英語閱讀解題秘笈如何猜單詞
❶ 中考英語動態:學會如何猜測詞義 提升中考閱讀水平(一)
摘要: 英語閱讀中,我們常常會遇到一些不認識的短語或單詞春灶豎,又或者認識的單詞短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當這些單詞短語並不阻礙理解文章的主要內容時,我們便可以忽略它;但如果這些詞彙短語影響了對文章的理解
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英語閱讀中,我們常常會遇到一些不認識的短語或單詞,又或者認識的單詞短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當這些單詞短語並不阻礙理解文章的主要內容時,我們通常便可以忽略它,但如果這些詞彙短語影響了對文章的理解,這就需要我們來根據上下文來猜測單詞或短語在文中的意思了。這種情況下,掌握猜詞的技巧則顯得尤為重要。猜測詞義可以辯備在一定程度上考查考生的邏輯推斷能力,也是閱讀能力的一個重要組成部分,頻繁出現在各種考試中。在英語閱讀中根據上下文猜測詞義,有助於鍛煉同學們分析問題、解決問題的能力,有助於擴大詞彙量。
通常,猜測詞義可採用以下幾種方法:
一、定義猜詞法
即根據定義猜測詞義的方法。需要定義或解釋的單詞或短語大多是專有名詞、生僻詞或文中的關鍵詞,作扒大者為了使讀者正確理解它們,就得做出較淺顯的解釋或說明。
例一: Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根據後面對 Giraffe 的解釋,它的詞義為“長頸鹿”。
例二: Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定義可知 Anthropology 的詞義為“研究人類的科學”即“人類學”。
例三: What is plagiarism? It is using others’ ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根據定義我們知道plagiarism的詞義為“剽竊”。
二、定語從句
定語從句對先行詞起限定、修飾或解釋作用,因此我們可以利用定語從句來推測先行詞的詞義。
例一: Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的詞義可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans後面的兩個定語從句來得到, 即生在紐約,後又回到波多黎各的人。
例二: Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根據定語從句我們可以看出Psychophysiology的意思為“身心聯系的科學”,即“心理生理學”。
三、同位短語或同位語從句
同位關系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接,有時也用破折號、分號、引號和括弧連接。
例一: According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根據句法結構的知識,我們知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位語,由此可知The Lancet是一個雜志的名稱。
例二: Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
兩個逗號中間的短語the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位語,意為“對詞義進行研究的科學”, 即“語義學”。
四、對比結構
尋找文中相互對比、相互對照的線索來確定生詞的含義。
在此類文章中,通常會出現一些表示意義轉折、對比的詞語:however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一: A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根據句法結構可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.為對比關系,意義相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers為熟練工人。
例二: Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通過but我們知道abhor是like的反義詞,意為“厭惡”。
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《學會如何猜測詞義 提升中考閱讀水平(一)》由出國留學我精心為您學習英語准備.liuxue86.com❷ 英語閱讀中如何根據上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。 任何一個實詞,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語辭典所解釋的,其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據此,我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義,即從已知推求未知,也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測詞義時,我們可以從三個方面來考慮:1)根據上下文已知部分進行邏輯上的推理。2)運用語法知識進行語法分析。3)依靠常識和經驗做出判斷。根據上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種: (1)根據定義或解釋猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料: a bag is useful and the word 「bag」 is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短語). one is 「 to let the cat out of the bag.」 it is the same as 「to tell a secret」…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he 「lets the cat out of the bag.」 短文後面有一個理解題目: john 「lets the cat out of the bag」 means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在這篇文章里,「let the cat out of the bag」雖然是一個新出現的短語,但緊接著後面就給出解釋it is the same as 「to tell a secret.根據這一解釋,我們就可判斷出正確答案應為a。 (2)根據情景和邏輯進行判斷。例如:2004年北京市海淀區中考試題閱讀材料a。其中第三段是這樣的: as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章後面有這樣一道題: 53. in the text, 「put an end to」 means 「___________」. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根據文章所提供的情景,如果警察看到有人在打架,他們肯定會去制止。因為制止打架斗毆是警察的職責。根據這一推理,答案應該是a。 (3)根據並列、同位關系猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料: there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word 「steam」 mean in chinese? a. 自來水b. 大氣c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 從語法上看,steam和hot water是並列關系,我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關的,是同一類第物質。在所給第四個選項中只有「蒸汽」有這種可能。 (4)根據背景和常識判斷。請看2004年北京市海淀區中考試題的閱讀材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(籠子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn』t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(撲騰) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird』s captivity, my new pet』s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. 「a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.」 never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist這個詞從來沒有見到過,但是通過他的語言我們可以判斷出這是一個對鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥,把鳥裝在籠子里,並細心照料,而且鳥的母親也飛過來喂這只鳥,但這只鳥卻死了,我很不理解。到我家來的這個人給我詳細解釋了鳥死的原因,說明這個人非常懂鳥。據此,我們可以斷定答案影視a。
❸ 高中英語閱讀理解解題技巧與方法
高中英語閱讀理解解題技巧與方法
英語在高考中非常重要,閱讀理解更是是重中之重,所佔分數比例大。閱讀理解考驗學生單詞量,還考驗學生的句型應用於時態。下面我為你整理了高中英語閱讀理解解題技巧與方法,希望對您有所幫助!
英語閱讀理解解題技巧——閱讀積累
要提高閱讀水平,詞彙量與短語量非常重要。所以要提高閱讀水平,我們就得學會積累詞語。我們不妨這么做:在通讀全文後看第二遍,遇到生詞盡可能根據上下文來猜,仍猜不出意思的,就查詞典,然後將這些詞抄寫在一本可隨身攜帶的小本子上。
每當有空時,就拿出這個小本子來背誦記憶。這樣做不但不費時,而且效果也很好。因為不時地接觸、反復地記憶,詞彙量會增加得很快。
英語閱讀理解解題技巧——根據上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個實詞,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。
上下文的作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據此,我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義,即從已知推求未知,也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。
猜測詞義時,我們可以從三個方面來考慮:1)根據上下文已知部分進行邏輯上的推理。根據上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種:根據定義或解釋猜測詞義;根據並列、同位關系猜測詞義;根據同義、反義、因果關系猜測詞義。
2)運用語法知識進行語法分析。3)依靠常識和經驗做出判斷。
英語閱讀理解解題技巧——尋找出處,對號入座
由於閱讀填表題要以所讀材料為依據,在通常情況下,每個空格的所填內容一般可從給定材料中找到出處或依據,在做題時要充分利用這一特點,將「空格」與「出處」對號入座,然後根據表格中已有信息的表現形式,准確填出所缺內容。
同時,值得注意的`是,如果表格所填信息與原文中的「出處」基本相同,則可直接對號入座;如果表格信息與原文中的「出處」有較大出入,則要進行適當的轉換。
英語閱讀理解解題技巧——邏輯推理,做好深層理解題
在實際閱讀中,有時作者並未把意圖說出來,閱讀者要根據字面意思,通過語篇邏輯關系,研究細節的暗示,推敲作者的態度,理解文章的寓義。要求讀者對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理,不能就事論事,以偏概全。推理題在提問中常用的詞有:infer,imply,suggest,indicate等。
;❹ 高考英語閱讀理解:高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧
《高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理。本內容整理時間為05月12日,如有任何問題請聯系我們。 1.利用定義或解察指慶釋(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定語從句…..etc.
舉例:
Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽), or young leaves of trees.(B)
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting(修剪) of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2.利用普通常識和經驗(common sense or experience)
舉例敗握:
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long or short.
“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
3.利用同義/同位語(similarity/appositive)
Signal words:for example ,for instance,such as ,like,as---as,etc.
舉例:
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)
The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
4.利用舉例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as,unlike, but,however, on the contrary, while,instead…逗搏ect.
舉例:
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飄) with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
5.利用比較或對比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over(過分的、過量的)+work=overwork“工作過度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“滿意的=dissatisfied “不滿意的”。
6.利用構詞法(Word formation):前綴、後綴、復合、派生等
舉例:
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C unecated D. sick
7.利用同義詞或反義詞(Synonym or Antonym)
舉例:
Signal words:because,since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior(上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .
A.full of respect B. rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
8.利用原因與結果關系猜詞(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
9.利用上下文的語境(context or related information)
更多練習:
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so.
The word “audience” in the paragraph means ____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案:A
解題關鍵:常識 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛葯) was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective(無效的).
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_______
Attracted the customers strongly
Had weak effects on the customers
Tricked the customers into shopping
Caused the customers to lose interest
答案:D
解題關鍵:因果關系 because
3. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat , the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes .
“hazard” means ___________________
A. pleasure, B. problem, C. danger, D. attraction
答案:C
解題關鍵:舉例for example
4. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society
The underlined phrase “the most vocal” means______
A. Those who try their best to win
B. Those who value competition most highly
C.Those who are against competition most strongly
D. Those who rely on others most for success
答案:C
解題關鍵:上下文語境 context or related information
5.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them-a form of favoritism will replace equality.
The word “favoritism" is used to describe the phenomenon that ________.
A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
答案:B
解題關鍵:破折號(定義或同位語)
6. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. That is to say, if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back.
“Object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object ______
A. Still exists B. keeps its shape
C. Still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案:A
解題關鍵:
1.定義:definition that is to say也就是說
2.構詞法:permanent—permanence
7. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the underlined word "hassle“ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
答案:C
解題關鍵:比較comparison(instead—相反,反而)
8. William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線),good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” most probably means? ? .
A.simple????B.mixed????C.sad???D.happy
答案:B
解題關鍵:definition or explanation 定義或解釋猜測詞義
9. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” ?
A Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Unusual and foreign.
答案:D
解題關鍵:對比contrast,normal—but---unusual
10. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
By describing lions as “opportunists”, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals
B. are clever animals
C. Like to take advantage of(利用) other animals
D. Like to take every chance to eat
答案:C
解題關鍵:構詞法及下文解釋opportunity---ist
❺ 在做英語閱讀理解與完形填空時遇到不認識的單詞怎樣猜測詞語意思怎麼通過前綴後綴猜測詞義
遇見這種情況在做英語時是很正常的,分享下我的解決辦法:
1.通過上下文進行回邏輯推理
2.平時多積答累單詞,將要求的3500個單詞背了個七七八八,又多進行些限時訓練,英語的完形閱讀一般就只錯一兩個,甚至滿分也是常事
你說的那種辦法我個人覺得太死了,有那功夫還不如多背下單詞做做練習,功到自然成,今年我英語考了133哦,聽力還只是23分呢
❻ 如何做好英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題
猜測詞義題
在閱讀中我們經常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典,查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力,而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上,閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前後的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯系。我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查,因此,掌握一定的猜詞技巧,對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。
常見的題干有:
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜測詞義時,一般可利用以下四個方面的線索:
一是針對性的解釋
針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想,在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞彙等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體,所使用的語言通俗易懂,利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。
1.根據定義(definition)猜測詞義
如果生詞有一個句子(定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句)或段落來定義,或使用破折號,冒號,分號後的內容和引號括弧中的內容加以解釋和定義,那麼理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(聲稱)as its own.(2005年湖北卷)
[分析]由定義可推知,這里territory指的是:動物的地盤。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.(2005年浙江卷)
[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域:一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . (2004年福建卷)
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A.place in which you can see many mobile homes
B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句,我們可以推測到:The Pines 是一家餐館的名字,由此不難推出理解題的答案為:D。
2.根據舉例猜測詞義
恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.(2004年遼寧卷)
[分析]根據such as 後面列舉的一系列例子,我們應該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。
二是內在邏輯關系
根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系,然後根據邏輯聯系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
1.根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義
在一個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述,我們可以根據生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞彙和短語主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關系的句子結構:while 引導的並列句。同對比關系相反,比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? (2002年NMET)
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根據對比關系,這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義,很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關系,其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。
2.根據因果關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中,若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系,我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
(2005年上海卷)
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
[分析]根據since 引導的原因狀語從句的內容(既然你是我的上司),我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是:冒失的,放肆的意思,後半句的意思是:我告訴你怎麼做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為:B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.(2005年江西卷)
根據原因狀語從句的內容,我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是:修剪(樹枝等)的意思。
3.根據說明、並列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據語言環境所表面的關系猜測詞義。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線),good and ill together. (2005年江蘇卷)
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義,據此我們不難推測mingled的意思是:混合的,交織的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. (2004年湖北卷)
[分析]根據and three other medical centers 這種並列關系,我們很容易推斷出:Johns Hopkins是一家醫療中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根據與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame為詆毀 ,中傷或誹謗
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]運用與football的同義關系推斷為足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]運用與The house近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]後面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關系,運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的,即文盲
三是通過構詞法
在猜測詞義過程中,我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識,從生詞本身猜測詞義。
1.根據前綴猜測詞義
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根據詞根ecational (教育的),結合前綴co-(共同,一起),我們便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是:男女同校教育的意思。(2005年江西卷)
2.根據後綴猜測詞義
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.(2005年廣東卷)
後綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為;使化,結合詞根commercial(商業的),不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是:未被商業化的。
3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(別扭的)hand positions.(2005年北京卷)
Well-designed 或許是個生詞,但我們分析該詞的結構後,就能推測出其含義。它由well (好,優秀)和design (設計)兩部分組成,合在一起便是設計精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. (2004年浙江卷)
根據合成詞中的mass (大量的)和proce (生產),我們可以推測 mass-proce的意思是:大批量生產;規模生產的意思。
4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. (2004年山東卷)
head本為名詞,表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷,該句head為動詞,表方向,結合全句可譯為開往、駛向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (2004全國卷Ⅱ)
cloud本為名詞,表雲。分析語境邏輯可知,憂慮會影響一個人的判斷,因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。
❼ 英語考試怎麼猜單詞詞義
根據定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義
在有be,call等判斷詞出現的句子中,可以根據已知部分,猜測生詞的含義。例如:
A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter。
通過理解定語從句的意思,能猜出carpenter是「木匠」的意思。
2根據對比關系猜測生詞的詞義
在有but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉折的連詞出現的句子中,其前後的詞有明顯的對比關系,根據已知的內容,通過這種對比關系,就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如:
Though Tom『s face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby。
和clean意思相對的便是「骯臟的」了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是「骯臟的」。
3通過因果關系猜測詞義
because,since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞,so是連接結果狀語從句的連詞,so...that...與such...that...中的that是連接結果狀語從句的。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中,通過因果關系,依據已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如:
She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long。
根據because從句所講的意思,我們就可推測trim就是「修剪」之意。
4根據生活常識猜測詞義
運用邏輯推理能力,自身的生活經驗及生活常識。再聯繫上下文能讀懂的部分,可以正確猜出詞義。例如:
Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold。
根據句子意思及生活經驗,wither是「枯萎」的意思。
5根據同等關系猜測詞義
同等關系,指的是一個詞,一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分,而且它們的詞義都屬於同一范疇。明顯的標志是,這樣的片語或短語中間常常用並列連詞and或or來連接。例如:
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy。
從「年齡42歲」以及與prime具有同等關系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是「盛年時期」。
6根據列舉的事例猜測詞義
You can take any of the periodicals:「The World of English」。「Foreign Language Teaching in Schools」,or「English Learning」。
從後面列舉的例子中,可以猜出periodical是「期刊,雜志」的意思。
7根據構詞法知識猜測詞義
根據學過的構詞法知識,知道詞根和前綴或後綴的意義,就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如:
The colors of Hawaii in Summer are unforgettable。
forget 的意思是「忘記」,後綴"-able"表示「能夠」,前綴「un」表示否定,所以「unforgettable」意思就是「無法忘記的」或「難忘的」。
❽ 如何提高英語考試閱讀題的猜詞技巧(3)
八、語境線索或上下文
即利用語境來推測生詞含義的方法。這是我們用來推測詞義的主要方法之一。
例一:The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
“My grandmothers did not do anything, but keep house and serve everybody, they were programmed to do that,” said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
根據上下文我們可以很容易得出chapter的詞義為這個組織the Red Hat Society的一個分支。
例二:As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency ( 一貫性 )is very important teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality ( 道德 ). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and don’t practice what they preach ( teach ), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure ( 不穩定 )when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
根據上下文我們可知precept的詞義為“說教”。
例三:Here are some simple ways to beat the stress often caused by our inventions!
Don’t be available all the time. Turn off your mobile phone at certain times of the day. Don’t check your e-mail every day. Don’t reply to somebody as soon as they leave a text message just because you can. It may be fun at first, but it soon gets annoying.
根據語境我們知道available的詞義為“可與之交談的”或“有空的”。
例四:We found that bar at last. I didn’t have to ask again, for there it was in big letters over the window—Star Bar. There were some iron tables outside with plastic chairs around them. A few people sat listlessly around, looking at a portable television set that someone had brought out of the bar. They were all in thin summer dresses or short sleeved-shirts; even at that late hour it was stifling. Two thin dogs lay under one of the tables with their tongues out, and some of the women were fanning themselves unenthusiastically (無精打採的) with magazines.
根據語境我們猜出stifling的詞義為“極熱的”。
九、標點符號的暗示
例一:The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
破折號後面的部分對the Red Hat Society作了解釋,是“一個認為老年人應該有自己樂趣的團體”。
例二:The largest player—Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.
第二個破折號後面的deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches應該指的是汽車的品牌或種類。
十、同義詞的替代關系
例句:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he didn’t want to jeopardize his future.
為避免重復使用endanger一詞, 用同義詞jeopardize來替代它, 我們推知jeopardize詞義為“使陷入危險,危及,危害”。
十一、利用主系表結構來猜詞
主系表結構的句子有兩種功能:一是說明主語的形狀和特徵;二是主語和表語是同位關系。
例一:To malign is to slander an innocent person.
表語意為“誹謗無辜的人”, 那樣主語就是“中傷,誹謗”的意思。
例二:Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restlessly.
表語意為“睡不著”,主語Insomnia無疑就是“失眠”了。
十二、生活常識
根據日常生活中的常識和相關的背景知識,大膽想像,合理發揮,推測出生詞的含義。
例一:Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest ring the day, often staying in cool underground burrows.
根據常識我們知道鼠類一般藏在洞里,因此生詞burrows的意思為“地洞,洞穴”。
例二:The snake slithered through the grass.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識,我們可以推測出slithered的詞義為“爬行”。
十三、構詞法
英語詞彙的構詞法主要有三種:派生,合成,轉化構詞。
我們主要利用派生構詞來推斷生詞的含義。
詞根是單詞最基本的部分,表達單詞的基本含義。在詞根的前面或後面加上詞綴,可以用來引申或轉變原詞的意義。一般來說,前綴改變詞根的意思;後綴改變詞性。
常見的前綴有:super- 超……
mini- 小型的……
re- 再,又……
post- 後
pre- 前
fore- 前
under- 下
後綴有:
-ment 名詞的後綴
-less 不,無
-proof 防……的
例句:Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. Because you can’t see or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone says “She is a 12-year-old girl ”could really be an old man.
根據語境和misrepresent的構詞方式, 前綴mis-的意思是“誤,錯-的”,詞根represent的意思是“表達,展示”之意, 合在一起我們知道misrepresent的詞義為“誤述,歪曲”。
十四、文中代詞指代的推測
高考題年年考查對文中代詞實際指代的對象。一般來說它實際指代的對象在含有代詞的句子前半部分或前一句話。我們把它叫做“前指”。
例一:Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped at noon as the press rported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.”We have more important things to do,” he said.
根據我們上面講到的,they應該指上一句中的Demands for pigeon-delivered money。
例二:The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings”, or false clues, to mislead them.
根據語境them.指代上文的readers。
雖然掌握一些猜詞技巧能幫助我們猜測詞義,但是我們不能只依靠這些。最重要的還是掌握全篇文。
❾ 英語閱讀時如何推測生詞詞義
實踐證明,根據自己的英語基礎和興趣愛好選擇恰當的材料,進行大量的閱讀是學好英語的有效途徑。但是,閱讀中不免會遇到生詞或熟詞生義,不可能也沒有必要每個生詞都去插詞典,這就需要掌握猜測詞義的方法和技巧了。這里總結了17種詞義推測的方法或技巧,但願能對你有所幫助。
1. 根據轉折關系 :表示轉折關系的有though, but、however等。例如:
Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (廣東卷)
由but可知genius是與fool(蠢才)相對的,由此推測其意為「有才能的人」、「天才」。
2. 根據對比關系 :表示對比關系的有標志詞有unlike、not、while、on the other hand, in spite of、in contrast等。例如:
If you agree, say 「Yes」; if you dissent, say 「No」.
根據前後的對比關系,不難猜出dissent是意思與agree相反,即:「不同意」。
3. 根據同類關系 :比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語有similarly,like,just as,also等。例如:
Mr. Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
句中similarly表明loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間是同類關系。由此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為「健談的」。
4. 根據因果關系 :表示因果關系的有because, so that, so/such…that…等。例如:
The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.
由「無雨水」之因,可推知花會「枯萎、凋謝」之果。因此,wither意為「枯萎、凋謝」。
5. 根據同位關系 : 因為同位語是對前面的名詞的進一步補充說明,提供更為詳細的情況,所以根據同位語也可推測前面名詞的意思。例如:
Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (全國卷)
由後面的同位語的解釋我們清楚地知道Tai Mahal就是一著名的建築物。
6. 根據並列關系 :一般由and, or等表示並列關系。例如:
In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.
因為mansion與「戰場遺址」、「劇院」、「其它公眾廳」並列,所以mansion也應該屬於建築物或場所。
7. 根據比喻關系 :一般由as…as, like等表示。例如:
The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.
根據「就像水中的玫瑰葉」這樣的比喻可知,buoyant是「飄浮的」之意。
8. 根據定義關系 :定義句的謂語動詞多為be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。
Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
根據「是用來描述人類社會的科學研究的術語」的定義,可知sociology是「社會學」之意。
9. 根據所舉實例 :一般由for example, such as, like等來表示舉例。例如:
Many United Nations employees are polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.
由所舉實例,不難推出polyglot的意思是「懂多種語言的」。
10. 根據同義關系 :根據生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的.意思來推測它的意思。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
由語境可知, detrimental與harmful同義,意為「不利的,有害的」。
11. 根據轉換說法 :插入語that is, that is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用來對前面的內容進行解釋,意為「也就是說、即」。
The cinema is only open to alts, i.e. people over 18.
根據people over 18可知,alt是「成年人」之意。
12. 根據標點符號 :冒號、破折號、括弧等都可表示對前文的解釋或說明。例如:
New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep — everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
根據破折號前面的具體描述,可猜測prosperity 意為「繁榮」。
13. 根據定語從句 :由生詞後起修飾限制或起補充說明的定語從句推測其意思。例如:
Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
由後面起補充作用的非限制性定語從句可推知生詞florist是「花店主」之意。
14. 根據邏輯推理 :根據生詞前後的搭配關系和上下文的意思等來推測其意思。
Although the fisherman was wearing sou』wester, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through.
因生詞sou』wester是wear的賓語,應當是一種「衣」或「帽」,又由although和後面一個分句,可以推知它是指「防雨的衣」。
15. 根據單詞發音 :有的英語詞彙是通過音譯進入漢語詞彙中的,我們可以根據其讀音來理解其意思。如:aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龍), Olympic(奧林匹克), sofa(沙發), typhoon (台風)等。
16. 根據生活常識 :有時根據生活經驗和基本常識可以推測出生詞的意思。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識,我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為「爬行」。
17. 根據構詞方法 :根據前綴、後綴、合成、轉換等構詞法來推測生詞的意思。
After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging pas-sengers. (廣東卷)
因同學們學過charge(收費、要價),根據前綴over-的意思「過多、過分」,可推知overcharge是「索價太高」之意。
盡管我們介紹了這么多的生詞猜測方法,但是,值得一提的是,我們閱讀的目的在於理解文章的意思,從中享受快樂或者獲取信息。那些並不影響對整篇文章的理解的生詞,我們大可不必費太多的時間去猜測它們的意思,以免影響閱讀的興致。
❿ 英語閱讀理解九大答題技巧有哪些
英語當中的閱讀理解題型是很多同學很頭痛的一件事情。因為它如影隨形,只要有英語考試的地方,肯定就會出現閱讀理解題目。更重要的是,它占的分值非常大。就以高中為例,高中150分分值的話。閱讀理解再有40分。分值之大也可以看出它的重要性了。如何提高閱讀理解能力呢?
第一,提高自己的基礎知識。因為閱讀理解是整個篇幅文章,所以裡面的詞彙比較多。正常情況下,一篇閱讀理解都會有兩三百個單詞。所以第一步要過的是詞彙量問題。尤其是一些在閱讀當中出現頻率比較高的詞彙。對詞彙這一部分要首先攻克,不要讓它成為閱讀當中的攔路虎或者是障礙。
關於語法關,也是要過的。因為需要對長難句的分析。英語閱讀理解題目當中經常會發現非常長的一個句子。有的時候甚至上下達到三行之長。這個時候就應該有最基本的語法知識。把這個句子精簡,瞬間找到它的主幹。同時,把每一個修飾成分把歸類。
第二,把握閱讀理解的技巧。
步驟分為幾個方面。
如果有標題的閱讀理解,先看一下標題了解大意。沒有的,先看後面的題目。其實通過幾個問題的設置。也可以大體上了解這篇閱讀理解是講述什麼的,重點強調什麼?做到心中有數。
然後,帶著問題來初讀文章。把出現問題當中對應的關鍵句子或者短語甚至段落,把它標出來。
接著,把問題和文章進行對照一下。也就是我們通常課文中要求把精讀和泛讀結合起來。
第三,根據不同的題型,把握注意事項。例如句子大意的題目,問main idea,問的是整個段落來,乃至於整篇文章的大體的意思。就不能選擇是細節的那個答案。文章如果是推理判斷題目。就不能找跟文章一模一樣的句子。應該找出原文中的某一句話的言外之意。一定必須是推出來的。猜詞題也要注意。前後有一些細節提示。像同義詞,近義詞,反義詞加上連詞。定語從句。同位語。破折號都顯得很重要。尤其是代詞。代替的是本劇或者上句當中出現的某一個單詞或短語,有可能是句子。細節題。要把握的是關鍵詞。一定要注意一下題干當中有沒有出現。一些特別限制范圍的。副詞。或者其他的介詞短語。包括形容詞。很多時候,這些都是干擾項。具體來說:
1.猜詞中間的指代題:
①返回原文,找出文章裡面的指代詞。
②向上搜索,找最近的名詞、名詞性短語或句子(先從最近點開始找,找不到再找次近的,一般答案不會離得太遠)。
③將找到的詞、片語或句子的意思代入替換該指代詞,看其意思是否通順。
④將找到的詞、片語或句子與四個選項進行比較,找出最佳答案。
2 .猜生詞或者熟詞生義:
①返回原文,找出該詞彙出現的地方。
②確定該詞彙的詞性
③從上下文(詞彙的前後幾句)中找到與所給詞彙具有相同詞性的詞(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找),代入所給詞彙在文章中的位置(將之替換)看語義是否合適
④找出選項中與代替詞意思相同或相近的選相,即答案
注意:尋找時要注意同位語、特殊標點(比如分號,分號前後兩句話的邏輯關系不是形式上的並列就是語義上的並列,也就是兩句話的意思相同,所以可用其中一句話的意思來推測另一句話的意思從而推出所給詞彙含義)、定語從句、前後綴,特別要注意尋找時的同性原則。比如:讓猜一個名詞片語(動詞片語)的意思,我們就向上向下搜索名詞片語(動詞片語)。
3. 理解題
①返回原文找到每個句子對應的原句。
②對原句進行精確分析(找主幹),應該重點抓原句的含義。若該句的字面含義不能確定,則依據上下文進行判斷。注意:局部含義是由整體決定的。
③一般來說,選項中的正確答案與原句意思不會完全相同,很多時候用其他英語詞彙換種表達而已。
④句子理解題的錯誤選項干擾項特徵:半對半錯。
4.推理題:「最近原則」
①題干出現比較多的單詞:learn,infer,imply,refer
②看是否可以通過題干返回原文或依據選項返回原文。一般要圍繞文中的一兩個重點進行推理。推理題一般通過題干能定位,我們都要把它固化到文章的一兩點上。
③依據原文的意思進行三錯一對的判斷。先不要進行推理,若有一個選項跟原文的意思一模一樣,則該選項必然是正確答案。推理題不是考察我們的想像力,它實際是考察我們原文中的某幾個點如一個、兩個點所涉及的問題我們讀透了沒有。因此,不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的遠的要好。
注意:做題時不能想得太多,推得過遠。是否把原文讀懂才是關鍵。
5. 主旨題:
①主旨題的標志:mainly about,mainly discuss,the best title
②串線法:抓首段和其餘各段的第一句話,把其意思連接成一個整體。要注意總結性的提示詞和轉折詞,特別要注意中心句。(主要針對自然段少的文章;針對自然段多的文章,主旨題最好聯系中心句。找一個和中心句最貼近的)
③小心首段陷阱。
④主旨題錯誤選項的干擾特徵經常是:在兩個選項看上去都十分正確無法選擇時,試著從選項出發,想像一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有那些內容,然後把它與文章的內容比較,接近的即為正確選項。
6.作者態度題:
①標志性的單詞:attitude
②應精確理解四個選項的含義。
③不要摻雜自己的觀點。
④可以尋找文中一些具有感情色彩的詞。如:fortunately,excessively,toomany.
注意:做作者態度題時特別注意:首先看清楚是誰對誰的態度。
7.判斷題:
①看否通過四個選項具體化到文中一點或者根據自然段原則定位。
②每個選項都應返回原文,不能憑主觀印象進行判斷。
③要重點抓是「三錯一對」還是「三對一錯」的關系(做題是要看清題目)。
8.細節題:
看完題目回到原文,重疊原文,得出答案
干擾項特點:
①無中生有(未提及的概念);
②正反混淆(選項的意思跟原文的意思正好相反); 過分絕對;
③所答非所問(雖然選項的說法沒有問題,符合原文,但和題干搭不上邊)
④常識判斷; 擴大范圍(注意隱蔽型的擴大范圍mostly);
⑤推得過遠;
⑥偏離中心;因果倒置;
⑦變換詞性。
第四,把握閱讀理解的時間。
一般正常情況下,一篇閱讀理解。剛開始練的時候可能是十分鍾或者以上。但是如果練得比較多的,基本上八分鍾左右完成。尤其在第一篇A篇廣告類別,更是六分鍾時間就夠拿下來。相對而言,初中的閱讀理解。可能多一些時間。是10到20分鍾吧!
閱讀理解。提到時間問題,那就一定要進行過多的練習。當你的基礎足夠了,語法點也足夠了。那麼接下來就是勤學苦練。不僅要把自己的准確率提高,更要把速度提上去,這樣才能夠做到有的放矢。畢竟,熟能生巧。