高中生科普類英語文章閱讀題目
高中英語閱讀理解題型
閱讀理解是英語考試中的一個重點和難點。下面由我為大家帶來了高中英語閱讀理解題型解讀和解題技巧，一起來看看吧!
【高中閱讀理解題型解讀】
(一)閱讀是獲得更綜合、更復雜、更精確信息的必要手段，考生在做閱讀理解時，不僅要看懂文章的字面意思，還需要針對不同題材和體裁的篇目運用不同的方法作出正確的選擇。一般來說，詞彙、閱讀速度和理解能力是閱讀理解中三個最重要且有相互聯系的因素。
閱讀的方法可以使用以下幾種：
1.跳讀：就是快速的一步閱讀法。實際上是有選擇閱讀，找關鍵詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。
2.略讀：指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀，目的是了解大意，對文章有個總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問題。
3.精讀：即最細致、最慢的深層閱讀方法，目的是求得對所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。
在使用閱讀技巧時盡量做到以下幾點：
1.帶著問題閱讀短文。
2.找出主題句、確定中心思想。
3.推斷單詞、句子和文章的含義。
4.盡快選擇答案。
(二)不同體裁文章的特點及解題技巧
1.記敘文
記敘文又可分傳記類和故事類。 傳記類文章在閱讀中時間是全文的關鍵，根據時間我們可以找到相關的事件，抓住文章的主要內容。故事類文章情節性較強，閱讀時要注意故事中的時間、地點、人物和發生的事件，這些都是文章中的主要內容和信息，對於准確理解文章十分重要。
2.說明文
說明文是對事物的形狀、性質、特徵、成果或功用等進行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章。把握所說明事物的特徵和本質是理解說明文的關鍵。說明事物特徵的方法很多，主要有定義法、解釋法、比較法、比喻法、數字法、圖表法、引用法和舉例法等。
數字說明文
在閱讀數字說明文時要特別注意文中數字的含義，從這些數字中可以找到文章的主要內容。
解釋說明文
解釋說明文著重說明事物的本質、特徵和功用等。許多科普文章都屬於這一類。在閱讀這類文章時要學會解決what, how, why 等一類的問題。它們是文章的關鍵。如能帶著這些問題閱讀，將會更迅速抓住文章的主題。
比較說明文 比較說明文是通過對比方法說明問題。在閱讀這類文章時要善於把握全篇陳述的基本傾向。作者在談論一個有爭議的問題時總要顧及到爭議的各個方面。但是，在一般情況下，作者的陳述總要傾向於某一種觀點。
3.應用文
應用文涉及的.范圍比較廣，包括廣告、通知、書信等。應用文一般語言簡潔，省略及不規范的句子較多。閱讀時一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，並運用這些信息去解決問題。因此對題乾的理解尤為重要。
閱讀理解的考題分為客觀理解題(是指在短文中客觀存在的事實，客觀信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具體事實或抽象概念)和主觀理解題(這類問題都不可能直接從原文中找到答案，須通過閱讀文章對文章主旨和深層含義有更深理解，並據此進行判斷和推理)。其中細節理解題和猜測詞義題屬於客觀題;主旨大意題和推理判斷題屬於主觀題。針對不同類型的題目，要在平時的練習過程中，結合具體的題目，給學生進行解題方法的指導和講解。對於客觀題，要提醒他們閱讀時關注文章的細節，如時間，地點或一些具體數字，在選擇答案時，務必從原文中找到確切的依據。 我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下四大題型，根據閱讀理解題考查角度的不同，可採用不同的解題技巧來應付。
Ⅰ.事實細節題
屬於細節類型的閱讀理解題一般只針對某個特定的細節，題型可以多種多樣。此類題型一般分兩種。第一種是直接理解題，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉換題，正確選項是原文有關詞語和句子的轉換。做此類試題一定要抓住事件發生的時間、地點、人物、發展過程和結局等環節，所選答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生義。這類題型的主要提問方式常為：
①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?
②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?
③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
④All the following statements are NOT true excep. 細節題的破解一般採用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的准確率，節省了寶貴的時間。尋讀法還特別適用於對圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關系。英語中有許多功能詞，如：表因果關系的because, since, as等;表轉折關系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。
Ⅱ.猜測詞義題
在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個：一是被已認識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導;二是被完全不認識的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。其實解決這兩個困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念，要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。
在閱讀解題時要注意從以下七個方面著手：
1)根據定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義 在be,be called,call等判斷詞出現的判斷句中，或定語從句及標點符號，可以根據已知部分，猜測生詞的含義。例如：
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。
2)根據對比關系猜測生詞的詞義 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉折的連詞出現的句子中，其前後的詞有明顯對比關系，根據已知的內容，通過這種對比關系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如： Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對的便是“骯臟的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“骯臟的”。
3)通過因果關系猜測詞義 because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，so是連接表示結果的狀語從句的連詞，so……that與such……that中的that是連接結果狀語從句的。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中，通過因果關系，依據已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據because從句所講的意思，我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。
4)根據生活常識猜測詞義
3 運用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經驗及生活常識。再聯繫上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據句子意思及生活經驗，wither表示“枯萎”。
5)根據同等關系猜測詞義 同等關系，指的是一個詞，一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞義都屬於同一范疇。明顯的標志是，這樣的片語或短語中間常常用並列連詞and或or來連接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時期”。
6)根據列舉的事例猜測詞義 You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English". "Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning". 從後面列舉的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，雜志”的意思。
7)根據構詞法知識猜測詞義 根據學過的構詞法知識，知道詞根和前綴或後綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。
Ⅲ.推理判斷題
做這類題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時，又要求學生對作者的態度、意圖及文章細節的發展作正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己的看法或觀點。不要主觀臆斷，憑空想像，任意發揮，而走入誤區。學生要學會運用主題句去推測、揣摩文字背後作者的意圖，運用歸納、對比、演繹技能，運用背景知識去挖掘文章深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(如：否定、厭惡、反問、諷刺等)。
這類試題常以如下句式發問：
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?
②What’s the author’s attitude(態度)towards……?
③We can infer /learn from the passage that……
如： Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.”
Q: What can you conclude from this passage?
A. the engineer asked for too much money
B. the workers should pay the money
C. the knowledge is worth money
D. the new part could cost more
這篇短文是作者講的一個故事，那麼通過這個故事我們可以判斷出什麼呢?雖然作者沒有言明，但是我們可以斷定，發現問題的所在需要智慧和知識，知識是創造價值的源泉，因此此題的正確答案應為C. Ⅳ.主旨大意題 這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體，並真正理解主題和中心;要求能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬於高層次題。
;『貳』 中學生科普英語趣味閱讀
應該各大書店都有，我的是在新華書店買的 上海書城也有
『叄』 英語科普類文章
科普 教育 對我國小康社會、和諧社會的建設有著重要的意義。下面是我帶來的英語科普類 文章 ，歡迎閱讀!
英語科普類文章1
聽點小音樂 輕松學分數
Stuck on a tricky math problem? Start clapping. Grade school kids who learned about fractions through a rhythm-and-music-based curriculum outperformed their peers in traditional math classes. The work is inEcational Studies in Mathematics.
被一條數學題難住了?拍拍手試試吧。研究表明，小學生在有節奏感的音樂背景下學習分數知識的效果會好於傳統課堂(具體研究發表在《數學教育研究》上的《學術性音樂：如何用音樂輔助三年級小學生學習基礎分數》一文，作者：蘇珊·科瑞等)。
Fractions let you divide up a measure of music into notes of varying length. For example, one four-beat measure could contain a single whole note held for all four beats, two half notes of two beats apiece, four quarter notes of a beat each, and so on. In the Academic Music program, based on the Kodaly method of musical ecation, students clap, drum and chant to memorize the lengths of musical notes—then solve problems in which fractional notes must add up to a full measure of music.
根據分數的概念，一節音樂可分成長短不一的幾串音符。例如，一節四拍子的調子可包含一個代表四拍子的全音符，兩個各代表一個二拍子的二分音符，四個各代表一個一拍子的四分音符……以此類推。在“學術性音樂”項目中，研究人員以科達伊的音樂教育 方法 為基礎，讓學生通過打拍子、敲鼓、合唱記住各音符的長度，學生必須把這些片段加起來，才能得到一節完整的音樂——如此實踐可解決學生對分數的疑惑。
Sixty-seven students participated in the study. Half did math problems using the Academic Music system. And after six weeks, the students in the music program averaged 50 percent higher on tests than did the kids in regular math class. Fractions create a solid foundation for further math ecation—so mastering them is music to ecators' ears.
有67名學生作為實驗對象參與了本次研究，其中有一半在“學術性音樂”體系下解決數學問題。六周後，他們在測試中的得分要比普通班級中的學生平均高50%。分數是進一步進行數學知識教學的基礎——如此看來，這還多虧了教育者的耳朵。
英語科普類文章3
十萬年前的顏料工作室
Archeologists have discovered a paint proction studio in an ancient South African cave A new archaeological find may signify one of the great leaps in human cultural and cognitive history. Because researchers have discovered a 100,000-year-old art studio. It was known that ochre—rock with red or yellow pigments—was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant evidence for how it was prepared and handled. Then, in 2008, researchers uncovered an ochre mixing kit in a South African cave. They found two abalone shells, most likely used for paint mixing and storage. They also found ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammerstones. The researchers say the ochre was probably rubbed on quartzite slabs to create a fine powder. It was then mixed and heated with other crushed substances, including other stones or mammal-bone. Microscopic striations on the inner abalone surface likely are likely scrape marks left ring paint mixing. The research was published in the journal Science. The paint may have been used for body adornment or for long-gone artwork. And the presence of this paint-proction laboratory indicates that the early humans knew basic chemistry and could plan for the future.
考古學家在南非的一個古老洞穴中發現了一個油漆製作工作室。這個新的考古發現可能是人類 文化 和認知歷史的最偉大的跨越之一。因為研究人員發現的這個工作室產生於十萬年前。眾所周知，擁有紅色或黃色色素的赭石岩一直被廣泛運用於繪畫中，但卻少有證據顯示它是如何製作並運用的。2008年，研究人員 在南非的山洞中發現了赭石混合工具， 兩個可能用於調漆和儲存的鮑魚殼，除此之外他們還發現了赭石，骨頭，炭筆和石錘。研究人員稱，這些赭石很有可能經過在石英岩板上仔細研磨後，得到上等的粉末，然後再與 其他石頭或者是哺乳動物的粉末混合並加熱。用顯微鏡觀察鮑魚殼的內表面，你可以發現一些刮痕，這些都有可能是在混合顏料的過程中留下來的。這個發現已經被刊登在科學期刊上。這些顏料可能一直被運用在人體 彩繪 和長久失傳的藝術品上。而且這些顏料製作工作室的存在表明了早期人類對化學已有了基本的了解並具有了規劃未來的能力。顏料工具的一小步，人類歷史的一大步——辛西亞莫。
英語科普類文章3
你知道發燒的妙處嗎?
Fever can play a variety of roles, such as inhibiting pathogen replication. It also apparently increases the population of killer T cells of the immune system. Christopher Intagliata reports.
發燒有多種不同的作用，如抑制病菌復制。它還可以顯著增加免疫系統中殺傷性T細胞的數量。
I've always thought that when I get a fever, it's my body trying to make things uncomfortable for the invading pathogen. And that's often true—higher temperatures can inhibit the bad guys' ability to replicate. But my fever may actually be a one-two-punch. In addition to slowing down the invader, the heat helps the immune system recruit more troops for a counter-attack. That finding appears in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology.
我很早就知道，發燒的時候，其實是我的身體正在對入侵的病原體做出抵抗。這是事實---高溫可以抑制壞病菌復制的能力。但發燒更是一個組合打擊。除了減緩病原體的入侵，高溫可以幫助免疫系統召集更多的部隊做出抵抗。這一研究發表在《白細胞生物學雜志》。
Researchers warmed up one group of mice to body temperatures of about 103 degrees Fahrenheit. They left another group at normal core temperature—about the same as ours. Then they injected both groups of mice with an antigen, a substance that attracts the attention of the immune system.
研究人員將一組老鼠的體溫升高到103華氏度，另外一組保持正常體溫---大約是人體溫度。然後向這兩組老鼠的體內注射抗原——一種會引起免疫系統反應的物質。
Blood samples taken three days later revealed that the feverish mice had nearly twice as many killer T-cells: the kind of immune cells that can hunt down infected cells or tumor cells, and slaughter them.
三天後，這兩組老鼠的血樣表明，體溫較高老鼠組體內的殺傷性T細胞是正常組的2倍，這種免疫細胞可以追蹤感染細胞或癌細胞，並將其消滅。
So when you're sick and you get the chills, the authors say, your body may be trying to tell you to hop under some blankets. Lie down, warm up and send a message. The heat is on.
所以，當你生病或感到寒冷時，表示你的身體正直向你傳達信息--裹條毯子。躺在床上吧，熱起來，身體自會做出反應。熱度來襲啊。
『肆』 高考英語閱讀理解試題附答案
高考英語閱讀理解試題附答案
做英語閱讀理解題的時候不能只是做，還要學會分析和總結。為了幫助大家，我分享了一些閱讀理解試題，希望能對大家有所幫助!
高考英語閱讀理解試題【1】
Very few people were coming to eat at the White Rose Restaurant, and its owner did not know what to do. The price was reasonable and the food was of good quality, but nobody seemed to want to eat there.
Then he did something that changed all that, and in a few weeks his restaurant is always full of men with their lady friends. Whenever a gentleman came in with a lady, a smiling waiter gave each of them a menu(菜單), The menu looked exactly the same on the outside, but there was an important difference inside. The menu that the waiter gave to the man supplied the correct price for each dish and each bottle of wine. while the menu that he gave to the lady supplied a much higher price! So when the man calmly ordered dish after dish and wine after wine, the lady thought he was much more generous(慷慨) than he really was.
41. Why didn’t people come to the White Rose Restaurant to eat at first?
A. Because the price was high.
B. Because the food was too cheap.
C. Because the food was not good.
D. The passage didn’t mention.
42. According to the passage we can conclude that the people who eat at this restaurant are mostly _______________.
A. poor old people B. rich young people
C. men with their girl friends D. parents with their children
43. The difference between the two kinds of menu lie in ______________.
A. the color B. the shape
C. the price D. the food
44. According to the passage we can infer that when men with their girl friends eat at this restaurant, the food was paid ___________________.
A. always by the ladies only
B. always by the men only
C. sometimes by the ladies
D. either by the men or by the ladies
45. According to the passage we can know that, generally speaking, ____________.
A. men are more generous than women
B. women are more generous than men
C. men like their lady friends to be generous.
D. women like their men friends to be generous
【答案與解析】 41—45 DCCBD
A篇：本文主要講述: 盡管 White Rose 餐館價錢合理，飯菜也好，但很少有人光顧，店主為此想出了一條妙計，從此餐館生意興隆。
41. D。推理判斷題。根據第一自然段可知原文沒有說人們為什麼不到餐館就餐，所以答案為D。
42. C。細節理解題。根據第二自然段第1句 …his restaurant is always full of men with their lady friends 可知答案為 C。
43. C。細節理解題。根據第二自然段 The menu that the waiter gave to the man supplied the correct price for each dish and each bottle of wine. While…the lady supplied a much higher price 可知答案為 C。
44. B。推理判斷題。根據最後一句 So when the man calmly ordered dish after dish and wine after wine, the lady thought he was much more generous than he really was 可推斷出答案為B。
45. D。推理判斷題。根據原文可知侍者給男士的那個菜單價格合理，而給女士的那個菜單價格卻很高，但兩種菜單表面上看卻一樣，這樣女士就會認為她們的男友很大方，因此餐館的這種做法很受男士歡迎，由此可知女人們喜歡自己的男友大方。所以答案為 D。
高考英語閱讀理解試題【2】
When you look at yourself in the mirror, do you ever wonder why you look the way you do? Do you also wonder what biological processes were at work to shape your face, which is as indivial and unique as a fingerprint?
The answer is in a little piece of your DNA called a gene enhancer(增強片段),according to scientists at Berkeley Lab. These little pieces6 of DNA help switch on or boost the expression of specific genes, that control the development of the face and head before birth. What's interesting about these little influential bits of DNA is that a gene enhancer doesn't have to be found anywhere close to the genes and, in some cases, doesn't even have to be located on the same chromosome.
Of course, there are a number of hereditary(遺傳) factors which help determine appearance, for example, a child resembles a parent. The researchers, who outlined their findings in the journal Science, said the gene enhancer adjusts the genes to give your face its final unique look. Even with look similar but are not exactly the same in appearance.
"Our results suggest that there are thousands of enhancers in the human genome that are involved in facial development," said Axel Visel, a geneticist with Berkeley Lab's Genomics Division, who led the research. "We don't know yet what all of these enhancers do, but we do know that they are out there and they are important for facial development."
Scientists have previously been able to identify some of the genetic faults that can cause birth defects, such as a cleft lip(兔唇), but haven't been able to fully understand what genetic factors are responsible for subtle differences in appearance.
26. The author put forward two questions at the beginning of the passage to ________.
A. expect readers to answer them
B. carry out a survey among readers
C. start a discussion among readers
D. draw readers attention to the topic
27. From Paragraph 3, we know that________.
A. identical twins look similar but not exactly the same
B. hereditary factors determine our appearance completely
C. a child resembles a parent because of afterbirth factors
D. the gene enhancer is something useless and unimportant
28. The underlined word "subtle" in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to"___________".
A. not a little
C. not small B. not a bit D. not obvious
29. According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
A. A cleft lip is a kind of birth defects which are caused by genetic faults.
B. Genetic faults can not be identified and fully understood with today's technology.
C. Gene enhancers have something to do with the facial development according to the research
D. The relation between genetic factors and subtle differences in appearance remains a mystery.
30. Which part of a website is the passage probably taken from?
A. Culture.
C. Science.
B. Opinion. D. Business.
【參考答案】26-30 DADBC
你照鏡子的時候，曾想過為什麼會是這個樣子嗎?你還想過什麼生物過程在起作用使你的臉像指紋一樣與眾不同嗎?
26. D。作者意圖題。通讀全文及第一段可知答案。27. A。細節理解題。從第三段最後兩句Even with identical twins, there are subtle differences in appearance. Identical twins Linda and Terry Jamison look similar but are not exactly the same in appearance.可知答案。
28. D。詞義猜測題。從第三段最後一句Identical twins Linda and Terry Jamison look similar but are not exactly the same in appearance.可知即便是十分相像的雙胞胎，外貌上也是有很細微的'差別的。
29. B。細節理解題。從最後一段的Scientists have previously been able to identify...but haven’t been able to fully understand...可知答案。
30. C。推理判斷題。該短文是科普文章，故要到網站的科學信息部分才能讀到。
高考英語閱讀理解試題【3】
Grown- ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star”and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables (乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming (突擊學習) for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one’s future development.
1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown- ups
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember. 2. The author explains the law of overlearning by.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
3. According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is
A. a result of overlearning
B. a special case of cramming
C. a skill to deal with math problems
D. a basic step towards advanced studies
4. What is the author’s opinion on cramming?
A. It leads to failure in college exams.
B. It’s helpful only in a limited way.
C. It’s possible to result in poor memory. D. It increases students’learning interest.
【參考答案】ADAB
;『伍』 科普類英語文章
隨著科學技術的飛速發展和全球化進程的不斷加快，科普 文章 在向社會大眾普及科學技術知識，提高公眾科學素養等方面發揮著舉足輕重的作用。下面是我帶來的科普類英語文章，歡迎閱讀!
科普類英語文章
生物與環境平衡的危機
The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. "Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation," as a scientist has said.
It took hundreds of millions of years to proce the life that now inhabits the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.
The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.
To adjust to these chemicals would require not merely the years of a man’s life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as "pests."
It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. I contend, furthermore, that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.
地球上生命的歷史一直就是一部生物與其環境相互作用的歷史。在很大程度上，地球上動植物的形態以及習性都是由外部環境所塑造的。考慮到地球上生命存在的整個時間，相反作用，即生命對其周圍環境的實際改變作用，卻相對很小。只有在當前這個世紀(指20世紀)才有一個物種--人類，獲得了強大的力量，改變了其所生存的世界的自然狀態。
在過去的1/4世紀中，這種力量不僅日趨強大，而且其性質也發生了變化。在人類破壞環境的種種行為中，最令人擔憂的是人類向大氣、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危險甚至致命物質，而當今這種污染在很大程度上是無法挽救的。在當今這種對環境的普遍污染中，化學製品與輻射狼狽為奸，改變著地球的自然狀態，也就是改變著地球上生命的自然狀態。噴灑到農田、森林或者花園里的化學物質長期滯留於土壤中，滲入有機體內，並彼此相傳，形成了一個中毒與死亡的鏈條。化學物質還神秘地通過地下水傳遞，最終以新的形式出現並結合，使植物毒死，牲畜害病，並使飲用一度純凈的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科學家所言：“人類甚至對自己創造的惡魔都不認識。”
地球歷經了許多億年才創造了棲息其上的生命。經過了一定時間--不是以若干年計而是以若干千年計的時間--生命開始適應環境，並形成了一種與環境的平衡。但是在現代世界中，時間這一因素已經沒有了。
環境改變的速度不再順從大自然從容不迫的節奏，而是順從人類急切匆匆的步伐。輻射是當今人類通過支配原子而得到的一種非自然的創造物。化學製品則是人類有發明創造力的頭腦創造出來的合成物，在自然界本無相應的東西。
為了適應這些化學製品，人類需要付出的時間不會只是一個人一生的時間，而是幾代人的時間。而即使這樣，就算出現奇跡成為可能，這種適應也是徒勞的，因為新的化學製品從我們的實驗室中源源不斷地湧出。僅在美國，每年就有大約500種化學製品投入使用，其中許多是用於人類對自然的戰爭中。從20世紀40年代中期起，人類已經創造了200多種基本化學製品用來消滅昆蟲、野草以及其他所謂的“有害生物”。
我不是說人類決不能使用化學殺蟲劑。我要說的是，我們不分青紅皂白地將這些有毒的、具有強大生物功能的化學製品，交給了那些對這些製品的潛在危害基本上或者完全無知的人去使用。我們使眾多的人接觸這些有毒物質，卻沒有徵得他們的同意，並常常將他們蒙在鼓中。我還要說的一點是，我們允許使用這些化學製品，卻事先很少或者根本沒有調查它們對土壤、水、野生生物以及人類自身造成的影響。我們缺乏對萬物賴以生存的自然界生態統一的關心，對此，我們的後代是不可能原諒的。
科普類英語文章
基因技術能否使人更聰明?Get Smart
Many people dream of having a smarter brain. Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z. Tsien found the key. In September he announced that he’d built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory. A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.
The secret lies in a feature of brain cells called the nmda receptor, which Tsien likens[1] to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates[2] the flow of information. When the window is open, chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature, the window begins to close. (This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)
Tsien noticed that the receptor worked more efficiently when teamed[3] with the gene NR2B, so he introced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs. In a normal mouse, the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second. In Tsien’s specially engineered mice, the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second, long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention. When he pitted[4] his mice against common mice, they won paws down. Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours, but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days. "That’s a profound enhancement," Tsien says.
Can it be done with humans? Maybe, but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Meanwhile, Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab, far from your larder. "Otherwise," he says, "you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."
許多人都希望自己能變成更聰明。普林斯頓神經生物學家Joseph Z. Tsien就找到了這把開啟智慧之門的鑰匙：他於九月宣布，通過改變影響學習和記憶能力的基因培養出了一隻聰明的老鼠。類似的基因處理技術有望在未來日子裡運用到人腦，以推動人類智慧的飛躍。
該技術的奧秘就在於名為nmda感受器的腦細胞的功能。Tsien將其比作一個傳遞信息流的圓柱通道或窗口。當窗口開放時，某種稱為神經傳遞素的化學物質就能輕易流過，記憶因此登記並存儲了下來。然而，當器官成熟時，這扇窗口就開始關閉。(這也能解釋為何 兒童 長大後(性器官成熟之時)會失去掌握新語言的能力，以及為何某些人年老時會患失憶)。
Tsien注意到，當感受器與名為NR2B的基因協作時效率會更高。因此，他將NR2B基因植入一批老鼠的受精卵中。一隻普通老鼠的記憶之窗僅開放千分之150秒。而經Tsien植入基因的老鼠，記憶之窗能開放千分之250秒，這已經能夠使其 記憶力 發生驚人的改變。當他讓自己的老鼠與普通老鼠互斗時，它們竟能輕而易舉地取勝。普通老鼠能夠保留關於Lego block的記憶12小時，而聰明的老鼠居然能將記憶保持三天。“這可是一個意義深遠的進步。”Tsien這樣說。
那麼，人類也能接受這種基因移植嗎? 或許可以，但前提是基因工程得首先做出非凡的成就，還必須解決一系列棘手的倫理問題。Tsien保證他一定會將那些披著毛皮的小天才鎖入實驗室，遠離人們的食品櫃。“否則，”他說，“為了捉住他們，人們就不得不去尋找更聰明的貓或者功能更強的捕鼠器了。”
科普類英語文章
食用轉基因食品安全嗎?Food Safe To Eat?
Traditional plant breeding involve s crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other.GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species――e.g.putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to proce scorpion toxin――but what other effects may it have in this alien environment?We are already seeing this problem――adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow――but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable.
It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA――but what side-effect would it have?In other words，is GM food safe to eat?The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Companies wanting a GM proct approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for10weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The current position of the UK Government is that“ There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.”In the US，the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
傳統的植物培育 方法 ，是依照植物自然雜交的方式，進行相同物種的人工雜交。比如，抗病小麥同高產小麥雜交，形成了一種具有雙重特性的新的小麥品種。這種自然的基因交換既安全，又具有相當的可預見性。
基因工程是在彼此毫無關系的物種之間，相互交換在自然條件下無法交換的基因。它可在有巨大差異的物種之間進行基因交換。比如，將蠍子毒素基因注入玉米，或者將魚防凍基因注入西紅柿。即使在玉米DNA中，蠍子毒素基因依然可能獲得有機組織產生蠍子毒素。但是在這種異質的環境中，這種基因產品會有什麼其他作用嗎?我們實際上已經發現這個問題：將人類生長荷爾蒙基因植入豬的體內，一定會使豬的生長加速，但是同時也使豬患上了關節炎和內斜視，而這一切是完全無法預測的。
打個比方，人類的智力基因顯而易見在人體DNA內和注入捲心菜DNA後的作用是不同的。但將它植入捲心菜中會產生什麼樣的副作用呢?換句話說，食用轉基因食品安全嗎?沒有人知道答案，因為人們尚未進行長期的測試。
在英國或者美國，一個公司如果希望其轉基因產品獲得批准，它必須向管理機構提供本公司轉基因產品安全測試的結果。Monsanto的大豆在獲得批准之前，曾用了10周時間進行喂魚試驗。目前，尚無要求對轉基因產品進行獨立測試、長期測試、人體測試，或者就其對兒童及過敏者所造成的特定危險進行測試。
英國政府目前的態度是：“尚無證據表明食用轉基因食品存在長期性的危險。”在美國，人們正在起訴美國食品葯品管理局掩蓋轉基因食品安全性的研究結果，這些研究結果表明，食用轉基因食品可能導致危險。
『陸』 誰有一些科普類英語短文急需!!
英語科普文章選——2004年十大科學發現
不久前，著名的《科學》雜志評選出2004年最重要的十大科學發現。這些發現中既有人類對神秘宇宙太空的探索，也有對身邊熟悉事物的新發現。無論是何種的科學探索和發現，人類求知的願望和動力永遠都在推動社會的發展和進步。
Water and robots on Mars chosen as tops in 2004 by 'Science'
WASHINGTON — The conclusive discovery by a pair of wheeled robots that Mars once had vast pools of water and possibly could have harbored life was chosen by the editors of the journal Science as the most important scientific achievement of 2004.
Scientists announced in March that the Mars once played host to salty seas. This Mars Express image indicates water erosion.
NASA's two Mars rovers（漫遊者）Opportunity and Spirit, landed on the Red Planet early in 2004 and have since found clear and conclusive evidence that Mars was drenched with（浸透） water at some time in its history.
The editors of Science, one of the world's leading publishers of peer-reviewed, original research, judged the robotic accomplishment as the top scientific "Breakthrough of the Year."
"Inanimate, wheeled, one-armed boxes roaming another planet have done something no human has ever managed," Science reported in this week's edition. "They have discovered another place in the universe where life could once have existed."
Nine other scientific achievements, including discovery of another species of human, were selected as runners-up, but Science editor-in-chief Donald Kennedy said "there wasn't much doubt about this year's winner."
Opportunity and Spirit found unmistakable proof of Martian water: rippled sediments（沉積物） that were once at the bottom of a shallow sea, and rock that once was so water-soaked that "it had rotted," the journal said.
"Their finds mark a milestone in humankind's search for life elsewhere in the universe," Science said.
Kennedy said one of the most important messages from the remote exploration is "the extraordinary efficiency of these robot missions."
He said it is clear that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration must not abandon its robotic exploration while gearing up for President Bush's program to send humans to the moon and later to Mars.
"To do one at the expense of the other would be a mistake," Kennedy said. "It remains to be demonstrated what a human exploration could do that we can't do now or couldn't do in the next 10 years with robotic technology."
The first runner-up for breakthrough of the year was the discovery on the Indonesian island of Flores of fossils from a species of tiny humans who stood about 3 feet tall and had a brain less than a third the size of modern humans. Yet, the diminutive（小的） hominid（原始人） lived about 18,000 years ago. This suggests that Homo floresiensis shared the Earth with Homo sapiens（人類）, or modern people. Science said some described the find as "the biggest discovery in half a century of anthropological research."
Third on Science's list of 2004 breakthroughs was the cloning of human embryos by South Korean researcher Woo San Hwang and his colleagues. The work was not an attempt to genetically plicate a human. Instead, the researchers hoped to make embryonic stem cells for research purposes. Although many other mammals have been cloned, the work was the first to demonstrate that cloning techniques would work with human cells.
Following are the rest of Science's 2004 selections.
4. U.S. and Austrian scientists created a new form of condensate（冷凝物）, an ultracold gas that slips into a quantum state where a group of atoms act as a single superatom. The achievement was notable because it used fermions（費米子）, a class of atoms with a nuclear structure that makes it difficult to create a condensate.
5. Scientists discovered that "junk DNA," the base pairs between known genes in the human genetic structure, play an important role. Several research teams have found that DNA between genes helps determine how vigorously and often the genes are activated and shapes the coding for protein proction.
6. Astronomers discovered a pair of neutron stars（中子星） locked in orbit of each other and spewing out beams of radiation. Both objects are pulsars（脈沖星）, rapidly flickering on and off with pulses of energy. One object is pulsing at the rate of 44 times a second. By studying the radiation, astronomers hope for the first time to learn about the density of matter within a neutron star.
7. Naturalists tracking the fate of wild species worldwide reported bad news. A survey of amphibians（兩棲動物） found that of 5,700 known species, about 30% were at risk of extinction. A survey in the United Kingdom found that butterflies, songbirds and native plant species are all losing ground in the battle for species survival.
8. It is one of the most common and universally known substances, but researchers are still learning more about water. Several teams of researchers made new discoveries about how water molecules（分子） bind together and how electrons（電子） and protons（質子） dissolve in water. Some of the findings are questioned and Science noted: "Water still gives researchers much to scratch their heads about."
9. A new form of research and aid is creating "a revolution in public health," said Science. The partnership of public and private organizations worldwide is changing the way drugs are developed, tested and distributed to the poorest nations on Earth, the journal said. Researchers tallied at least 92 public-private partnerships worldwide attacking such diseases as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
10. Researchers have developed techniques to identify genes in ocean water or in specimens recovered from deep underground. Thousands of new genes have been found. By sequencing these genes, researchers hope to identify news species and, perhaps, learn how organisms survive in harsh and forbidding locations on Earth.
『柒』 高中英語科普閱讀題技巧
感覺科普文章一般結構比較清晰，建議讀的時候即使不能做到每個詞內都弄懂，至少也要弄懂每段容的大意（這個一般在開頭句或者總結句能找到）。回答問題的時候看大概在哪個段落，然後再找就可以了。如果實在文章讀不下去，不妨先看一眼問題，這樣讀起來可能更有目的性。
個人經驗，希望有幫到你
『捌』 科普英語閱讀里的兩道題
1. 非謂語動詞start和句子主語the government buildings之間是被動的關系，所以用過去分詞形式started.
此時start不翻譯版為「開始」，而譯為「始建權」。
2. since引導介賓短語做句子時間狀語時，該句才會使用現在完成時（has begun to）；
用before引導的話，則表示具體的一個過去時間狀語，句子一般用一般過去時或過去完成時。
3. By the fourth century B.C. 到公元前4世紀時
by的意思是「到...的時候」
『玖』 關於低碳生活或綠色科技的英語科普類文章
Recently, my classmates and I participated in the activity of Low – Carbon Living organized by the WWF. On the first day, we chose to go to school by bike or on foot rather than by bus or car. Before we left the classroom, we made sure the lights and the computer were switched off. In order to make full use of paper, we began to write on both sides. Besides, while shopping, we no longer used plastic bags but carried environmentally friendly ones. From joozone.com.
I think what we did on that day was meaningful, which an help us to form. a good habit. We should also call on the people around us to do something for low – carbon living. Only in this way will the earth he a good place to live on.
最近，我和我的同學們參加了–低碳生活組織世界自然基金會的活動。在第一天，我們選擇去騎自行車或步行而不是乘公共汽車或汽車學院。我們離開教室之前，我們確保燈和電腦被關閉。為了充分利用紙張，我們開始寫的兩邊。此外，在購物時，我們不再使用塑料袋，但是環保。愛戴。
我認為我們所做的，都是有意義的，它幫助我們形成。一個好的習慣。我們應該呼籲我們周圍的人們為低碳生活–做某事。只有用這種方式將地球他生活的好地方。