展望。因此最准確的標題是D。A項錯在protecting students；B項錯在by wireless instry；C項錯在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過閱讀上下文，結合中學生應有的賞識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或者片語的意思。出現特徵：劃線或者引號
解題方法之一：根據上下文，往往是本句中的同位關系進行猜測。
Weeks later， standing before this unfriendly mass， I was totally lost. Oh well， I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk， burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report， it all became clear， 「My report is on George Washington， the man who started the American Revolution.」 The whole world became quite！ How could I know that she meant that George Washington？
62. The underlined word 「burning」 in Para. 3 probably means _______.（2012年北京，B篇，62，答案D）
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析：從burning這個詞來說，意為「發熱的，強烈的，燃燒的`」，後面緊跟動詞片語「find out」說明在尋找時刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的，最後是一個賓語從句，是我曾經做錯過什麼，那麼這個題目顯然就是選擇和「渴望的，熱切的」詞義，顯然為D選項。
5、結構順序題解題技巧
常見提問方式：
How is the passage organized？
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage？
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路：
（1） 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想，
（2） 找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭，也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
（3） 最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫，邏輯嚴密。為突出主題，作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
The Diet Zone： A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke， diet Pepsi， diet pills， no-fat diet， vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word 「diet」 everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically（身體上）.
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level， we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight， but in controlling the consumption of fatty， high-calorie， unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤）instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word 「diet」 in food labels.
On another level， diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink， we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain， and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us， but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients（營養成分）. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional， and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us， it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds， not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this， we will be much better able to resist diet procts， and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. （2008高考英語北京卷E篇）
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？
解析：文章第一段點明節食產品在誤導人們；第二段說明節食產品對人們心理上的影響；第三段說明節食產品誤導人們認為不費勁就可以減肥，即對人們身體上的危害；第四段說明節食產品的危害；第五段說明人們應該慎重對待節食產品，故從文章結構上看應該是B項正確。
二、七選五型閱讀
考生需要在語篇信息存在缺失的情況下，准確理解整篇文章，特別是設題部位前後句的邏輯關系，通過上下文的線索進行判斷，預測下文，然後做出正確判斷。
命題分析：我們如果把整篇文章看成一個信息群，這個信息群實際上是由兩大信息版塊構成的：
已知信息：原文在五處空缺之外的沒有被挖掉的信息
待選信息：七個待選選項中的信息
這兩個信息板塊間絕不是孤立的，而是有緊密的互動邏輯關系，連起來是一篇完整的文章。
考試題型對學生的考察能力來看無外乎兩個方面：
（1） 把握整篇文章的布局和邏輯層次關系
（2） 把握微觀信息間關聯性（即空格前後句間關系）
解題方法：詞彙同現、詞彙復現、代詞妙用、數字線索、邏輯線索。
Muzak
The next time you go into a bank， a store， or a supermarket， stop and listen. What do you hear？ _____ （71） It's similar to the music you listen to， but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you， or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing， but you react to the music anyway.
Quiet background music used to be called 「elevator （電梯） music」 because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places， and it has a new name 「Muzak」. About one-third of the people in America listen to 「Muzak」 everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time， with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning， and between three and four in the afternoon， when people are more tired.______ （72）
If you listen to Muzak carefully， you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak， but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why？ _____ （73）
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ （74）Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
_____ （75）They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another， Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak！（ 2010年高考英語北京卷）
A. Some people don't like Muzak.
B. The music gives them extra energy.
C. Music is playing in the background.
D. Factory workers proce 13 percent more.
E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
答案：CBFDA
代詞妙用：代詞指代前面提到的thing， 所以只要找到與代詞含義一致的詞就可搞定。
71空格後面出現「It's similar to the music you listen to，」那麼我們只要分析出其中的「it」的具體指代即可，通過題目及略讀下文，我們很容易知道該文介紹一種音樂，而且第一段故作懸念，一直未給出其名字，所以我們只要找到選項中包含音樂一詞而沒有點名繆扎克一詞的即可，很容易鎖定BC選項，因為B項意義與下文相去甚遠，故舍B取C沒商量。
75空格後出現「They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.」，同理，我們就要確定「they」的具體指代，首先由於「say」的出現，我們鎖定「they」為人的復數，所以輕松鎖定ADF，所謂真金不怕火來煉，D顯然邏輯不通，F由於其主語也為人，段落第一句永遠不會出現意思不明的代詞（we， you 除外，因為它們可以明確指代廣義的人），故輕松排除F選出真金A。
72此題雖然不是明顯的後文出現代詞，但其前亦有代詞出現，「It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning，」下文承接上文，肯定有聯系，找出「it」的具體指代-the music， 輕松選出B項。（註：也可應用詞彙復現法）
詞彙復現法：情非得已時選擇的一種方法，知道與前後文中有詞彙重復的選項即可，有時也可指含義一致的詞彙，如72
73前文中「but others are happy when their songs are chosen」有「their songs」， F項亦有相同詞彙出現，放進去，意思通曉明白，搞定。
74後文中「Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有」percent more「，D項亦有相同詞彙出現，且意思連貫，選出即可。
72題中前句中出現」when people are more tired. 「能夠與」tired「相對應的四選項中只有」energy「，累了對應能量，亦可做出此題。
;㈣ 2018高考英語閱讀理解北京卷D篇淺析
首先，文本選自洛杉磯時報http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html 2018年3月9日發表的名為If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。
看原標題可以得出幾個信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是關鍵問題3.even worse，也就是有前提條件，然後才可能出現某種預期。
這篇閱讀理解試題選文的特點是，1.文章是國外主流媒體新近更新的文章，相對於高考日期來說是比較新的。2.題材相對比較前沿——關於無人駕駛汽車。相對來說的新科技話題，具有一定的信息引領性。同時，無人駕駛也是目前比較有爭論的話題，所以任何一篇文章都不會完全從某一個角度獨立來分析闡述這一現象，除非絕對的專業測評或者技術等視角，普通評論或者描述文章一定都會有或多或少的利弊分析，因為這是未知因素會有所影響的一個話題。本文也不例外，但是本文經過改編後明顯把話題傾向性定位在positive 上，整體看不出明顯的問題，但是會有對客觀事實的微小不尊重。這是從閱讀理解試題選文的真實性信息來考慮的。本文讀者受眾沒有刻意的區分和歸類以及傾向性，文章也不算純粹的科普文，屬於普通的說事文吧，依然是側重introce and describe ，因為沒有明顯的正反觀點的對比，文中對比主要體現在現象的比較，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基於此，本文的行文，正常來說要圍繞提出問題——分析問題——解決問題來進行。
試卷文本和原文比較有大量刪減改編。
首先看改編後的標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars關鍵信息定位在preparing cities。但是我們在正文當中是否能夠找到關鍵信息來支持標題核心信息，我認真閱讀後，還是不明朗。但是原選文標題比較符合原選文的核心內容。而且此標題從語言角度來說也不好理解，所以標題不做更多解釋。
（2018•北京）閱讀理解D
標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
試題文章第一段
原本想和原文比較一下改動部分，但是改動太大，就省略了吧，很明顯感覺改動得不是很好。比如prospect被替換為possibility 這個在理解文本含義上可以理解，但是假如作為精讀去點對點分析，就會不如原詞彙那麼妥帖，我只能用這個詞來形容。看prospects詞彙解釋：
以此例來說明改編的可能的不準確性，文本下面部分的改編的類似問題不再重復說明。
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 開篇點「題」，把無人駕駛汽車的現存狀態通過一個語義對比句展示出來。告知讀者本文是圍繞無人駕駛汽車現狀的某個問題闡述的。接下來的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有測試環節，二是有相關輔助環節。
California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 這是本文中圍繞標題而出現的最重要的關鍵信息。暗示cities在無人駕駛領域所可能做出的貢獻。
But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
此處有本文的一個題點關鍵詞regulated，提示regulation 對於無人駕駛未來走向的重要性。看48題：
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
題幹部分有關鍵信息詞author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重點的……關注點，所以需要透徹理解本文所傳遞的信息是什麼，還要結合選項內容來看。同時結合原文看，本文是把safety 部分內容刪除掉了，而我們看四個選項事實上都可以，四個選項和客觀真實性是保持一致的，至於本試題當中認為限制答案為D，從做題角度會有很多解釋，但是這樣的試題不嚴密，且，好的試題不會用major來限定。
第二段
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一個暗含轉折，實際上是語義的一個側重「確定」的句子，使用了while …also表達，前後兩者都存在，但是此處側重強調後者的意思。那麼也就是說safety 問題是現存的一個相關焦點，但是這里作者想要強調also後面的內容。所以，從全文角度看，經過改編的文本有了作者或者文章態度上的些許不同，本段和原文比較有部分詞彙改編刪減，但是基本符合要求，沒有大的變化。
接下來的內容作者具體描述無人駕駛汽車的優勢和特色，包括停車管理，環境保護，以及和計程車公司等相比較的更多的便利，原文提到了優步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但試題文本有刪減，所以個別信息在理解上會覺得有模糊的感覺，不透徹。本段結束。
在此，我們就可以暫停，看試題：
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
題干中使用了pay attention to ，而這個題干是完全可以修改成一個更地道的句子的，也可以是問答方式，不是填空式。重點又在author 和attention 來限定信息，也就是可以推測，題目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表達的觀點，那麼根據文本內容，c項是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a項更符合出題人的思路，所以答案是A。
接下來看下一段內容，
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
段首一句屬於段落銜接句，用設問的形式引出來。一方面提示讀者思考，給出自己的思維判斷，同時引出下面作者想要陳述的內容，此句看關鍵詞worsen ，也就是說，作者暗示的觀點是現有的交通的諸多不利因素，對於無人駕駛汽車來說會是什麼樣的一種對比分析結果呢？而通過上文中作者的情感態度，大致可以判斷，下文作者想要闡述的是如何規避現有交通的不利因素。通過閱讀試卷上的文本，我感覺此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查閱原文，因為在手機上編輯，順便簡單截圖一下，如下：
通過閱讀原文，可以了解，此處被命題人刪除掉了，但是此舉就完全改變了文章的行文思路和意義的正常表達。因為在提到了無人駕駛汽車的優勢以後，作者做了一個imagine ，也就是假想內容，而此假設導致的結果就是滿街的無人駕駛汽車，而此句也被命題人刪除了，但是這些信息是非常關鍵的信息，是管理者要解決無人駕駛汽車所要面對的關鍵問題，刪除後，就不能體現初衷含義了，而且閱讀時會晦澀，不能夠真正表達真實場景。具體語言不做分析解釋，接下來看下一段，
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因為刪除掉的信息，而會覺得沒有自然的過度和銜接。在介紹了環保和降低使用成本等優勢以後，作者把話題引到了首批無人駕駛汽車的試用上，
commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，這些詞是屬於此處的主要信息詞，提示下面舉措的原因，命題人沒有在此處命題，而是避開，命制了一個所謂猜測詞義題目。來看試題：
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
根據field所在原文語境，提示，鑒於一些考量首先要把無人駕駛技術應用於叫車服務領域。field在此處取其名詞「領域」的動詞含義「應用於某一領域」，在此，也就是把車輛服務劃分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽車，叫車服務等等。所以在理解此詞的時候需要理解原語境的微妙提示，而不是簡單來隨意根據主觀判斷下結論，盡管結論可能也不是太離譜，至少我查了很多詞典，沒有查到field的英英解釋為employ。細節不做分析。繼續下一段，
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
最後一段，我們看它的情感態度，一個對未來的期待和展望，是建立在對現有一些問題和技術的解決和確認的基礎上的，也就是說，作者的觀點態度中規中矩，但最後一句還是表達了對未來無人駕駛汽車的正面期待。結尾段，對整個上文信息做了概括總結，綜合了上文信息點。看最後一題：
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
答案是B。這個不多說，假如發散開來還有很多內容能夠闡述。
總結一下：
本題目選自主流外刊，時間比較新，話題比較新。命題人對文本進行了一定量的改動刪減，個人認為已經影響了准確和地道信息的傳遞，這是不太看好的地方。文本語言和結構沒有特殊難點，試題命制也沒有深度思維理解的題目，所以考慮試題安排難度，應該不是難題范疇。解讀本文本相當於外刊解讀的一個過程了。所以說高考題目文本精良，和外刊解讀和運用分割開來不是一個真命題。我記得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命題人做了一些刪減改編，而使得整個行文不達意，試題缺少信息支持。這是一個不可忽視的命題問題。
沒有時間和精力做更精細的分析。
下面是試題原文：
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs
48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
㈤ 如何應對高考英語中的作者觀點態度題
閱讀微技能訓練1—觀點態度題(1)
作者在寫文章的時候除了進行敘述和說明外，往往還想表達某種態度，或肯定、支持、贊同、同情，或客觀、中立、公正，或反對、憎恨、諷刺。作者的這種感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露於修飾的詞語中。因此，在推理判斷的過程中，因特別注意作者的措辭。
一、設問方式：
1. The author』s attitude toward … is that ______.
2. What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage?
3. The writer』s purpose in writing this article is ______.
4. The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to ______.
5. What is the author』s opinion about ...?
6. Which of the following might the author agree with?
7. The writer uses the example of … to show that ______.
8. According to the author, ______.
二、技巧點撥：
1. 詞彙突破：
1）樂觀支持類：positive; favorable; supportive; approval
2）客觀中立類：objective(客觀的); neutral(中立的)
3）消極反對類：negati
㈥ 針對高考英語推理判斷題 表示作者態度、語氣、風格、傾向常用詞彙
你問的這個問題非常好,我很喜歡.
推理判斷題也是我最頭痛的題,很容易做錯.你說的這個作者的態度只是推理判斷題的一小部分,應該不算非常難.除此之外還有種種對原文的推理比如which of the followings is the writer's view bu not said directly.往往給定四句話看哪句是從原文中合情推理出來.
做這種題的一般原則是答案一定要從原文找出直接的暗示,決不能憑自己的臆斷.另外原文的原話不屬於推理出來,也不能選.這類題的一般方法只能是認真讀原文,不能偷雞取巧略讀,著重注意作者一些有韻味的話或有哲理的話,對於學習好的同學然後等做題時一般就能反應出來,然後回到原文再次對應,就可以選出.我描述的比較復雜,其實這只是一個很短,很自然的過程.
對於你所問關於作者感情的的詞,這當然要具體而論,作者不可能表達的那麼直接,然後後面的題再考你,那也太簡單了.一般就是蘊含在句子當中的感情的的委婉表達.舉一個最淺顯的例子就是i think i am a lucky dog這就委婉的表達了作者的高興之情.只要多做題,多去體會外國人的文化和表達方法,你就會覺得這類題不難,另外這種題也不會總是考.
我剛剛給我校貼吧發了怎樣學英語的帖子,附帶也給你看看吧.我剛剛高考完.
我認為背過前8冊單詞,閱讀不成問題,買本好語法書,語法不成問題.別人講給自己,的確印象深刻,但別人是永遠不可能把語法全講明白,而且講得也沒有連貫性,主要是自己看.老師在高三一輪復習會把所有語法從頭講一遍,大家一定要在那時從頭理順一遍.因為那是全面學語法的最後機會.我反正在那之後到高考前再也沒抽出時間系統復習語法.詞彙就是背前8冊,不要管拼寫,管它是er還是or只要出現這個單詞能知道意思就行,最後高考前把漢語遮住,看單詞想意思.8冊都這樣復習完,你就可以滿懷信心地上考場了,你會發現,你背過的單詞出卷人都標上漢語意思,你會埋怨他不應該標,這不就是成功嗎?
聽力我最有感觸的一點是頓悟.當時我們是天天早晨聽聽力.一開始我根本跟不上,聽完了也不知道什麼意思,我覺得很失望.但過了一個月,有一天我突然發現我都能聽懂了,後來我連最微小的的方都能聽明白,甚至我剛學到的一個新單詞都能辨認出來.後來改成一星期聽三次,我的水平也隨之下降了.總之聽力這個東西,再差的學生堅持聽也能變成高手.我還有點小技巧,課余時間大聲讀聽力材料,這樣等聽到相同內容時大腦會迅速反應.效果不是非常明顯,但我喜歡.
作文大家必須了解一個事實:鍀高分的作文不是詞彙多高級,不是語法多復雜,而是沒有錯誤,語言流暢.大家可能一時接受不了這個現實,這需要大家慢慢理解,但事實就是如此.因此我認為學好書上的單詞片語就足夠了.另外英語輔導報後都有作文講解,是不可多得的作文材料,還用什麼劉老師給我們講嗎?每星期看一篇,背一篇就足夠了.
完形填空考的是一種結合觀察、推理、思考、語法、片語和詞彙的綜合能力。語法和詞彙好的同學不會差。如果你英語不錯，完型卻不好，我建議你搜集一下各省最新高考完型題題，你可以先做，在做中逐漸體會。也可以直接把答案填入，每天朗讀，體會它的邏輯性，嚴密性和各種搭配。高考題是最完美的題，因此只有練習高考完型題才能把握它。另外高考完型題有一定的延續性，每年個省考的知識點都差不多。今年的完型適合高一做，高考不會總考這么簡單的題。完型堅持先速讀一遍，填上一眼看出的空，再精讀一邊，仔細推敲，瞻前顧後，添上大部分空。最後總攬一遍，填上需要聯繫上下文的空
最後我想告訴大家個考試技巧:考試前的中午拿難易得當的一本閱讀練習書到5樓去讀,一直讀到英語考試前(一般是下午第一節考)效果非常明顯.當你中午把閱讀題作得很熟時,上考場那幾篇閱讀也不過是練習罷了.
㈦ 2021全國高考英語一卷D篇閱讀理解辨析
2021全國高考英語一卷D篇閱讀理解
試題文本第一段：Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person』s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and 「people skills.」 Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
原文節選第一段對照：Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence. Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
1. 本段關鍵信息詞彙：changed, popularization, original, misunderstand, makeup, far beyond, skill-based，but,
a. Popularization: 為大眾所普遍接受的（對普通公眾有吸引力的行為、或者現象）
b.makeup: 取含義 （N-UNCOUNT 天性;性格）Some-one's make-up is their nature and the various qualities in their character.
There was some fatal flaw in his makeup, and as time went on he lapsed into long silences or became off-hand.
他的性格有致命的缺陷，隨著時間的推移，他陷入了久久的沉默，或者變得漠然。
2. 黑體詞部分從語篇思維角度可能會是影響閱讀理解的關鍵詞，也可能是命題題點所需要支持的信息詞。
32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person』s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person』s positive qualities.
本題題干提問信息詞彙：misunderstanding。相對應上面2提到的閱讀以及命題關鍵詞：misunderstood。本題的四個選項對這一部分進行了paraphrase，干擾項把原文信息進行了相反的paraphrase，正確項貌似對信息almost everything desirable 進行了paraphrase：It refers to a person』s positive qualities.但事實上，desirable 和positive 是兩個具有不同性質的修飾類形容詞。兩者嚴謹來講不能同指同一事物。此處，答案選擇D。
文本第一段命題人修改了兩個信息詞distorted—changed；equate—misunderstood。這兩對詞彙的替換是否恰當，供讀者們探討。本觀點認為有欠妥當，因為欠妥當，引起32題的設計結合原文讓人感覺不地道。Distort相似與misunderstood，而equate和misunderstood基本很難語義相關。
考試文本第二段：We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes. The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person.
1.標色部分為「第二段」的試題文本和原文改動詞彙對比。試題文本被認為在此處劃分了另一段落。是否符合語篇寫作形式邏輯，需要從寫作技巧上進行具體分析。
2.事實上，define無需改為describe。Prosocial or antisocial purposes改為good or bad purposes已經改變了，原作者的寫作意圖，兩者含義區別很大，會給讀者造成一定的思維干擾。perceive,understand,know這樣的替換還是可以的。therapist/doctor，gauge/find, client/ patient,whereas/while, con artist/cheater的替換也可以接受。Ethical 應該是課標詞彙，無需修改。
3.「The ability< to accurately understand how others are feeling >may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. 」這是一個復雜句子，the ability 指上文提到的emotional intelligence所代表的能力。The ability may be used by a doctor to find...whereas (此處還是覺得原詞更好）表示「指定性轉折對比」，醫生可以用以對症治療，騙子也可能拿來行騙。得出結論：有情商的人群可能是具有兩面性的分類人群。
33. Why does the author mention 「doctor」 and 「cheater」 in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
此題屬於細節理解題。理解了原文信息就可以讀懂題干。但是選項信息區別性不是太大，命題人從主觀角度給出D為標准答案。比較起來，D為最佳。AC並沒有原則上的非正確性的信息支持。
考試文本第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重視) on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social well-being.
原文對照：Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare.
1. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.
雖然關於情商的流行（大眾化）觀點遠遠超出了研究所能提供的合理支持（論證），但宣傳的總體效果是利大於弊。
a.run far ahead of :遠遠跑在前面。此處語境指「遠遠超過」。
b.publicity n.(媒體的)關注，宣傳，報道;宣傳業;廣告宣傳工作;傳播工作
2. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare.
這種普及(媒體宣傳形成的人們的普遍認知）最積極的方面是僱主、教育工作者和其他關心促進社會福利的人對情感的一種新的和急需的強化。
試題文本第四段：
The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
原文對照：The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life.
此處research psychology/researchers,humans/people的替換意義不是很大，原文詞彙更加貼切達意。
1.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped boththe public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.情商的普及幫助公眾和研究者重新評估情感的功能以及它們如何在日常生活中適應性地為人們服務。
34. What is the author』s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
詢問作者情感態度的試題一般可以通過文章信息獲得答案。文本3.4段表明作者的態度是肯定的。
試題文本第五段：
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 視角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.
雖然情緒智力的持續流行的吸引力是可取的，我們希望這種關注將激發對情緒的科學和學術研究的更大興趣。
2. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 視角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
我們希望在未來的幾十年裡，科學的進步將提供新的視角以此來研究人們如何管理（引領）自己的生活。此處，原文當中的navigate要比修改後的manage更能表達意義。
3.Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
情商，以其對頭腦和心靈的關注，可能會為我們指明正確的方向。
原文對照：
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
此題的命題點屬於對段落大意進行概括，關聯關鍵詞「hope,will，may」, 鏈接答案中的expectations。D項的語言表述是有問題的。B項可以改為：Expectations for future studies on it. C項可以改為：The practical application on it.
總結：本文是節選。文章基本表意完整。選取這一部分視角和普通關於情商的認知有一定的差異性。也正是這種認知差異性使得本文通過英語傳達的思想略有難度。文本有一些復雜句，但整體句式整齊，沒有偏怪句式，不會產生明顯的句式語言障礙。當然，也會對學生的基本語法習得情況有一定的區分度。試題命制中規中矩。試題文本被命題人劃分為5段，從文法角度是否嚴謹科學有待考證。建議語篇分析此文時酌情科學進行。
試卷試題：
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重視) on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 視角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person』s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person』s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention 「doctor」 and 「cheater」 in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.
34. What is the author』s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable.B. Intolerant.C. Doubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
原文鏈接：http://eqi.org/salov2.htm Wechat Official Account: FreedomWriter
節選原文：Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence. Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes. The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person.
Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction
㈧ 英語閱讀理解題怎麼判斷作者的態度
英語閱讀理解題怎麼判斷作者的態度？閱讀理解都會至少有一道考作者對某問題看法或者態度的題目，這類題目首先大家要對選項中的態度詞進行辨析，如果連這幾個態度詞都不認識的話，別談做題了。其次就是對文章主旨進行把握，文章的主旨就是作者要表達的內容，從而作者的態度也會包含在其中。
一．情感態度題的詞語選項
1．褒義詞
impartial（公正的）
rewarding（有回報的）
appreciative (欣賞的)
positive (肯定的, 積極的)
optimistic (樂觀的)
useful (有用的, 有益的)
admiring (贊賞的, 欽佩的)
interesting (有趣的)
instructive (有益的, 教育性的)
enthusiastic (熱心的, 熱情的)
supportive (支持的)
support(支持)
approval (贊成, 承認)
approving (滿意的)
onfident (自信的, 確信的)
impressed (留下印象的)
reverent (尊敬的)
polite (有禮貌的, 文雅的)
2．貶義詞
apprehensive(擔憂的)
hostile (敵對的)
bious(懷疑的)
intolerant (不能容忍的)
negative (否定的, 消極的)
pessimistic (悲觀的, 厭世的)
subjective (主觀的, 個人的)
disappointed (失望的)
frustrated (失敗的, 落空的)
critical (批評的）
questioning (質疑的)
doubtful (可疑的, 不確的)
compromising (妥協的)
dissatisfied (不滿意的, 不高興的)
biased (有偏見的)
satirical (諷刺的)
puzzling (迷惑的)
suspicious (懷疑的)
gloomy (令人沮喪的)
scared (恐懼的)
cynical (憤世嫉俗的)
oppose (反對)
opposition (反對)
disgust (令人反感)
disgusting (令人厭惡的)
worried (悶悶不樂的)
depressed (沮喪的)
contemptuous (輕蔑的, 侮辱的)
arbitrary/opinionated (武斷的)
3．中性詞
analytical (分析的)
apathetic (缺乏興趣的)
concerned (關心的)
cautious (謹慎的, 小心的)
neutral (中性的)
objective (客觀的)
impartial (公平的, 不偏不倚的)
indifferent (無關緊要的)
impassive (冷漠的)
detached (超然的，不偏不倚的)
unconcerned (不關心的)
uninterested (不感興趣的)
humorous (滑稽的, 詼諧的)
disinterested (無私的)
sensitive (敏感的)
factual (事實的, 實際的)
informative (提供資訊的)
persuasive (說服的)
personal (個人的)
formal (正式的)
informal (非正式的)
casual (偶然的)
二．情感態度題常見出題位置
1．直接表達作者或者其他人態度的句子。
2．一些感情色彩較濃的詞語，尤其是形容詞、動詞和副詞等。
3．首段和末段。
4．出現轉折的地方，如nevertheless, however, but, yet等。
5．文章中一些情態動詞後面的內容，這些情態動詞有should, shouldn』t, must, mustn』t等。
三．情感態度題正確答案選項的特點
1．很多情況下，作者只是在客觀描述一種現象或是一個觀點，所以objective作為正確選項的頻率極高。
2．一般來說，indifferent不會是正確選項，因為作者如果對一個事件漠不關心、就不會專門撰文。另外，像cynical, disgust, desperate等詞語如果出現也不會是正確選項，因為一般考研閱讀理解所選的'文章不會帶有如此強烈的情感，如謾罵、攻擊等。
3．如果作者開篇就提出了一個觀點，而全文中有沒有轉折和對比的內容，一般來說作者對這個觀點持支持態度。
4．如果作者開篇提出一個觀點或者引述了別人的觀點，而後文出現重要的轉折，對上述觀點進行批評後者否定，那麼作者自己的觀點往往與開頭提出的觀點相反。
5．如果選項中出現了一對反義詞，那麼正確答案往往是這對反義詞中的一個，考生可以忽略其餘兩個選項。
6．總結歷年的文章，我們發現在關於社會科學和人文科學的文章中，一般來說如果作者都會有支持的態度；在關於自然科學的文章中，作者的態度則經常是objective, analytical等。
四．情感態度題干擾答案選項的特點
1．選項沒有體現作者的觀點，甚至是相反的意思。
2．選項中張冠李戴，把別人的觀點放到了作者頭上，或者把作者的觀點放到了別人的頭上，要加以區分。
3．上文中提到的indifferent 及其同義詞和近義詞等，以及包含強烈情感的詞語。
五．情感態度題解題方法
1．找到直接表述作者態度的句子，對應相應的選項。
2．如果沒有明確表述態度的句子，則從文章的字里行間把握文章的整體基調。
3．注意不要混淆自己的態度和作者的態度，也不要混淆作者的態度和文中其他人的態度。
㈨ 高考英語說明文里作者態度題是不是都是客觀的態度
是的，一般文章裡面都會有提示，找出關鍵信息，推出即可
㈩ 高考英語閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧(2)
例 NMET2000年閱讀理解B篇
59. The writer』s purpose in writing this story is ________.
A. to tell an interesting experience
B. to show the easiest way out of difficulty
C. to describe the trouble facing a newly married woman
D. to explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books
從原文中… As I was not experienced in cooking , I thought if a dozen was good , two dozen would be better , so I doubled everything .…I had been defeated , I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldn』t have to face Doug laughing at my work , …I don』t know who was more embarrassed(尷尬)by the whole thing Doug or me. 可看出文章敘述了一位新婚主婦按烹調書做發面失敗的尷尬經歷。 但是全文充滿了一種諷刺幽默的筆調, 文章最後一句帶俏皮感，說明主人公心情並不沉重，而是感到有點好笑，所以答案應選A。作者寫作目的是自述一次有趣的經歷。選項B肯定為錯誤答案，因為它與本文首句(The easy way out isn』t always easiest)不合; D反映作者寫作目的是解釋從書本上學烹飪的困難，也不對，因為作者並未詳細介紹主人公從書本上學烹飪是如何力不從心的; 主人公並不會天天面對這種煩惱，選項C為錯誤答案。雖然全文語境含貶義，但文章的言外之意需要讀者對作者寫作意圖做深層挖掘,若不然就會被誤導而作出錯誤判斷。
4. 根據文章的結論推斷作者的態度
作者態度、傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想 傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露於修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。
例 Why isn』t your newspaper reporting any good news?All I read about is murder， bribery()，and death.Frankly，I』m sick of all this bad news.
This author』s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______ .
A. complain B. apologize
C. amuse D. inform
解析 作者一是向讀者說明這份報紙上只登載壞新聞，如兇殺和死亡等;二是在字里行間流露出自己的抱怨情緒 (對壞新聞厭惡透了)，故應選A。
5. 根據上下文的邏輯得出結論
邏輯結論是指嚴格根據文章中所陳述的事實、論點、例證等一系列論據材料進行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結論，而不是根據自己的經驗、態度、觀點或愛好去理解文章的內涵。做這類題時，應把握作者的寫作思路，預測下文可能發展的內容。文章可按事件發展的經過描寫，也可按因果關系, 對比關系來描寫。
例 We are in the computer age.We often see computers at work.They are especially useful in automatic control，data processing(數據處理)and solving complicated problems.And they are finding their way into the home.The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.
More and cleverer computers will continue to appear.They will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfully.They will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our world.Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.
However...
Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph?
A. Computers will soon stop developing.
B. Many people like computers very much.
C. Computers are as clever as man.
D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.
解析 本文採用了對比關系法來描寫，前面描寫了計算機的長處，但作者用However一詞預示著將引出相反的觀點，故答案為D。
6. 結合已有的知識進行推斷
知識推斷是根據文章中所闡述的細節，運用自己 掌握的基礎知識進行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原義的結論的一種推斷方法。知識推斷題一般都是針對細節。解答此類題，不僅需要我們有一定的社會基礎知識，而且還需要對細節以及有關背景知識有一個充分的理解。
例 NMET1996 A篇
53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?
A. It is a children』s hospital.
B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.
C. The conditions there aren』t very good.
D. The nurses and doctors there don』t work hard.
解析 本文講述了一位母親採用拖地計謀混進病房探視女兒的故事。由常識可知醫院內拖地並非醫生 護士的工作，選項D不對。C項與文中的It』s a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A項依據不充分，女兒未必都是兒童。正確答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. 則暗示此規章在探視時間上是嚴格規定的，而且在實際生活中我們都知道醫院探視病人是有嚴格的制度的。