中石油職稱英語都是閱讀理解
『壹』 中石油職稱英語閱讀精講：Happiness Index
金錢可以買到幸福嗎?下面這篇閱讀文章內容是關於幸福指數調查的，歡迎大家閱讀。不要忘了做後面的習題哦。
Happiness Index 幸福指數
1. In terms of happiness, your spouse—if you have one—is worth $100,000 a year.
1、就幸福而言(in terms of 依據;按照)，你的配偶(spouse)——如果你有的話——值10萬美元一年(a year)。
2. That's the finding of two economists who have tried to put a monetary value on happiness by measuring the emotional value of everything from religion to racial discrimination in dollars.
2、這就是兩位經濟學家研究的結果(finding n. 發現;調查的結果; economist n. 經濟學家)，他們試圖從金錢的角度來衡量幸福，以美元為單位(in dollars)，對從宗教到種族歧視等各種情感進行估價(who 引導的定語從句修飾two economists; try to do sth. 試圖做某事;monetary value 貨幣價值;emotional value 情感價值;religion n. 宗教;信仰;racial discrimination 種族歧視)。
3. Such a calculation, admits economist David Blanchflower, is "
a little bit off the wall" and may prompt wry comments within some marriages on "cashing in".
3、經濟學家大衛·布蘭奇弗勞爾(簡稱DB)承認(admit vt.)，這種計算是“有點離奇”(a little bit 有點兒; off the wall 荒誕的;瘋狂的)，並可能引起不當的想法(prompt vt. 激起;促進;wry adj. 扭曲的; comment n. 評論;意見)，認為有些人結婚是為了 “從中撈取好處” (cash in 兌現)。
4. The two economists are, of course, speaking of averages. They have used an annual survey of some 1,500 Americans from 1972 to 1998 to measure self- reported happiness and the factors that go with it. But it turns out that the happiness value of a stable marriage is "incredibly high", says Dr. Blanchflower, a professor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., whose study has just been published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Mass. "Don't give it up lightly."
4、當然，這兩位經濟學家是就一般人(或中等水平)而言的(speak of 提及;談到)。他們從1972年到1998年每年(annual adj. 年度的;每年的)對大約1500名美國人進行調查，衡量(to measure … 不定式作目的狀語)他們自述的幸福和產生幸福的因素(that go with it定語從句修飾前面置詞the factors;it 指的是什麼?答案就是“自述的幸福”;go with 伴隨;)。結果表明(it turns out that 原來是…)，一個穩定的婚姻的幸福值“髙得令人難以置信(incredibly adv.)”，布蘭奇弗勞爾(DB)博士如是說。布蘭奇弗勞爾博士是新罕布希爾州漢諾威市達特默思大學教授， 他的研究成果新近已由馬薩諸塞州(Mass)劍橋市的全國經濟研究局發表(本句考點：現在完成時被動語態，by 後面的機構不用深究是什麼;just adv. 剛剛)。他還說：“不要輕易放棄婚姻。”(give up 放棄)
5. Blanchflower and his partner Andrew Oswald, an economist at Warwick University in Britain, begin with this question: "Taken all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say that you are happy, pretty happy, or not so happy?"
5、布蘭奇弗勞爾和他的合作夥伴(partner)——英國華威大學的經濟學家安德魯•奧斯瓦爾德(簡稱AO)，是以這個問題開始(begin with)他們的調查的：“總的來說(all together 一起;同時)，你會怎樣描述近況——是快樂、相當快樂，還是不怎麼快樂?”(how would you say…用兩個特殊疑問句提出問題;謂語say後接兩個賓語從句。)
6. The survey results include detailed characteristics of those surveyed, such as whether they are married, divorced, single, their income level, race, gender, etc. With that data, they found which factors are associated with greater happiness.
6、調查結果包括(include)被調查對象的詳細特徵(detailed characteristics of those surveyed;記得the +adj. 可以當名詞用，如the poor 窮人;這里的those surveyed 是不是也是一樣，也可以當名詞用，即“被調查對象”)——比如是否(whether)已婚、離異、單身，收入水平、種族和性別(gender)等情況。他們運用這些數據找出了那些與更高程度幸福相關的因素(which引導的名詞性從句做賓語;be associated with 和…聯系在一起;與…有關)。
7. Extra money does buy some happiness. But (it is) not as much as many would suspect. Constructing a sort of happiness index that assigns 3 to "very happy", 2 to "pretty happy", and 1 to "not too happy", the two reckon that an extra dollar provides 0.00000409 in additional happiness. Or $10,000 would give you 0.04 units of extra happiness.
7、額外的金錢的確(does強調，加強語氣)可以買到某種幸福。但是並不像許多人料想的那麼多(suspect vi. 懷疑;猜想)。他們設計了一種幸福指數：3表示“非常幸福”，2表示“相當幸福”，1表示“不太幸福”(that 引導的定語從句修飾a sort of happiness index; assign to 分配給;指定到)。他們倆由此估算出(reckon vt. 測算;計算)，每額外增加1美元，幸福就會增值 0.00000409(additional adj. 附加的，額外的)。或者說1萬美元可以使你的幸福增值0.04個單位。
8. The two economists, using this index, assign a dollar value to other factors associated with more or less happiness.
8、這兩位經濟學家用這種指數(using this index)以美元為單位對與大大小小的幸福相關的(associated with more or less happiness過去分詞做定語，修飾other factors)其他因素進行了估價。
9. Using that index, a lasting marriage is worth $100,000 per year compared with being widowed or divorced. Being "separated" is the greatest depressant of happiness, followed closely by the death of a spouse.
9、採用這種指標可以看出，與鰥寡或離異(being widowed or divorced)相比(compare with 與…相比較)，持久的婚姻每年價值10萬美元。“分居”(being "separated")是對幸福最大的抑制劑(depressant)，緊隨其後的(抑制劑)是喪偶(followed…過去分詞做定語)。
10. Second and subsequent marriages are less happy than first marriages on average.
10、一般來說(on average 平均;偏意：通常)，第二次婚姻和以後的(subsequent)再婚都不如第一次婚姻幸福。
11. A 16-year-old whose parents divorced has a lower level of well-being in althood.
11、一個雙親離異的16歲孩子(whose parents divorced定語從句修飾a 16-year-old; divorce vi. 離婚)在長大成人之後擁有較低程度的幸福(well-being n. 幸福;康樂;althood n. 成年)。
12. "Marriage is believed by psychologists and psychiatrists to provide a protective effect to mental well-being," the authors note.
12、這兩位作者指出：“心理學家和精神病學家認為婚姻是對精神健康的一種保障。(psychologist n. 心理學家; psychiatrist n. 精神病學家; protective effect n. 保護任用;防護作用; mental n. 精神的;心理的)”
13. Blanchflower suspects the decline in the happiness level of Americans from the early 1970s to the late 1990s, despite rising incomes, may be attributed to the rise in divorce.
13、布蘭奇弗勞爾認為，盡管(despite prep.盡管; n. 輕視;蔑視;憎恨)從1970年代初期到1990年代末期美國人的收入增加了(rising in comes)，但是他們的幸福程度卻降低了，這或許應歸罪於離婚率的升髙(be attributed to 歸因於…)。
14. Other findings include:
14、其他的發現包括：
15. To bring African-Americans up to average happiness levels, they would need an extra $ 30,000 in annual income.
15、要使非洲裔美國人的幸福程度上升到平均水平，他們的年收入(in annual income)還需要增加3萬美元。
16. This, the authors speculate, may be the impact of
racial discrimination. Over the past few decades, however, their happiness level has risen. "Blacks have made up some ground," they say.
16、這兩位作者認為(speculate vt. 推斷)，這種較低的幸福程度可能是種族歧視的結果(impact n. 影響;效果; racial discrimination n. 種族歧視)。然而，在過去的幾十年中，他們的幸福程度已經上升了。兩位作者說:“黑人已經取得了一些進展。”
17. Unemployment is highly damaging to men's happiness. It would take $ 60,000 a year to offset being jobless.
17、失業對男人的幸福損傷極大(damaging adj. 有破壞性的;損害的)。要補償這種無業狀況(to offset being jobless 不定式做目的狀語;offset vt. 彌補;抵消)一年需要6萬美元。
18. 'Men's happiness has trended up. Women's sense of well-being, though higher than that of men, has fallen "noticeably". Policies aimed at ending discrimination against women apparently have not boosted their happiness overall.
18、男人的幸福程度越來越高了。女人的幸福感雖然比男人的要高一些(though higher than that of men;that 指sense of well-bing),但已有“明顯(noticeably adv.)”下降。那些旨在消除女性歧視的(aimed at ending discrimination against women 過去分詞做定語，修飾policy-policies)政策顯然還未從總體上提高她們的幸福程度(apparently adv. 顯然地; boost vt. 促進;增加;overall adv. 全部地;總的說來)。
19. The ecated tend to be happier than those less ecated, even when separated from the higher income that often accompanies greater ecation.
19、受教育多的人趨於比受教育少的人更幸福，即使在拿不到高薪時也如此，雖然高薪常常與高學歷相關(separate from 分離; accompany vt. 陪伴;伴隨;直譯為：即使是拿不到與高學歷相關的高薪，受教育多的人也比受教育少的人更幸福)。
20. Happiness and life satisfaction are U-shaped according to age. In the United States, people's sense of well-being sinks to a low around 40 and then rises.
20、幸福程度與對生活的滿意程度(life satisfaction)隨著年齡的'增加而呈U形曲線(according to 根據，按照)。在美國，人們的幸福感在40歲左右降至低谷(sink to 墮落到)，然後又開始上升。
21. Perhaps, the authors suggest, people adapt to their circumstances, relinquish some unfulfilled aspirations by the middle of their lives, and enjoy life more.
21、這兩位作者建議人們也許應該適應環境(adapt to 適應; circumstance n. 環境;境遇)，經歷中年時(by the middle of their lives)放棄一些仍未實現的抱負(relinquish vt. 放棄; unfulfilled adj. 未實現的;沒有成就感的; aspiration n. 渴望;抱負，志向)，從而充分地享受人生。
22. Being religious has a positive effect.
22、宗教信仰對人有積極影響(positive adj. 積極的)。
23. Overall the number of children and siblings a person has doesn't have an impact on their happiness. But for those under 30, happiness decreases proportionately to the number of both children and siblings. Blanchflower and Mr. Oswald found it in a separate study,"The Rising Well-Being of the Young".
23、總體上來講，一個人所擁有的孩子和兄弟姐妹的數量((that) a person has 是the number of children and siblings的定語從句; siblings n.兄弟姐妹)對他們的幸福並沒有影響(have an impact on 對於…有影響)。但是，布蘭奇弗勞爾和奧斯瓦爾德先生在另一項名為“年輕人日益增高的幸福感”的課題研究中發現，對於那些30歲以下的人來說，幸福感會因孩子和兄弟姊妹的增多而成比例地下降(proportionately adv. ; separate adj. 單獨的;分開的)。(注意：…found it …中的it指的是前一句話的內容，即“對於那些30歲以下的人來說，幸福感會因孩子和兄弟姊妹的增多而成比例地下降”;在“閱讀理解”的題目中，經常會提出這樣的問題，如某句中的it或that或they指的是…，四選一;所以要好好分析)
24. Blanchard suspects this has to do with the stress associated with having lots of kids.
24、布蘭徹德認為(suspects)這必定是由於孩子多而壓力增大的緣故(has to 不得不; do with忍受;this仍然是指上面那句話的內容;直譯為：布蘭徹德認為這是由於不得不忍受與孩子多有關的壓力而造成的)。
25. Surveys in Britain give "noticeably similar results" to those in the US. But people's level of satisfaction has remained about the same from the early 1970s to the late 1990s.
25、在英國的調查得出了與在美國的調查“明顯相似的結果”。但是，從20世紀70年代初到90年代末，人們的滿意程度幾乎一直沒有變化(has remained about the same)。
1. …, whose study __________the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Mass.
A. have just been published byB. has just been published by
C. has just published byD. has just been published
2. With that data, they found which factors are associated __________greater happiness.
A. withB. inC. toD. of
3. Extra money does buy some happiness. But it is not as much as many would __________.
A. surroundB. surpriseC. succeedD. suspect
4. A 16-year-old __________has a lower level of well-being in althood.
A. whose parents divorcedB. who parents divorced
C. whose parent divorcedD. whose parents divorce
5. Blanchflower suspects the decline in the happiness level of Americans from the early 1970s to the late 1990s, __________rising incomes, may __________the rise in divorce.
A. despite; be attributed of
B. despite; be attributed to
C. despite; is attributed to (may+原形，因此C錯)
D. despite; be attracted to
6. Women's sense of well-being,__________.
A. though higher than that of men, but has fallen "noticeably"
B. through higher than that of men, has fallen "noticeably"
C. though higher than that of men, has fallen "noticeably"
7. Perhaps people __________their circumstances, relinquish some unfulfilled aspirations by the middle of their lives, and enjoy life more.
A. adapt to B. adopt in C. adapt inD. adopt into
『貳』 中石油職稱英語一般考多少課
中石油職稱英語一般考5課。根據查詢相關公開信息顯示：據查詢相關公開信息顯示，中石油職稱英語考試一般包括緩啟遲英語語法、詞彙、閱讀理解、寫擾李作等多個科目，考試難度較大，需要考生具備一定的英語水平和應試能力。旁巧
『叄』 中石油職稱英語閱讀理解文章講解
中石油職稱英語閱讀理解文章講解
在今後的1000年裡，我們的世界會面臨哪些問題呢?下面是我整理的中石油閱讀理解：21世紀的趨勢，希望能幫到大家!
Trends for 21st Century 21世紀的趨勢
1.What problemswillour world encounter in the next1,000 years? Social scientistsand economists, farming experts and environmentalists posethis question and examinedata and informationfrom surveys.
1、在今後的1000年裡(in the next1,000 years)，我們的世界會面臨哪些問題呢?(特殊疑問句語序; encountervi. 遭遇)社會科學家、經濟學家、農業專家和環境保護主義者提出(pose)了這個問題，並對調查所得的數據和信息(data andinformation from surveys)進行了研究。
2. In every field, experts examine changes to understandthe state of the field.To understand a country』s economy,economistscheck growthin an instrysuch assteel.To understand the state ofbusiness, they maylook atthe number of building permitsfornew houses. The informationlearnedshows increases or decreases. Important trends emergein each field.
2、各個領域的專家都通過對變化的研究來了解該領域的狀況。為了了解一個國家的經濟狀況(To understand a country』s economy)，經濟學家對某個行業，如(such as)鋼鐵業的增長情況(growth)進行調查。為了了解行業的狀況(To understand the state of business)，他們可能會調查新房建造許可證的發放數量(the number of 數量;buildingpermits 施工執照;建築許可證)。得到的資料(learned過去分詞作定語，修飾the information)能顯示出增長或減少的情況，各個領域的重要趨勢就能體現出來(emerge vi. 顯現;浮現;暴露)。
3. Population
3、人口
4. Population is importanttoevery person on Earth. Peopletendto live longerin most places. In Central Europe,however,life spanis droppingbecausehealth careis notwhatit was a few years ago. Factorsaffectinggeneral healthinclude excessive smoking，drinking ofalcoholandpolluted water supplies.
4、人口多少對地球上的每個人都很重要。在大多數地區(in most places)人們的壽命越來越長(tend to dosth. 傾向於;往往會)。但在中歐，由於衛生保健(health care)不如前幾年，人的壽命(life span)正在縮短(is dropping)。影響大眾健康(affecting general health)的`因素包括吸煙過度(excessive smoking)，酗酒以及飲水污染(alcohol n. 酒精;polluted adj. 受污染的; watersupplies 供水)。
5. The population explosiononour planethas been increasingat an alarming ratebutthe percentage of increaseis decreasing.One out of every five peopleon Earth is Chinese,yetChina』s growth ratehas slowed.Asthe number of womengoingto schoolincreases, the growth rate declines.
5、我們星球上的人口的爆炸正在以驚人的速度(at an alarmingrate)加劇著，不過增長的百分比(the percentage of increase)在減小。地球上每五個人中就有一個(One out of every five people)是中國人，但中國的人口增長速度己經減慢了。隨著(as)受教育(going to school修飾the number ofwomen)的婦女越來越多，人口增長率正在下降。
6. FoodProction
6、糧食生產
7. The proction of grainseemsto be decreasingmainlybecauseof climate changes. Natural disasterslike storms and floodshavewashed awaymany crops.
7、穀物產量似乎正在減少，這主要是由於氣候的變化。暴風雨(storms)和洪水(floods)這類自然災害(natural disasters)毀掉了許多莊稼。(wash away 沖走;沖垮)
8.With lessland forcattle and sheep,less meat like beefand lamb is being proced. Proction of chicken, turkey and fishhas increased,however. The amount of ocean fishhas not increased,butfish farm proctionhas.
8、由於(with)可供飼養牛羊的土地減少了，牛肉和羊肉生產越來越少(less meat like beef and lamb is beingproced現在進行時被動語態)。不過雞肉、火雞肉和魚的產量提高了。但海魚(ocean fish)的產量沒有提高，只是人工養魚場(fish farm)的產量提高了。
9. Fish farming is veryefficient:procing a kilogram of fish utilizesless than2 kilograms of feed.In contrastittakes2.2 kilograms of feedtoproce 1 kilogram of chicken. Onekilogram of beefrequires7 kilograms of grain. People,therefore, may eatless red meatinthe future andmore fish.
9、養魚業(fish farming)的生產效率相當高(efficientadj. 有效率的)：生產1公斤魚只需要不到2公斤的飼料(less than 少於;小於;不超過;utilize vt.利用)，而(in contrast 與此相反;相比之下)生產1公斤雞肉需要2.2公斤的飼料，生產1公斤牛肉需要7公斤穀物(grain)。因此，人們將來可能會少吃紅肉(牛肉、羊肉等)(less red meet)，多吃魚類(more fish)。
10. Energy
10、能源
11.Usingfossil fuelsfor energyhas not changed very muchbutwindenergy useis increasingsignificantly. Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain, and America havelarge wind power projects. China, India,Mexico, New Zealand, and Ukraine are also developing wind power.
11、以化石燃料為能源的情況(Using fossil fuels for energy)沒有發生多大變化，但是(but)對風力的利用正越來越受到重視(is increasingsignificantly)。丹麥、德國、荷蘭、英國和美國都有大型風力發電項目(large wind power projects)。中國、印度、墨西哥、紐西蘭和烏克蘭也正在開發風力發電。
12. Energy fromnuclearpower plantsissteadily increasingbutthe problem ofdangerous wastelimits growthin many regions.Becausemany electrical companies consider nuclear energytoo expensive，the trend istowardless dangerous sources of energy.
12、核電廠(nuclear powerplants)提供的能源在穩步上升，但因為核電廠的有害廢料(dangerous waste)問題，在許多地區其發展受到限制。由於許多電力公司都認為核能代價太大(too expensive太昂貴)，因此總體趨勢是發展危險性小的能源(less dangerous sources of energy)。
13.Whilenatural gasuse is increasing，use of coalas fuelis decreasing. Naturalgas, an outstandingenergy source，can be used to heat homes, make electricity, and power cars.
13、隨著(while)天然氣使用量的增長，煤炭作為燃料的使用量(use of coal as fuel)正在減少。天然氣這種優質的(outstandingadj. 傑出的)能源可以用於家庭取暖、發電和驅動汽車。(be used to dosth. 被用來做…)
14. Economics
14、經濟
15.Ascountriesaround the world trademore withone another,more procts are available.Butthefast development of the world economywillbring aboutmany new problems.Withfewer trees, the paper instry is procing more paper fromrecycled materials.However,the paper-making processunfortunately damages the planetasit useslarge amounts of water, burnsfossilfuelsand proces large amounts ofchemicalwaste.
15、隨著(as)世界各國之間貿易量的增加(one another 彼此，通常為三者以上;each other 彼此，通常為兩者之間; trade vi. 交易)，可買到的產品越來越多(be available 可供使用的)。但世界經濟的快速發展會帶來許多新問題(bring about 引起;導致)。由於樹木減少，造紙廠更多地依靠再生材料(recycled materials)造紙，但不幸的是(unfortunately)，造紙工藝(the paper-making process)也對我們的星球造成損害(damages)，因為(as)它要用大量的水，燃燒大量的化石燃料(fossil fuels)，而且還會產生大量的化學廢料(chemical waste)。
16. Automobile proctionisdown,whilebicycle proctionis up. Crowded highways，high gasoline costs, and ease of bicycling are three reasons forthis change.
16、汽車產量在下降，而(while)自行車產量在上升。導致這一變化的三個原因是：高速公路擁擠不堪(crowded adj.擁擠的)，汽油價格昂貴，而騎自行車出行輕便自如(ease n. 輕松;悠閑)。
17. Health
17、健康
18.Three major health trendsexistaswe begin the new century. Health careis better thanever.Medical research breakthroughs includefinding tumors earlyand saving livesthrough CAT scans and surgery. Surviving cancer is a new trend. HIV/AIDS,however，is spreadingquicklyall over the world.
18、在我們邁入新世紀之際，呈現出了三個主要的健康趨勢(three major health trends)。(1)衛生保健工作不斷改善(better thanever 好於以前)，(2)醫學研究領域有新的突破(breakthrough n. 突破;突破性進展)，包括利用CAT掃描(即計算機化X射線軸向分層造影掃描)和外科手術(surgery n.)來及早發現腫瘤並挽救生命(findingtumors early and saving lives)。癌症病人的生存率得到提高也是一個新趨勢。然而，艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)卻正在全世界迅速蔓延(spread vi. 傳播)。
19. The third major trend istowardan attitude of indifference. Peopleseem to have forgottenwaysto keep diseases under control.Althoughmedical sciencehad achievedcontrol overseveral dangerous diseases,some are returning. For instance, tuberculosis, once a dangerous killer, was cured. Now the disease is appearingagain.
19、(3)第三個趨勢是人們的態度變得越來越無動於衷。人們似乎已經忘記了(seem to have forgotten 不定式的完成時形式)如何控制疾病(to keep diseases under control不定式作定語，修飾ways)。雖然(although)醫學早已能夠控制若干危險的疾病(control over 控制;支配;征服)，有些病卻正在卷土重來(some are returning)。例如(for instance)，曾經是危險殺手(once a dangerous killer)的肺結核原本已被消滅(was cured)，而現在這種疾病又死灰復燃了。
20. Nature
20、自然
21. Pollutioncontinuesto affect our forests and water.The bird population is decreasingbecause ofoil spills and spreading cities. Seas and oceans are changing.Treesarecut down, more soilwashesaway, and water qualityis affected.Many of these trees are in our rain forestswhere thick areas of plants and trees, home for many birds andanimals，aredisappearing.
21、污染不斷破壞著我們的森林和水源(continue to do sth.; continue 後接不定式作賓語)。由於(because of)海上石油泄漏(oil spills; spill n. 溢出)和城市不斷擴大，鳥類的數量正在減少。海洋在改變，樹木遭砍伐(被動語態;cut-cut-cut;cut down 消減;砍倒;wash away 沖走)，越來越多的泥土被沖走，水質(water quality)受到了影響(被動語態)。許多熱帶雨林中的樹木遭到砍伐，那裡茂密的(thick)植物和樹木原本是許多鳥類和動物的家園，現在卻正在消失。
22. Conclusion
22、結論
23.Ourchallengesfor this new centuryare clear. The problems ofnumerousinhabitants onthis small planetwill continue to be important toeach of us. These challenges showthatall of usneedtobeinvolved insolving the problems.May wefind new waystoaccomplish the task?
23、在新世紀中，我們所面臨的挑戰是顯而易見的(clear)。在這個小小星球上(on this small planet)的很多人面對的問題(the problems of numerous inhabitants; numerousadj. 許多的; inhabitantn. 居民;居住者)仍將是關繫到我們每個人(each of us)的重大問題。這些挑戰表明，我們所有人(all of us)都必須參與解決這些問題(need to do sth. 需要做某事;be involved in參與，被捲入…中;涉及到…)。但願我們(may we)能找到新的途徑去完成這一使命(to accomplish the task不定式作定語，修飾new ways)。
關於本文的兩點說明：
在做「閱讀理解題」時，需要特別注意but, however,while, although等「轉折連詞」，理解它們前、後句子所要表達的意思。
as在本文中出現了幾種不同用法，as可是考試中的「大熱門」。
conj.(連詞)：因為;隨著;雖然;當…時
As(隨著)the number of women going to school increases, the growth rate declines. (第5段)
As(隨著)countries around the world trade more with one another, more procts areavailable. (第15段)
However, the paper-making processunfortunately damagesthe planetas(因為)it uses large amounts of water, burns fossil fuels and proces large amountsof chemical waste. (第15段)
Three major health trends existas(當…時候)we begin the new century. (第18段)
prep.(介詞)：當作;如同;以…身份
To understand a country』seconomy, economists check growth in an instrysuch as(比如)steel. (第2段)
While natural gas useis increasing，use of coalas fuel(作為燃料)is decreasing.(第13段)
練習：
1. encounterin the next 1,000 years?
A. What problems will our world B.What problems our world will
2. The proction of grain mainly because of climate changes.
A. seems to be decreased B.seems to be decreasing
C. seems to decrease D.seems to is decreasing
3. Natural disasters like storms and floods have washed amany crops.
A. away B. out C. in D. to
4. With less land for cattle and sheep, less meat like beef andlamb .
A. are being proced B.is procing
C. is being proced D.is proced
5.However, the paper-making process unfortunately damagesthe planet it uses large amounts of water, burns fossilfuels and proces large amounts of chemical waste.
A. as B. so C.if D. with
6. Automobile proction is down, bicycle proction is up.
A. which B. while C. where D.when
7.The third major trend is toward an attitude of .
A.difference B. indifferent C. indifference D. different
8.These challenges showthat all of us solving the problems.
A.need to are involved in B.need to be involved
C.needs to be involved in A.need to be involved in
;『肆』 中石油職稱英語閱讀理解材料分析及參考答案
中石油職稱英語閱讀理解材料分析及參考答案
你是否想過聆聽也有對錯之分?至今，很少有人思考過這個問題。下面是我整理的中石油職稱英語閱讀理解材料，歡迎閱讀!
Listening Faults 聆聽的誤區
1. Have you ever thought of listening as something you could do right or wrong? Few people had, until recently. Now it is being proved that most of us aren't letting our ears do all they should to help us. And we are losing out in ways both large and small, which is too bad when we realize that good listening can be very valuable indeed. In fact it is surprising just how big a part our two listening ears play in our success in school, in our careers, in our relations with family and friends.
1、你是否想過聆聽也有對錯之分?至今(until recently)，很少有人思考過這個問題。目前已經證明，大多數人沒能讓耳朵盡其所能來幫助我們。當我們意識到有效的傾聽是多麼重要時，我們才知道自己在很多方面(in ways)都有所損失，這真是太糟糕了(which is too bad)。事實上，兩只耳朵在我們的學勻、工作和與家庭、朋友的關系裡扮演的角色之重要實在令人驚訝(surprising)。
2. Therefore, how we listen is extremely important. Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty of from one to nine bad listening habits.
2、因此，如何聆聽極其重要。然而，事實證明下面提到的九個聆聽壞習慣中或多或少都能在大多數人的身上找到。
3. Few of us want to be poor listeners or even realize that we are-until we meet up with situations which show us.
3、沒有人願意做一個不會聽話的人，即便就是這樣的人，本人也意識不到，除非事實明擺在眼前。
4. Take Janet, for instance.
4、以簡尼特為例。
5. It came as a horrid shock to her to learn on the way to Sunday school one morning that she was to have read certain chapters in the Bible and be prepared with a little talk on them that day. And no wonder Janet was surprised. She thought she had been listening in class the week before. But apparently the words had bounced right off her ears. Why? How had she listened wrong?
5、一天早晨，在去教會的周日學校的路上，她突然記起她應該要讀過《聖經》中的幾個章節，並且還要准備好在那天就這幾個章節作一個小小的發言，這讓她非常震驚。也難怪簡尼特有此反應。(And no wonder Janet was surprised.)她以為一個星期前自己在課堂上認真聽講，但很顯然，這些話只是從她耳邊掠過。為什麼?她錯在哪裡?(過去完成進行時had been doing; 過去完成時had+過去分詞)
6. There are about nine ways of listening that net us nothing but trouble, according to Dr. Ralph Nichols of the University of Minnesota. If we recognize and try to conquer them, we can step up our listening ability by about twenty-five percent and thereby greatly increase our chances for success in our daily lives.
6、明尼蘇達州立大學的Ralph Nichols博士認為，有9種聆聽的情形給人們造成麻煩。如果認識到並且努力克服它們，我們的聆聽能力就能提高25%，從而(thereby)大大增加我們在日常生活中成功的機會。
7. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must plead guilty to several of the following bad listening habits:
7、Ralph Nichols博士認為，除非你非常特殊，否則的話，你一定會承認(plead guilty)自己有下面提到的壞習慣。
8. Daydream Listening: You can think about four times as fast as the average person speaks. So you have quite a bit of spare thinking time while waiting for the words to come in. Unconsciously, you use this time, if you are a poor listener, to let your thoughts drift elsewhere.
8、白日夢式聆聽(Daydream Listening)(1)：人思考的速度比平均的說話速度快4倍。因此，在等待別人說出下一句話時，你會有一段空餘的思維時間。如果你是一個差勁的聆聽者，你的思緒就會不知不覺地(unconsciously)在這段時間飄走。
9. For instance, your teacher is giving you some background material on American history. Your mind is with him at first. Then other thoughts drift into that spare thinking space. Without warning, they have taken over your mind entirely… I mustn't forget to go downtown after school for Mother. If only my bike was fixed! Maybe I can get Joe to come over Saturday and help me… Your thoughts drift on. Suddenly, with a jolt, you hear these words: "Now we'll have a little test on what I have been explaining." Ouch!
9、比如說，你的老師正在講述美國歷史的背景資料(some background material on Anmerican history)。起初你注意地聽著;之後，其他的念頭就會進入那段空餘的思維時間(that spare thinking space);然後在沒有任何預兆(warning)的情況下，完全占據(take over)你的整個大腦……“一定別忘記放學後替母親進城(go downtown)辦事。“要是我的自行車修理好了該多好!，也許能讓Joe星期六過來(come over)幫我……”你的思緒就這樣漫無目的地飄盪(drift on)，突然間，你聽到這樣令人震驚的話：“現在，就我剛才講的(on what I have been explaining)進行一個小測驗(have a little test)。”真糟糕啊!
10. So what to do to keep daydreams from filtering in? One way is to put that extra thinking time to work-on the subject. Sum up what the speaker is saying; look for major points. Pretend you are going to have to repeat his ideas. Put his words into your words. It isn't easy. It takes effort and time to learn. But the results are sure to surprise and please you.
10、那麼，怎樣做才能阻止(keep from)“白日夢”鑽進來(filtering in)呢?一個方法是把這些多出來的思維時間用來考慮一些跟主題有關的.事。例如，概括(sum up)一下發言人說的話;找出他的發言要點;假定你要重復他的觀點，將他的話用自己的方式重新復述一遍(Put his wrods into your words)。要做到這些並不容易，你必須付出時間和精力去學習。但是，結果肯定是出乎意料和愉快的。
11. Shut-Ear Listening: Maybe you feel you already know what the speaker is going to say. Or his subject couldn't interest you less. You turn off your ears-and who knows what you may be missing or when a little knowledge on that subject may come in mighty handy? Anyway, why take the risk?
11、充耳不聞式聆聽(Shut-Ear Listening)(2)：可能你覺得早已經知道發言者將要說什麼;或者，他講的主題根本不能吸引你，因此你“關閉”了耳朵-那麼，誰知道你可能錯過了什麼?誰又知道什麼時候他講的可能會派上用場(come in mighty handy)?不管怎樣，為什麼要冒這樣的風險呢?
12. "That's-What-You-Think" Listening: You have your own pet ideas on certain subjects. You don't like to hear anything which might make you question them. So when anyone begins arguing on the other side, you simply stop listening. Instead you plan what you are going to answer. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming narrow-minded-an exasperating and unattractive trait in the other fellow. Is it any more becoming to you? No thanks, you say, and decide to hear the other fellow out. Maybe he is right. Maybe you are. But you can give him a better argument on your viewpoint if you hear what he says.
12、內心排斥式聆聽(That’s-What-You-Think Listening)(3)：對於某些主題你會有自己的觀點，就不願意聽到與之相左的見解。因此，當別人開始陳述與你相反看法時，你乾脆不再聽。只是思考著自己該怎樣回應。那些經常拒絕傾聽對立意見的人往往會變得思維狹窄(narrow-minded)-這在別人眼中是一種令人惱怒和厭煩的表現(an exasperating and unattractive trait)。你現在還想成為這樣的人嗎?你會說，當然不。然後決定去認真地聽完別人的闡述(hear the other fellow out)。可能他是正確的，也可能你是正確的。但是，如果你聽了他的觀點，你就可以用自己的觀點(on your viewpoint)更好地去反駁他
13. Fake Listening: You pretend to be giving close attention. You toss in a few nods and yeses at the right moments, you hope. This is a common faulty listening habit that fools no one. Your eyes give you away, if your absent-minded answers don't. And can you think of anything more infuriating than to be given the same treatment? Also, it is extremely difficult to respond satisfactorily to words you didn't hear. Good conversations, if not friendships, have been sacrificed to this habit.
13、佯裝式聆聽(Fake Listening)(4)：你假裝在注意聽;還期望自己在恰當的時刻(at the right moments)能夠點頭附和(toss in a few nods and yeses)。這種常見的壞的聆聽習慣欺騙不了任何人。即使那些不著邊際的(absent-minded)回答沒露餡，你的眼睛也會出賣(give away)你。你認為有什麼能比受到(聽眾)這樣的對待(to be given the same treatment)更讓人生氣呢?而且，對自己沒有認真聆聽的問題做出滿意的回答是極其困難的。這樣一個壞習慣讓你失去的可能不僅僅是交流，甚至可能是與別人的友誼(Good conversations, if not friendships, have been sacrificed to this habit.)。
14. Over-My-Head Listening: You are convinced that the subject is beyond you, so you depart, at least in spirit. You may be right. And then again you may be wrong. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make sense. But even if they are as strange as Greek to you, you should try to listen and understand. Otherwise you may find some day that you must attempt to grasp an over-your-head idea and be totally unable even to try.
14、不知所雲式聆聽(Over-My-Head Listening)(5)：你確信(be convinced that)正在談論的主題超過了你的理解范圍(beyond you)，於是你起身離開(depart)，至少也是心猿意馬(in spirit)。你可能做的對;但你也(then again)可能是錯的。如果你用心去聽，就可能會驚訝地發現這些話很有道理(make sense)。即使這些詞句像希臘語一樣晦澀難懂(as strange as Greek)，你還是應該盡力去聆聽和理解。否則有一天你會發現自己處在這樣一種境地：必須要聽懂某些艱深的內容，但自己卻連基本的能力都沒有。
15. Memory Test Listening: Some people think that trying to memorize a series of facts is good listening. They are wrong. For instance, you are getting a story for your school paper on an assembly speaker. He makes a series of points. You try to memorize them. But while you are busy planting facts A, B, and C in your mind, repeating them over and over, you are losing out on facts D and E. Better to look for main ideas. You will find them more useful and easier to recall later.
15、記憶測試式聆聽(Memory Test Listening)(6)：有人認為有效的聆聽(good listening)就是將所有的細節(a series of facts)都記住。他們錯了。比如(for instance)，你想從某人的大會發言中為自己的論文汲取素材，他羅列了很多點，你努力去記住它們。當你忙著重復條條觀點(repeating them over and over)，想把它們牢牢地記在腦子里(planting facts A, B, and C in your mind)時，卻恰恰忽略(lose out on)了其餘內容。最好的方式是抓住要點(look for main ideas)，你會發現它們更有用(more useful)，而且更容易幫助你回憶(而且過後回憶起來更容易)。
16. Take-It-All-Down Listening: When you try to get too many of the speaker's words on paper, part of your mind must be concerned with your note-taking. You are unable to concentrate fully on what he is saying. You risk losing valuable points. Where note-taking is necessary-and you may be surprised to find out how often it isn't if you concentrate fully on listening-try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two. Or put the main ideas on paper after the speaker has finished. The more complete attention you give the speaker, the easier it will be to recall his ideas later.
16、全部記錄式聆聽(Take-It-All-Down Listening)(7)：當你奮力記錄說話人的盡可能多的詞句時，一部分注意力(part of your mind)必然會集中(be concerned with)在“筆記”之上。因此，你不能全力傾聽，就可能錯過有價值的信息。筆記是必須的，但如果你全神貫注地聽，並不時記下(jot down)一兩點內容以幫助記憶，你會驚訝地發現，並不是所有的東西都需要記錄(how often it isn’t)，甚至(or)可以在演講結束後再記下要點。對發言者的關注越多，事後就越容易回憶起他的主要觀點。
17. Personality Listening: You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks that what he says fails to penetrate. Perhaps unconsciously you decide that a person who dresses or speaks like that can't have much to say. That could be a very false conclusion. Who knows what you may be missing? It's the old story: you can't judge a gift by the package. Better to judge him after you have heard him out.
17、關注個人式聆聽(Personality Listening)(8)：過分關注講話者的長相(the speaker looks)或是他說話的方式(how he talks)，那麼他所說的內容(what he says)就很難入心(fail to penetrate)。也許你會下意識地(unconsciously)認為這樣穿著或這樣講話的人(a person who dresses or speaks like that)不會說出什麼有見地的話來(can’t have musch to say)。這樣的結論實屬錯誤(這可能會是一個非常錯誤的結論)。誰能知道你會錯過什麼?俗話說(it’s the old story)，不要從包裝來判斷禮物的價值(人不可貌相)。最好在傾聽完(hear out)之後再作評價。
18. Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention-and win. Your father gives you a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say, your favorite song on the radio. Later, you find that half an ear wasn't enough. You didn't listen to your father's words closely enough to hear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can't really blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competing noises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.
18、半個耳朵式聆聽(Half-An-Ear Listening)(9)：常常會有其他的聲音來吸引(compete for)你的注意力--還佔了上風。比如，父親正在給你交待要辦的事情(a list of errands)，他的聲音不得不與收音機里傳來的你最喜歡的歌聲相抗衡(compete with)。後來你發現這樣“半個耳朵聽”根本不行，因為你沒有聽到並記住父親的話，於是只能打電話回家再次詢問。你實在不能責怪父親為此發火(irritated)。如果可能，最好關掉收音機、關上門擋住繁雜的噪音(把吸引你的聲音關在門外)。如果不可能，管住你自己不要被這些聲音所吸引。
19. So there are the forces-some within ourselves, some outside-that work against us in our efforts to listen. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits.
19、所以，某些因素(-既有內在的，也有外在的-)總是阻礙(work against)我們去全力傾聽。然而，一旦認識了它們並了解如何去克服，在聆聽時我們就一定能夠改掉(get rid of)這些耗時低效的壞習慣。
練習：
1.Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty____ one to nine bad listening faults.
A from of B of from C in from D from in
2. But apparently the words had ____ right off her ears.
A bind B bound C bounded D bounced
3. There are about nine ways of listening that net us ____ but trouble.
A anything B something C nothing D one thing
4. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must _____ guilty to several of the following bad listening habits.
A please B plead C pleasure D plus
5. Without warning, they have taken ____ your mind entirely.
A place B over C off D down
6. So what to do to keep daydream from _____ in?
A filtering B filling C filled D feeling
7. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming ___.
A broad-minded B narrow-minded C mindful D strong-minded
8. You pretend _____ close attention, but you are thinking something else.
A giving B to giving C to be giving D to be given
9. Your eyes give you ____, if your absent-minded answers don’t.
A up B in C away D off
10. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make ____.
A sense B sensible C sensitive D sensation
11. But while you are busy _____facts A, B, and C in your mind, you are losing out facts D and E.
A to plant B planting C plant D to planting
12. You are unable ____ fully on listening.
A to contribute B to concentrate C to conclude D to concern
13. Where note-taking is necessary---and you may be surprised to find out ____ it isn’t if you concentrate fully on listening---try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two.
A how much B how often C how many D how old
14. You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks ____ ___ he says fails to penetrate.
A so, what B that, which C so, that D that, what
15. Your father’s voice must compete _____ your favorite song on the radio _____ your attention.
A for, for B for, with C with, for D with, of
16. And you can’t really blame your father for ______.
A irritate B being irritating C irritating D being irritated
17. Once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to ___ wasteful listening habit.
A get rid of B rid of C getting rid of D be got rid of
答案： 1B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7B 8C 9C 10A11B 12B 13B 14D 15C 16D 17C
;『伍』 中石油職稱英語閱讀理解材料分析及參考答案(2)
17. Personality Listening: You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks that what he says fails to penetrate. Perhaps unconsciously you decide that a person who dresses or speaks like that can't have much to say. That could be a very false conclusion. Who knows what you may be missing? It's the old story: you can't judge a gift by the package. Better to judge him after you have heard him out.
17、關注個人式聆聽(Personality Listening)(8)：過分關注講話者的長相(the speaker looks)或是他說話的方式(how he talks)，那麼他所說的內容(what he says)就很難入心(fail to penetrate)。也許你會下意識地(unconsciously)認為這樣穿著或這樣講話的人(a person who dresses or speaks like that)不會說出什麼有見地的話來(can’t have musch to say)。這樣的結論實屬錯誤(這可能會是一個非常錯誤的結論)。誰能知道你會錯過什麼?俗話說(it’s the old story)，不要從包裝來判斷禮物的價值(人不可貌相)。最好在傾聽完(hear out)之後再作評價。
18. Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention-and win. Your father gives you a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say, your favorite song on the radio. Later, you find that half an ear wasn't enough. You didn't listen to your father's words closely enough to hear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can't really blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competing noises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.
18、半個耳朵式聆聽(Half-An-Ear Listening)(9)：常常會有其他的聲音來吸引(compete for)你的注意力--還佔了上風。比如，父親正在給你交待要辦的事情(a list of errands)，他的聲音不得不與收音機里傳來的你最喜歡的歌聲相抗衡(compete with)。後來你發現這樣“半個耳朵聽”根本不行，因為你沒有聽到並記住父親的話，於是只能打電話回家再次詢問。你實在不能責怪父親為此發火(irritated)。如果可能，最好關掉收音機、關上門擋住繁雜的噪音(把吸引你的聲音關在門外)。如果不可能，管住你自己不要被這些聲音所吸引。
19. So there are the forces-some within ourselves, some outside-that work against us in our efforts to listen. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits.
19、所以，某些因素(-既有內在的，也有外在的-)總是阻礙(work against)我們去全力傾聽。然而，一旦認識了它們並了解如何去克服，在聆聽時我們就一定能夠改掉(get rid of)這些耗時低效的壞習慣。
練習：
1.Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty____ one to nine bad listening faults.
A from of B of from C in from D from in
2. But apparently the words had ____ right off her ears.
A bind B bound C bounded D bounced
3. There are about nine ways of listening that net us ____ but trouble.
A anything B something C nothing D one thing
4. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must _____ guilty to several of the following bad listening habits.
A please B plead C pleasure D plus
5. Without warning, they have taken ____ your mind entirely.
A place B over C off D down
6. So what to do to keep daydream from _____ in?
A filtering B filling C filled D feeling
7. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming ___.
A broad-minded B narrow-minded C mindful D strong-minded
8. You pretend _____ close attention, but you are thinking something else.
A giving B to giving C to be giving D to be given
9. Your eyes give you ____, if your absent-minded answers don’t.
A up B in C away D off
10. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make ____.
A sense B sensible C sensitive D sensation
11. But while you are busy _____facts A, B, and C in your mind, you are losing out facts D and E.
A to plant B planting C plant D to planting
12. You are unable ____ fully on listening.
A to contribute B to concentrate C to conclude D to concern
13. Where note-taking is necessary---and you may be surprised to find out ____ it isn’t if you concentrate fully on listening---try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two.
A how much B how often C how many D how old
14. You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks ____ ___ he says fails to penetrate.
A so, what B that, which C so, that D that, what
15. Your father’s voice must compete _____ your favorite song on the radio _____ your attention.
A for, for B for, with C with, for D with, of
16. And you can’t really blame your father for ______.
A irritate B being irritating C irritating D being irritated
17. Once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to ___ wasteful listening habit.
A get rid of B rid of C getting rid of D be got rid of
答案： 1B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7B 8C 9C 10A11B 12B 13B 14D 15C 16D 17C
『陸』 中石油職稱英語考試題型是什麼樣的
你從內部網上，好像 有模擬試卷的，你也可以問剛剛考過的同志。我是2008年考的，當時的題型記得是單選，閱讀和翻譯（英譯漢和漢譯英），不知道現在改成了什麼樣子。
『柒』 中石油職稱英語的閱讀理解的分值是多少
5篇 每篇4道題 每題1.5分
應該是逗祥30分吧
今年4月14日考試，這會兒問這個問題，如果不是高老遲手，估計要過就有些痛苦了。侍指李
『捌』 2016中石油職稱英語都有什麼題型
2016職稱英語試卷主要是六種題型，詞彙選項、閱讀判斷、概括大意完成句子、閱讀理解、補全短文、完形填空，各部分試題分值分布情況如下圖：
『玖』 中石油職稱英語考試閱讀理解精講
Why To Mark a Book 怎樣在書上做標記
1. You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.
1、你知道讀書必須要閱讀“字里行間的言外之意”，以求最充分的理解(to get the most out of anything)。我勸(persuade)你在讀書過程中(in the course of your reading)做一件同等重要的事情(to do something equally important);我勸你“在字里行間里寫字”。不這樣做(unless)，就達不到最有效的閱讀效果。
2. I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but love.
2、坦率地說，我認為(contend)，在書上塗抹標記(marking up a book)不是一種損毀行為(an act of mutilation)，而是愛。
3. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. Most of the world's great books are available today, in reprint editions, for a modest sum.
3、當然，你不應該(shouldn't)在不屬於你的書上做標記。借給你書的圖書管理員(或者你的朋友)希望你保持書的整潔，你應該這樣做。如果你認為我說的在書上做標記頗有益處這番話是對的，你就得自己買書。現在，絕大部分世界上的好書都有再版(reprint edition)，我們很容易買到，並且價格合理(a modest sum)。
4. There are two ways in which you can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes, and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.
4、一個人擁有書的方式有兩種，第一種是花錢(by paying for it)取得(establish)財產所有權(property right)，就像(just as)你花錢買衣服和傢具一樣。但是，這種購買行為僅是擁有書的前提(prelude to possession)。只有你將它化為自己的一部分後，你才完全佔有了它(full ownership comes);同時，把你自己融入書中的最好方法就是在書中寫字(by writing in it)。打個比方可能使這個觀點更清楚(An illustration may make the point clear)。你買了一塊牛排(beefsteak)，把它從屠夫的冰箱里移到了你自己的冰箱里。但是，從最重要的意義上說(in the most important sense)，你並沒有擁有這塊牛排，除非你吃下它並將它吸收進你的血液(bloodstream)之中。我的觀點是(I am arguing that)，書的營養也必須應該被“吸收到血液”中，才能對你有所裨益。
5. Confusion about what it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding, and type-a respect for the physical thing-the craft of the printer rather than the genius of the author. They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without staking his claim by pasting his bookplate inside the cover. Having a fine library doesn't prove that its owner has a mind enriched by books; it proves nothing more than that he, his father, or his wife, was rich enough to buy them.
5、對於“擁有書籍”的真正含義的(about what it means to own a book)誤解(confusion)使人們錯誤地崇敬(a false reverence)紙張、裝訂和樣式-這是對物質的崇敬(a respect for the physical thing)-是崇敬印刷工人的技藝(craft)，而不是書籍作者的才華。他們忘記了，即使不在(without)封面裡貼上藏書票(by pasting his bookplate inside the cover)表明自己對書籍的擁有，人們也可以從一本偉大的著作中獲得它的精神(to acquire that idea)，領略它的美麗(to possess the beauty)。一個好書房並不能證明它的主人學富五車;僅僅(nothing more than)說明他、他的父親或是他的妻子有錢買書而已。
6. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers-unread, untouched. (This deluded indivial owns woodpulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)
6、書籍擁有者可以分為三種。第一種人擁有全部的標准成套書和暢銷書(best-sellers)--既沒讀過，也沒碰過(unread, untouched)。(這種人佔有的只是紙漿和油墨，不是書籍。)第二種人藏書很多--其中幾本(a few of them)被通讀過(read through 仔細閱讀)，大部分(most of them)則淺嘗輒止(dip into 瀏覽, 稍加審視)，但是所有的書都跟新買時一樣整潔光亮(as clean and shiny as the day they were bought)。(這種人可能想使書籍真地為其所用，但因錯誤地過分關注書籍的外觀而裹足不前。第三種人藏書或多或少--因不斷使用，每本書都書角捲起(dog-eared)，破舊不堪(dilapidated)，裝訂破損，書頁鬆散(loosened)，全書從扉頁至末頁都畫滿了記號，塗滿了字句(scribble)。(這種人才是書的真正擁有者。)
7. Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact and unblemished a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of a painting or a statue.
7、你可能要問，將一本印刷精美、裝幀雅緻的書保存完好，難道也是不恰當的嗎?當然不是(of course not)。我絕不會在一本初版的《失樂園》上亂塗亂寫(scribble)，就像我不會把一幅倫勃朗的原作連同一盒蠟筆交給我的孩子任意塗抹一樣!(no more…than 與…同樣不) 我決不會在一幅繪畫或者一座雕像上做標記。可以說，它們的靈魂與它們的軀體是不可分的。(be inseparable from 不可與...分開) 精美的善本或豐富的卷冊就像一幅繪畫和一座雕像。
8. But the soul of a book can be separated from its body. A book is more like the score of a piece of music than it is like a painting. No great musician confuses a symphony with the printed sheet of music. Arturo Toscanini revered Brahms, but Toscanini's score of the C-minor Symphony was so thoroughly marked up that no one but the maestro himself could read it. The reason why a great conctor makes notations on his musical scores-marks them up again and again each time he returns to study them-is the reason why you should mark your books. If your respect for magnificent binding or typography gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.
8、但是，一本書的靈魂能夠從它的軀體里分離出來。與其說它像一幅畫(a printing)，還不如說它更像一首樂曲的總譜(the scroe of a piece of music; scroe【音樂】總譜;(電影等的)配樂; a piece of music 一段音樂;一首音樂;一首樂曲)。任何偉大的音樂家都不會將一首交響曲(a symphony)和一張印刷的樂譜相混淆。托斯卡尼尼非常崇敬(revere)博拉姆斯，但他的C小調交響曲的樂譜上畫滿了標記，以致(that)只有大師本人 (no noe but the maestro himself) 才能看懂。為什麼一個偉大的指揮家(a great conctor)會在樂譜上做記號(make notations)-甚至每次研究都會重復標記-其中的奧妙正是你應該在書上做記號的原因。如果你對華美的(magnificent)裝幀和印刷的尊重妨礙(get in the way)你讀書的話，就給自己買一種便宜的版本，同時對書的作者表達敬意就可以了。
9. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. That marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.
9、為什麼在閱讀過程中在書上做標記是必不可少的(indispensable)呢?首先，它會使你保持清醒。(我指的不是僅僅神智清醒(merely conscious);我的意思是它能使你全神貫注(wide awake)。)其次(in the second place)，如果閱讀(reading)是一種能動的行為，那麼它就是思考，而想法(thinking)常常需藉助口頭的或書面的語言來表達出來。做過記號的書，通常是讀者認真思考過的書(the thought-through book)。最後，寫可以幫助你記住閱讀時的思想，或作者所表達的思想。
10. If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, Gone 14h'th the Wind, doesn't require the most active kind of reading. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the songs of a popular singer. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you're asleep.
10、如果(你的)閱讀的目的不僅僅是(more than)消磨時間(passing time)，那就應該是一種積極的思維活動，僅僅讓你的眼睛在書上掃視一遍，你不可能對所讀的'內容(what you have read)有所理解。當然，一部普通的消遣小說(light fiction)，比如說(like, say,)《飄》，並不需要那種最積極的思維式的閱讀。作為消遣的書，可以輕松地讀而不會有所失。但一本思想豐富、文字華美，試圖提出(raise)帶根本性的重大問題並加以回答的偉大著作，則要求你盡可能地進行(of which you are capable; be capable of v.能夠)最積極的閱讀。你不可能像欣賞(absorb)流行歌曲那樣領略(absorb)杜威的思想。你要花力氣才能獲得，漫不經心是做不到的。
11. If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know you read actively. The most famous active reader of great books I know was President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago. He also had the hardest schele of business activities of any man I know. He invariably read with a pencil, and sometimes, when he picked up a book and pencil in the evening, he found himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he called "caviar factories" on the margins. When that happened, he put the book down. He knew he was too tired to read, and was just wasting time.
11、如果，你讀完一本書的時候，書頁上寫滿了你的批註(your notes)，你就知道自己的閱讀是積極的(actively)。我知道的最有名的採用積極方式閱讀偉大著作的人(the most famous active reader of great books)是芝加哥大學的校長哈金斯。他也是我所知道的公務最繁忙的人(the hardest schele of business activities of any man)。他讀書時總是(invariably= always)拿著鉛筆。有時，當他在晚上拿起書和鉛筆的時候，發覺自己並沒有(instead of)在做有意義的筆記(intelligent notes)，而是在頁邊空白處(on the margins)亂塗亂畫一些他稱之為“魚子醬工廠”(caviar factories)的東西。一出現這種情況，他就會放下書本。他知道自己太累了以致讀不下去，(再繼續看書)完全是在浪費時間。
練習:
1.I want to persuade you _______ something equally important in the course of your reading.
A doing B to do C to doing D have done
2. There are two ways _____ you can own a book.
A by which B of which C in which D with which
3. I am arguing that books must _____ your bloodstream to do you any good.
A absorb in B be absorbed in C soak in D suck in
4. Confusion about ____ it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding and type—the craft of printer rather than the genius of the author.
A which B that C what D whose
5. They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without _____ his claim by ____ his bookplate inside the cover.
A starting, pasting B staking, passing C staking, pasting D stake, paste
6. Having a fine library doesn’t prove that its owner has a mind _____ by books.
A rich B colorful C enriching D enriched
7. The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them ____, but all of them as clean and shiny as they ____.
A dipped into, bought B dip into, were bought
C dip into, buy D dipped into, were bought
8. A book is _____ like the score of a piece of music _____ it is like a painting.
A no more, than B more, than C same, as D too, to
9. Why is marking up a book ____ to reading?
A dependable B indispensable C dependent D disposal
10. A book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading _____ you are capable.
A to which B of which C by which D to what
答案： 1B 2C 3B 4C 5C 6D 7D 8B 9B 10B
『拾』 中石油職稱英語閱讀講解：To Be Content with One's
這是一篇關於中國人的“樂天知命”的觀念的文章，後面附有翻譯和練習題，歡迎大家閱讀。
To Be Content with One's Lot
樂天知命(be content with 以…為滿足;lot n. 命運)
1. Peter Hessler described two lifestyles and asked his Chinese students to choose the one they preferred, either a very long yet ultimately average and uneventful life, or a very exciting, fan-filled life that only lasted 24 years. Almost all of his 20 something year old students chose the first option. This surprised Peter because, from his experience with American youths, he was sure the Americans wouldn't have chosen a long, uneventful life.
1、彼得•赫斯勒(簡稱PH)請他的中國學生在以下兩種生活方式(two lifestyles)中選擇其一(they preferred定語從句，修飾the one;prefer vi. 喜歡;ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事)：一種是平庸卻長壽(uneventful adj. 平凡的)，另一種是只能活24年(that only lasted 24 years)卻享樂無比。那些20歲左右(something adj. 大約，沒想到還有這個意思，所以要特別注意)的學生們幾乎都選擇了第一種生活。彼得十分驚訝，在他看來美國青年並不會如此一致地選擇平庸但長壽的生活(可譯為：這令彼得十分驚訝，因為以他對美國青年的經驗，他認定他們不會選擇平庸但長壽的生活)。
2. The Chinese traditionally think (that) an uneventful, but long life is better than a short life fall of fan and adventure. There's even an idiom for the traditional Chinese attitude, "A good death is worse than a lazy life." This saying reveals a deeply ingrained sense of optimism and acceptance of fate. It's nothing at all like the Western idea of heroes made through tragedy.
2、無聊無趣(平凡的)但天長地久地活下去，好過(is better than)冒生命之險求得享樂的短命，這似乎是中國傳統的價值觀(直譯為：具有傳統觀念的中國人認為：平凡但長壽要好過沉浸於快樂與冒險的短壽)。有習語(idiom)為證(attitude n. 態度)：“好死不如賴活著。”它透露出根深蒂固的樂觀與宿命(acceptance of fate; acceptance n. 接受; fate n. 命運)(saying n. 諺語;reveal vt. 透露;ingrained adj. 根深蒂固;optimism n. 樂觀;)。與英雄產生於悲劇(tragedy n.)的西方價值觀完全不同(It's nothing at all;at all 根本;完全，用於否定句中)。
3. 30 years ago, at the beginning of China's reform, a group of intellectuals believed the acceptance of one's lot would hurt the growth of the People's Republic. The way they saw it, the Westerners' "seafaring culture" had allowed them to expand and advance while China's "agrarian culture" had shut the country off from the world and kept it focusing on itself.
3、30年前改革開放之初(at the beginning of China's reform)，一批知識分子(intellectuals)認為樂天知命、安於本分的傳統觀念(the acceptance of one's lot; lot n. 命運，沒想到還有這個意思，所以要特別注意)有害於中華民族的發展。在他們看來(The way they saw it)，西方的“藍色文明(seafaring culture航海文化)”使其開放、進步(allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人作某事);而(while)中國的“黃土文化(agrarian culture耕地文化)”使之封閉、守舊(shut off 切斷;keep doing sth. 一直做某事;focus on 集中於)。(這翻譯翻的，短的翻長了，長的翻短了，要好好體會)
4. Researching the unique traits of a nationality can reveal a number of interesting features. David N. Keightly is a professor of history at the University of California Berkeley and he made a study of the unique attitudes of the Chinese people. He believed their acceptance of fate originates from a geographical standpoint. The birthplace of the Chinese civilization is the Central Plains where the climate has less variation than the Mediterranean or the Near East. China's two main rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, both run from West to East, and don't change much in latitude. This means the cultivation both upstream and downstream are very similar. This uniformity of the agrarian culture reced the incentive for mutual trade and the need for people to travel very far. Hence, the exchange of thoughts, ideas and technology became restricted and the ancient Chinese culture tended to isolate itself within their regions of influence.
4、研究一個民族的某種特性是件有趣的事情(Researching the unique traits of a nationality現在分詞短語做主語;unique adj. 獨特的;獨一無二的;trait n. 特性;品質;feature n. 特色，特徵，特點;直譯為：研究一個民族的特質可以揭示許多有趣的事情)。美國加州大學伯克利分校的歷史學教授大衛•凱特利(簡稱DNK)研究分析了(made a study of)中國人樂天知命的獨一無二的人生觀(the unique attitudes)。他認為這種特性(宿命，即接受或滿足於命運的安排)源於中國特有的地理環境(originate from 起源於; geographical adj. 地理的; standpoint n.立場;觀點)。與地中海和近東地區相比，中國文明的發祥地中原地區的氣候類型更加有規律可尋(where引導的定語從句修飾the Central Plains; birthplace n. 出生地;variation n. 變化;直譯為：中國文明的發源地是在中原地區，這里的氣候與地中海和近東地區相比，更加缺少變化)。中國的兩大主要河流——黃河和長江——都是自西向東流，而且它們的緯度(latitude)變化也不大，這意味著河流上游和下游(both upstream and downstream)所種植的農作物類型差別不大(cultivation n. 耕種;培養;similar adj. 相似的)。因此就缺乏了相互貿易的動力(the incentive for mutual trade)，中國的古代文明自然就成為農耕文明(uniformity n. 均勻性;一致;incentive n. 動機;刺激;mutual adj. 共同的;相互的;the need for…的必要;直譯為：上下游“耕地文明”的一致性減少了相互貿易的動力及人們向更遠處旅行的必要)。而那些很少旅行的人們就沒有可能去交流思想和技術，封閉由此產生(restricted adj. 受限制的;isolate vt. 使隔離;使孤立;直譯為：因此交流思想和技術受到限制，中國古文化趨於在自身勢力范圍內自我封閉)。
5. According to Professor Keightly's theory, the climate of ancient China was very good. This would create a sense of optimism in the Chinese culture. In comparison, the people of the Mediterranean and the Near East had to face more natural disasters and were less optimistic. Besides the geographical factor which influences the development of cultures, Keightley believes the Chinese practice of ancestor worship has significantly influenced the makeup of the Chinese people. Keightley says, "I believe, the cultures that engage in ancestor worship are going to be conservative cultures. They're not going to find new things attractive because, that will be a challenge to the ancestors. There's no room in this culture for a skeptic."
5、凱特利教授相信中國古代的氣候良好(according to 根據;直譯為：根據凱特利教授的理論，中國古代的氣候良好)，因此生成了中國文化中的那種樂觀主義(a sense of optimism)。相比較之下(in comparison)，無論是地中海還是近東，都面臨著更多的自然災害(more natural disasters; disaster n.災難;不幸; have to do sth. 不得不做某事)，因而少了些樂觀。除了地理環境對文化發展的影響(直譯為：除了影響文化發展的地理因素外)，凱特利教授認為中國人對祖先的崇拜(the Chinese practice of ancestor worship;practice of ….有…的習慣;practice n. 慣例，沒想到還有這個意思，所以要特別注意;ancestor worship 祖先崇拜)也極深地(significantly)影響了中國人的特性(makeup n. 天性)。凱特利教授相信：“這種祖先崇拜(that engage in ancestor worship定語從句修飾the cultures;engage in 從事於;參加;忙於)的文化，是一種保守的(conservative adj.)文化(be going to do sth.)。你不會去發現新的有吸引力的東西(new things attractive)，因為那是對祖先的挑戰(challenge)。中國文化中沒有懷疑的餘地(skeptic n. 懷疑者)。”
6. Chinese people tend to want to return to the past, while Westerners are always looking towards the future. By comparing their lives to the past, it creates an unlimited feeling of satisfaction. With no other desires, people in ancient times had the opportunity to coexist harmoniously with nature. They worked towards an existence where their social development was in sync with the natural world. This sort of self-satisfaction and oneness with nature helped Chinese people develop a more optimistic attitude towards life.
6、中國人趨向於回顧過去(tend to do sht.傾向於做某事; want to do sth. 想要做某事)，而西方人更多的是展望未來(look towards 期待)。與過去相比較(compare to… 與…比較)，就會對當下的生活生出無限的滿足感(an unlimited feeling of satisfaction; unlimited adj. 無限制的)。無欲無求(desire n. 慾望;要求)，在古代，人們就能夠定下心來與自然和諧相處(to coexist harmoniously with nature 不定式做定語，修飾the opportunity; opportunity n. 機會;機遇;coexist vi. 共存;和平共處;harmoniously adv. 和諧地)，努力達到天人合一的境界(where 引導的定語從句修飾an existence; work towards 爭取;努力達到;existence生存方式;存在;sync n. 同步)。這種自我滿足以及與自然和諧共存，使中國人產生出樂觀的生活態度。
7. The Westerners have the opposite approach because they fear the uncertainty of the future. This leads them to work hard in changing their current situation in the hope of making tomorrow better than today. During this process, it's almost impossible to abide by the rules of the natural world or human nature. The idea of being content with one's lot is hard-pressed to take hold in this sort of environment.
7、西方人的觀點與此相反(the opposite approach 相反的看法)，源於對未來的不確定感(fear vt. 害怕;為…擔心;uncertainty n. 不確定性)，這促使他們努力改變現狀(lead sb. to do sth. 引導某人做某事;current situation 現狀)，以期明天比今天更好(in the hope of希望)。在努力的過程中難免會違反自然規律和扭曲人性(不定式短語是真正的主語，由於主語較長，在英語中習慣將其置後，而用it是形式主語，同時表語提前;abide by 遵守;直譯為：在努力的過程中，遵守自然規律和人性幾乎是不可能的)。樂天知命、安於本分的價值觀在這樣的文化氛圍中(in this sort of environment)是難以形成的(to take hold 不定式作結果狀語;hard-pressed adj. 處於困境的;take hold 生根;直譯為：滿足於自身命運的價值觀在這樣的文化氛圍中是難於生根的)。
8. Over these past few decades, the ideas of the West and the East have practically been reversed. The Chinese people have little choice but to drop the traditional idea of being content with one's lot if they want to improve their economic standing. They now emulate the West in opening up and becoming more enterprising. Unfortunately, this process of chasing materialistic dreams results in the destruction of nature. People have had to deal with increasing pressure and the income gap between rich and poor has become larger and larger. People are beginning to realize that the traditional idea we inherited from our ancestors, of being content with what one's lot, makes a lot of sense. As the West has forged ahead over the centuries, on the basis of its enterprising attitude, corruption and malpractice has kept pace. Today, the West is turning towards the East to find a way out.
8、有趣的是，近幾十年來(over these past few decades)，至少在表面上，東西方似乎呈現出一種互換的態勢(have practically been reversed; reverse vt. 顛倒)。中國人因為經濟的落後，不得不拋棄(drop)傳統的樂天知命觀，學習西方的`進取和開拓(emulate vt. 模仿;盡力趕上;open up 開創;enterprising adj. 有事業心的有進取心的;直譯為：如果中國人想要改善他們的經濟狀況，不放棄傳統的樂天知命觀，他們可選擇的道路不多，現在他們開始效仿西方人的開創和進取精神)。不幸的是(Unfortunately)，在盡全力追逐物質主義的過程中，環境遭到破壞(chase vt. 追逐;materialistic adj. 唯物的;result in 結果是;destruction n. 破壞;摧毀)。社會財富分配不均衡(income gap 收入差距)，人們不得不承受巨大的心理壓力(兩個現在完成時態的並列句;people 做主語時，其謂語動詞(包括助動詞)要使用復數形式)。這令人意識到老袓宗“樂天知命”的價值觀念自有其道理(we inherited from our ancestors 是定語從句，修飾the traditional idea;inherit from 從…繼承…;make a lot of sense 很有道理;老師說過，逗號之間的句子多數用於補充說明，有時可以跳過，方便分析句子的成分，而不會影響整個句子的意思)。西方人在數百年的無休止進取後，弊端叢生(forge ahead 取得進展;銳意進取;on the basis of 根據;基於…; corruption n. 貪污，腐敗;malpractice adj. 玩忽職守;keep pace 並駕齊驅)，如今也紛紛轉向東方的價值觀尋找出路(to find a way out 不定式做目的狀語;turn towards 轉向;find a way out找到出路)。
9. Maybe there's something in the text-message that's doing the rounds on the Internet, when it says, "Once you're 50, pretty and ugly look the same. Once you're 60, high-rank and low-rank look the same. Once you’ re 70, lots of money and little money look the same. Once you're 80, men and women look the same. Once you're 90, living and dying look the same."
9、最近有一則網上流行的簡訊(that’s doing the round on the Internet做定語修飾the text-message)：“到了五十，好看難看一個樣;到了六十，官大官小一個樣;到了七十，錢多錢少一個樣;到了八十，男的女的一個樣;到了九十，活的死的一個樣。”(look the same 看起來一樣)
10. In a way, the message, pretty much, suggests that, even though China exported computers to America and Chinese people have traded in their bikes for BMWs, the past thirty years of reform hasn't changed our traditions and, the idea of being content with one's lot has never left our bones.
10、在某種程度上，這條簡訊似乎(pretty much 幾乎)暗示(suggest vt.)：改革開放30年，盡管(even though)中國生產的電腦已經賣到了美國(export to 向…出口;輸出到)，並且中國人已經丟掉自行車，開起了寶馬(trade in…for… 以舊換新)，但仍沒有改變他們的傳統，樂天知命的價值觀(the idea of being content with one's lot)仍在骨子裡，不曾磨滅。(本段翻譯做了小改動)
1. … or a very exciting, fan-filled life that only_______24 years.
A. lastedB. laterC. lateD. last
2. This _______ reveals a deeply ingrained sense of optimism and acceptance of fate.
A. saysB. saidC. sayingD. say
3. The Westerners' "seafaring culture" had allowed them_______while China's "agrarian culture" had shut the country off from the world and kept it _______ itself.
A. expanding and advancing; focusing on
B. to expand and advance; focus on
C. to expand and advance; focusing on
4. He believed their acceptance of fate originates _______ a geographical standpoint.
A. toB. fromC. intoD. of
5. This would create a sense of _______in the Chinese culture.
A. optimisticB. optimismC. pessimismD. pessimistic
6. They worked _______ an existence _______ their social development was in sync with the natural world.
A. towards; whereB. backwards; whichC. towards; while
7. Over these past few decades, the ideas of the West and the East _______ .
A. have practically reversed
B. have practically been reversed
C. be practically reversed
8. _______, this process of chasing materialistic dreams results _______the destruction of nature.
A. unfortunate; inB. fortunately; in
C. unfortunately; from D. unfortunately; in
9. People _______ had to deal with increasing pressure and the income gap between rich and poor _______ become larger and larger.
A. has; hasB. has; haveC. have; haveD. have; has
有關翻譯要求和原則的說明——
由嚴復老師提出的翻譯要求和原則，常在文言翻譯中被人提起，具體是文言文翻譯要做到“信、達、雅”三個字。翻譯原則，不僅僅用於文言，外語翻譯也一樣的。
“信”是指譯文要准確無誤，就是要使譯文忠於原文，如實地、恰當地用另一種語言把原文翻譯出來。
“達”是指譯文要通順暢達，就是要使譯文符合翻譯後的語言的語法及用語習慣，字通句順，沒有語病。
“雅”就是指譯文要優美自然，就是要使譯文生動、形象，完美地表達原文的寫作風格。
“信、達、雅”是翻譯的三種不同境界。我們不是翻譯家，因此在翻譯時我們要基本做到“信”，力爭做到“達”，就足夠了。
有關常見詞彙的偏意——
記得在某個英語培訓中，老師特別提到考試中會對常見詞彙的“偏意”進行考核，因此我們在學習中也要加強學習和記憶。如，
capital n. 首都;偏意：n. 資金
suggest vt. 建議;偏意：vt. 暗示
……
本文中出現的常見詞彙“偏意”有：
lot 許多;大量;偏意：n. 命運;一塊地
practice n. 實踐;練習;偏意：n. 慣例
something pron. 某事;偏意：adj. 大約