全國高考英語閱讀理解試題
⑴ 高考英語閱讀理解中的數學題
許多人把英語學科看成文科，以為不需要數學思維。但高考英語閱讀理解中的數學題，恰是一種將語言和數學相結合的題目。從數學角度看，高考英語閱讀理解中的數學題難度不高，但陷阱不少。下面以一些歷年高考英語真題、模擬題的相關題型為例，分析題目特點，總結解題方法。
2019年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試2卷C篇第28題如下：
What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A. Food variety.
B. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.
D. Restaurant service.
此題問的是第2段中的數據反映什麼。原文第2段如下：
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half（53 percent）have breakfast alone and nearly half（46 percent）have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
原文講的是46%的人獨自用餐（被動語態），超過53%的人獨自吃早餐，46%的人獨自吃午餐。74%的人會群聚吃晚餐。由此可知這些數據反映的是人們的用餐習慣，因此對應的是B。
2018年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試1卷閱讀理解C篇第30題如下：
How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?
A.About 6 800
B.About 3 400
C.About 2.400
D.About 1-200
題干中的關鍵詞是languaged, spoken , at present以及重要的數字6000。 在一篇英語文章中找數字比找單詞容易，我們可以很容易找到原文中的6000這個數字。
原文The median number (中位數)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
此段講的是語言使用者的中位數是6000，這意味著世界上一半的語言被少於那（個數字）的人所使用。
能否做對此題便取決於考生能否理解「中位數」這一概念。哪怕考生不懂統計學，也可以從字面義大約推斷出來。網路對「中位數」的定義解釋是：「中位數（Median）又稱中值，統計學中的專有名詞，是按順序排列的一組數據中居於中間位置的數。」 套回這篇文章，按使用人數從低到高排列，每種語言各有不同的使用人數，那麼排在中間的語言的使用人數就是中位數。那麼總共有多少種語言呢？本段首句已經揭示----At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. 因此本題答案就是6800的一半即3400，選B。
有的考生會思慮深遠。因為這段話中間部分列舉了不同地區多種語言的使用人數，於是考生可能會花時間去計算出這些語言的使用總人數，再來除以2。這樣雖然也能算出正確答案，但是繞了遠路，答案其實就是本段首句。
2018年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試1卷D篇第34題如下：
Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV.
B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV.
D. The desktop computer.
這道題看起來不是直接的數學計算題，但實際上對應的是不同年代的電器。原文如下：
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. That』s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
此段最後一句非常關鍵，即在做同樣的事情時，過時的電器比新電器消耗更多的能源。也就是說，最新發明的電器，耗能越少。由常識可知，上述四類電器中，最新發明的是tablet平板電腦，因此選B。
2020屆天河區普通高中畢業班綜合測試（二）英語卷閱讀理解A篇有一道數學題：
How much should they pay if a school party of 15 persons book tickets?
A.$135
B.$126
C.$90
D.$84
這篇文章主要講了一個劇院的票價。如果要正確解出答案，由於文章里包含了面對不同人群的多種優惠標價，因此考生第一是要鎖定哪一薦是對就school的，第二是看看具體細則。
原文：Schools:school parties of ten or more can book $9 tickets in advance and will get every 10th ticket free.
翻譯：大於或等於10人的學校團隊可以享受每張9美元的預訂票價，並且每10張票的第10張免費。
分析：這句話代表如果買10張票，那麼實際付的是9張票的錢。15人買票，則要支付14張票的錢，即9美元*14=126美元。
最後來一道與時間有關的練習題，歡迎大家在留言區回答哦！
2018年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試2卷A篇
23.How long does Potty about Potter last?
A. Two days. B. Four days.
C. Five days. D. One week.
原文
Potty about Potter(POT)
Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxford』s Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter.
⑵ 高考英語閱讀理解專項訓練附答案解析
閱讀理解試題是高考英語試卷中分值最重的題型，因此做好閱讀理解題是考取高分的關鍵，考生在備考階段需要加強閱讀理解的訓練。下面我為大家帶來，希望對大家的的高考英語備考有所幫助。
英語閱讀理解專項訓練原文The easy way out isn't always easiest. I learned that lesson when I decided to treat Doug, myhu *** and of one month, to a special meal. I glanced through my cook book and chose a menuwhich included homemade bread. Knowing the bread would take time. I started on it as soon asDoug left for work. As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, twodozen would be better, so I doubled everything. As Doug loved oranges, I also opened a can oforange and poured it all into the bowl. Soon there was a sticky dough covered with uglyyellowish marks. Realizing I had been defeated, I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so Iwouldn't have to face Doug laughing at my work. I went on preparing the rest of the meal, and,when Doug got home, we sat down to Cornish chicken with rice. He tried to enjoy the meal butseemed disturbed. Twice he got up and went outside, saying he thought he heard a noise. Thethird time he left, I went to the windows to see what he was doing. Looking out, I saw Dougstanding about three feet from the rubbish bin, holding the lid up with a stick and lookinginto the container. When I came out of the house, he dropped the stick and explained thatthere was something alive in out rubbish bin. Picking up the stick again, he held the lid upenough for me to see. I felt cold. But I stepped closer and looked harder. Without doubt it wa *** y work. The hot sun had caused the dough to double in size and the fermenting yeast***酵母***made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing. I had to admit what the livingthing was and why it was there. I don't know who was more embarrassed***尷尬*** by the wholething—Doug or me.
英語閱讀理解專項訓練試題：
1. The writer's purpose in writing this story is ________.
A. to tell an interesting experience
B. to show the easiest way out of a difficulty
C. to describe the trouble facing a newly married woman
D. to explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books
2. Why did the woman's attempt at making the bread turn out to be unsuccessful?
A. The canned orange had gone bad.
B. She didn't use the right kind of flour.
C. The cookbook was hard to understand.
D. She did not follow the directions closely.
3. Why did the woman put the dough in the rubbish bin?
A. She didn't see the use of keeping it.
B. She meant to joke with her hu *** and.
C. She didn't want her hu *** and to see it.
D. She hoped it would soon dry in the sun.
4. What made the dough in the bin looks frighting?
A. The rising and falling movement.
B. The strange-looking marks.
C. Its shape.
D. Its size.
5. When Doug went out the third time, the woman looked out of the window becauseshe was ________.
A. surprised at his being interested in the bin
B. afraid that he would discover her secret
C. unhappy that he didn't enjoy the meal
D. curious to know what disturbed him
英語閱讀理解專項訓練答案解析：
1. A。通讀文章後，可知作者寫這篇文章的目的，是想讓人知道她這段有趣的經歷，故應選A。
2. D。文中提及：As I was not experienced in cooking I thought if a dozen was good, two dozenwould be better 和 As Doug loved orange, I also opened a can of orange and poured it all intothe bowl，可知這位家庭主婦***即作者***並未按烹調指南行事，故應選 D。
3. C。作者在意識到自己製做麵包失敗時，put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldn'thave to face Doug laughing at my work, 故應選C。
4. A。這是對句意和細節理解的題目。文中提及：The hot sun had caused the dough to double in sizeand the fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing, 故應選A。
5. D。文中提及：... the third time he left, I went to the windows to see what he was doing. 可知作者在吃飯時就看出丈夫心煩意亂，頻繁出去。當丈夫第三次出去時，作者不知道丈夫出去干什麼，出於好奇，就到窗邊去看。
⑶ 2017年高考英語全國卷1 - 閱讀理解D
A build-it-yourself solar still is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available．Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5'×5' sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container-perhaps just a drinking cup-to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
自行建造太陽能蒸餾器是在很難獲得水的地區獲取飲用水的最佳方法之一。這是一種出色的集水器，由美國農業部的兩位博士研製。不好的是，你必須隨身攜帶必要的設備，因為幾乎不可能找到天然替代品。盡管需要的配件是一塊5』×5』的透明或淡乳色塑料片、6英尺長的塑料管和一個容器（可能只是一個用來盛水的杯子）。這些配件可以折疊成整潔的小包裝，系在腰帶上。
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's proctivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up-and out-the side of the hole.
要建造蒸餾器，可以用鋒利的木棍或石塊挖一個四英尺寬、三英尺深的洞穴。在潮濕的地方挖洞，可以提高集水器的工作效率。將杯子放置在洞穴最深處，然後將管子放好，一頭完全放入杯中，其餘部分從洞穴中伸出。
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
接下來，用塑料片蓋住洞穴，用泥土固定塑料片邊緣，並用石塊壓住塑料板中心。塑料片現在應該會形成一個45度角邊的圓錐體。塑料片的低點必須位於杯子正上方中心位置，且不高於杯子上方三英寸。
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
在塑料片下方形成一個溫室，太陽能蒸餾器就開始工作了。地下水蒸發並聚集在塑料片上，直至形成小水滴，順著材料流下來，落入杯中。當容器裝滿時，可以通過管子吸出淡水，不必每次需要喝水時都要拆除蒸餾器。
⑷ 2021全國高考英語一卷D篇閱讀理解辨析
2021全國高考英語一卷D篇閱讀理解
試題文本第一段：Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person』s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and 「people skills.」 Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
原文節選第一段對照：Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence. Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
1. 本段關鍵信息詞彙：changed, popularization, original, misunderstand, makeup, far beyond, skill-based，but,
a. Popularization: 為大眾所普遍接受的（對普通公眾有吸引力的行為、或者現象）
b.makeup: 取含義 （N-UNCOUNT 天性;性格）Some-one's make-up is their nature and the various qualities in their character.
There was some fatal flaw in his makeup, and as time went on he lapsed into long silences or became off-hand.
他的性格有致命的缺陷，隨著時間的推移，他陷入了久久的沉默，或者變得漠然。
2. 黑體詞部分從語篇思維角度可能會是影響閱讀理解的關鍵詞，也可能是命題題點所需要支持的信息詞。
32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person』s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person』s positive qualities.
本題題干提問信息詞彙：misunderstanding。相對應上面2提到的閱讀以及命題關鍵詞：misunderstood。本題的四個選項對這一部分進行了paraphrase，干擾項把原文信息進行了相反的paraphrase，正確項貌似對信息almost everything desirable 進行了paraphrase：It refers to a person』s positive qualities.但事實上，desirable 和positive 是兩個具有不同性質的修飾類形容詞。兩者嚴謹來講不能同指同一事物。此處，答案選擇D。
文本第一段命題人修改了兩個信息詞distorted—changed；equate—misunderstood。這兩對詞彙的替換是否恰當，供讀者們探討。本觀點認為有欠妥當，因為欠妥當，引起32題的設計結合原文讓人感覺不地道。Distort相似與misunderstood，而equate和misunderstood基本很難語義相關。
考試文本第二段：We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes. The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person.
1.標色部分為「第二段」的試題文本和原文改動詞彙對比。試題文本被認為在此處劃分了另一段落。是否符合語篇寫作形式邏輯，需要從寫作技巧上進行具體分析。
2.事實上，define無需改為describe。Prosocial or antisocial purposes改為good or bad purposes已經改變了，原作者的寫作意圖，兩者含義區別很大，會給讀者造成一定的思維干擾。perceive,understand,know這樣的替換還是可以的。therapist/doctor，gauge/find, client/ patient,whereas/while, con artist/cheater的替換也可以接受。Ethical 應該是課標詞彙，無需修改。
3.「The ability< to accurately understand how others are feeling >may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. 」這是一個復雜句子，the ability 指上文提到的emotional intelligence所代表的能力。The ability may be used by a doctor to find...whereas (此處還是覺得原詞更好）表示「指定性轉折對比」，醫生可以用以對症治療，騙子也可能拿來行騙。得出結論：有情商的人群可能是具有兩面性的分類人群。
33. Why does the author mention 「doctor」 and 「cheater」 in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
此題屬於細節理解題。理解了原文信息就可以讀懂題干。但是選項信息區別性不是太大，命題人從主觀角度給出D為標准答案。比較起來，D為最佳。AC並沒有原則上的非正確性的信息支持。
考試文本第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重視) on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social well-being.
原文對照：Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare.
1. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.
雖然關於情商的流行（大眾化）觀點遠遠超出了研究所能提供的合理支持（論證），但宣傳的總體效果是利大於弊。
a.run far ahead of :遠遠跑在前面。此處語境指「遠遠超過」。
b.publicity n.(媒體的)關注，宣傳，報道;宣傳業;廣告宣傳工作;傳播工作
2. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare.
這種普及(媒體宣傳形成的人們的普遍認知）最積極的方面是僱主、教育工作者和其他關心促進社會福利的人對情感的一種新的和急需的強化。
試題文本第四段：
The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
原文對照：The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life.
此處research psychology/researchers,humans/people的替換意義不是很大，原文詞彙更加貼切達意。
1.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped boththe public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.情商的普及幫助公眾和研究者重新評估情感的功能以及它們如何在日常生活中適應性地為人們服務。
34. What is the author』s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
詢問作者情感態度的試題一般可以通過文章信息獲得答案。文本3.4段表明作者的態度是肯定的。
試題文本第五段：
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 視角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.
雖然情緒智力的持續流行的吸引力是可取的，我們希望這種關注將激發對情緒的科學和學術研究的更大興趣。
2. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 視角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
我們希望在未來的幾十年裡，科學的進步將提供新的視角以此來研究人們如何管理（引領）自己的生活。此處，原文當中的navigate要比修改後的manage更能表達意義。
3.Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
情商，以其對頭腦和心靈的關注，可能會為我們指明正確的方向。
原文對照：
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
此題的命題點屬於對段落大意進行概括，關聯關鍵詞「hope,will，may」, 鏈接答案中的expectations。D項的語言表述是有問題的。B項可以改為：Expectations for future studies on it. C項可以改為：The practical application on it.
總結：本文是節選。文章基本表意完整。選取這一部分視角和普通關於情商的認知有一定的差異性。也正是這種認知差異性使得本文通過英語傳達的思想略有難度。文本有一些復雜句，但整體句式整齊，沒有偏怪句式，不會產生明顯的句式語言障礙。當然，也會對學生的基本語法習得情況有一定的區分度。試題命制中規中矩。試題文本被命題人劃分為5段，從文法角度是否嚴謹科學有待考證。建議語篇分析此文時酌情科學進行。
試卷試題：
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重視) on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 視角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person』s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person』s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention 「doctor」 and 「cheater」 in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.
34. What is the author』s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable.B. Intolerant.C. Doubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
原文鏈接：http://eqi.org/salov2.htm Wechat Official Account: FreedomWriter
節選原文：Popularization has in some cases distorted the original scientific definition of emotional intelligence. Many people now equate emotional intelligence with almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to define emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either prosocial or antisocial purposes. The ability to accurately perceive how others are feeling may be used by a therapist to gauge how best to help her clients, whereas a con artist might use it to manipulate potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one an ethical person.
Although popular claims regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, ecators and others interested in promoting social welfare. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and research psychology reevaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve humans adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is both warranted and desirable, we hope that such attention will stimulate a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in cognitive and affective science will offer intertwining perspectives from which to study how people navigate their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may adequately serve to point us in the right direction
⑸ 2021年高考英語全國卷 - 閱讀理解C
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly recing waterfowl habitat.
當探險家們第一次踏上北美洲大陸時，天空和大地上到處都是各種各樣的野生動物，美洲土著人智慧地保護了這些寶貴的自然資源。然而僅僅幾十年，探險家和定居者們就奪走了這些資源中的大部分。數百萬只水鳥在市場獵人和一些野心勃勃的運動員手中被殺。上百萬英畝，用於喂養和容納不斷增加的水禽種群的濕地乾涸，水禽棲息地大大減少。
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. 「Ding」 Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
1934年，隨著《候鳥狩獵郵票法案》的通過，越來越受到關注的國家採取了堅定的行動，制止對候鳥水禽以及對它們的生存至關重要的濕地的破壞。根據該法案，所有16歲及以上的水禽獵手每年都必須購買並攜帶聯邦鴨票。第一張聯邦鴨票是由J.N.「丁」達林設計的，他是愛荷華州得梅因的一位政治漫畫家，當時被富蘭克林·羅斯福總統任命為生物調查局局長。獵人願意購買鴨票，可以確保我們自然資源的生存。
About 98 percent of every ck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
每一張鴨票的98%直接進入候鳥保護基金，用於購買濕地和野生動物棲息地，納入國家野生動物保護區系統——確保這片土地得到保護，提供給子孫後代。自1934年以來，已有超過5億美元的資金投入該基金，用於購買超過500萬英畝的棲息地。難怪聯邦鴨票計劃被稱為有史以來最成功的保護計劃之一。
⑹ 2021高考英語全國乙卷閱讀理解D篇優劣辨析
2021年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試D篇
原文鏈接：
https://hbr.org/2017/10/why-you-can-focus-in-a-coffee-shop-but-not-in-your-open-office
2021全國乙卷D篇文本
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干擾) in his open office, he said, 「That』s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分貝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one』s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of"distracted focus"appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others』 conversations while we』re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence.
B. 50 decibels.
C. 70 decibels.
D. 85 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
35.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He's a news reporter. B. He』s on office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
答案：ACDD
解讀：
文章大意：辦公環境「噪音」對環境當中的「人的大腦」的影響。「帶入式」噪音和「非帶入式噪音」是有差別的。文本詞數：394。
本文本因為對原文進行了大量的刪減。所以可以看出刪除部分包含以文章main idea為核心的相關research, 也就是缺少了連貫的科學研究過程的闡述，且以作者第一人稱來敘述，研究並非作者親自參與，所以文章style屬於敘事體，高考當中的文本體裁趨近界定為nonfiction范疇的類科普說明文（事實上是缺少科普文所應該具備的要素的）。
文章當中有一個關鍵信息詞彙coworking space。
拓展信息：
聯合辦公（共享辦公）是一種為降低辦公室租賃成本的辦公模式，來自不同公司的個人在聯合辦公空間中共同工作，在特別設計和安排的辦公空間中共享辦公環境，彼此獨立完成各自項目。同樣的，其應該具有以下四個要素：輕服務——免費提供公共辦公空間、網路、茶水、列印、安保服務等夠靈活——即租即用，租期靈活，領包入住分割式——一個辦公場地被劃分為許多小塊，按照自身需求尋找相應共享式——來自不同公司的個人共享一個辦公環境，更加強調空間與人之間的連接。國內的聯合辦公行業，各品牌已經開始有自己較為明晰對的定位和細分客群， 優客工場和氪空間擁有現如今國內最大的空間數量以及經營面積，主張便捷高效的辦公理念，在引入多元化投資機構的同時，已逐步完成了自身生態圈體系的搭建。
2.1第一段當中During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干擾) in his open office, he said, 「That』s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
本段命題人對原文有一定的改編，首句起到一個引入主題的作用，但對文章整體核心信息並沒有密切的關聯性，所以篇章首句並非都是文本信息具有main idea 有提示作用的關鍵句（如很多文本解讀所述）。整體看，第一段內容屬於中式思維改編，具有一定的跳躍性，但整體信息可以理解。第一段最後兩句的轉折從信息攝入角度看，因信息不足顯得牽強。此處，命題人命制了第一題：
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
其實本題的信息提示點遍布全文。只要讀懂全文，回答這個問題就比較容易。但是僅僅從第一段信息來看，試題的答案的文本信息支持是不足的。而本文當中如本題題干提示題境的the interviewer的選擇僅僅在第一段中提到，因此判斷其相關性很牽強。作為考試題答案選擇A。第一段最後一句是一個過渡句，引起下文提到的研究。但是命題人改編刪減後，下文提到的研究所表述的內容和原文的核心信息發生了偏離，同時「開放辦公環境」和「聯合/共享區域辦公」的差異性沒有體現出來。使得文章主體信息發生了偏離。但是不影響做題。
2.2文本第二段：The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分貝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
但在70分貝噪音環境中（和咖啡廳里的噪音水平非常接近）的那一組在創造性思維測試中的表現是遠超過其它組的表現的。此外，我們的創造性思維水平在完全安靜的環境中和在85分貝的背景噪音環境中其實並沒有多大差別。此處闡述研究發現人們工作環境的噪音分貝對人們創造性思維的影響。信息直觀陳述。下一題：33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
Total silence. B. 50 decibels. C. 70 decibels. D. 85 decibels. 因為題干信息提示非常具體—— promote creative thinking ability，回讀文章however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups.既可以選擇答案為C。此處，從做題角度需要考生讀懂幾個關鍵數字（分貝）相關聯的信息。上句是一個復雜巨，把破折號部分去掉，理解outperform基本就可以理解此處信息點，選擇正確答案。
2.3 文本第三段和第四段
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one』s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of"distracted focus"appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others』 conversations while we』re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
這兩段信息也是經過命題人以自己的思維模式刪減改編的。整體上已經偏離了原文所要傳遞的科學規范的邏輯思路和信息。變成了命題人自己的thoughts。所以從文章精準信息傳遞上比較欠缺嚴謹性。第三段所表達的內容基本屬於相關研究結果。屬於對「開放式辦公環境」噪音影響思維的一個研究作證，但並非是「開放式」辦公環境思維能力受干擾的直接相關因素。直接因素是：熟悉環境下人們交談等內容對聽者所引發的代入感才是真正的「干擾」。此處命題：
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
題干提示下的四個備選答案ABC三個選項在文中基本沒有出現相關信息。只有D可以被選為正確答案。此題的問題在於背離真實科學信息而設立的情境。那麼這種閱讀理解以及閱讀理解考查就是虛假的理解測評。
35.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He's a news reporter. B. He』s on office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
最後一個題目設置的比較頭重腳輕，需要回到文章首句。基本就可以選擇答案了。這個題目從測試目標看效果不太理想。
總結：本文內容特色提及了關於「人腦對於噪音」的影響反應。屬於科普知識。但是文章語境涉及的是辦公環境，是學生所不熟悉的信息。與學生生活學習相關性不大。同時，此類研究並非學術界主流話題研究，非熱點話題。文章經過刪減改變後信息傳遞發生了本質變化，違背了傳遞真實信息的原則，也就是，讀者攝取的可能是不真實的信息。這是本文文本所變現的問題。本篇高考閱讀理解難度從考場答題角度來說屬於中等或中等偏下。題目設置以及干擾項並非很完整。
A few years ago, ring a media interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still ponder often. Ranting about the level of distraction in his open office, he said, 「That』s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus.」
While I fully support the backlash against open offices, the comment struck me as odd. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout.
But I recently came across a series of studies examining the effect of sound on the brain that reveals why his strategy works.
From previous research, we know that workers』 primary problem with open or cubicle-filled offices is the unwanted noise.
But new research shows that it may not be the sound itself that distracts us…it may be who is making it. In fact, some level of office banter in the background might actually benefit our ability to do creative tasks, provided we don』t get drawn into the conversation. Instead of total silence, the ideal work environment for creative work has a little bit of background noise. That』s why you might focus really well in a noisy coffee shop, but barely be able to concentrate in a noisy office.
One study, published in the Journal of Consumer Research, found that the right level of ambient noise triggers our minds to think more creatively. The researchers, led by Ravi Mehta of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.
Participants were randomized into four groups and everyone was asked to complete a Remote Associates Test (a commonly used measurement that judges creative thinking by asking test-takers to find the relationship between a series of words that, as first glance, appear unrelated). Depending on the group, participants were exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group (those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop) significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking doesn』t differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise — the equivalent of a loud garbage disposal or a quiet motorcycle. Since none of us presumably want to work next to a garbage disposal or motorcycle, I found this surprising.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually boost one』s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may disrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This type of 「distracted focus」 appears to be the optimal state for working on creative tasks. As the authors write, 「Getting into a relatively noisy environment may trigger the brain to think abstractly, and thus generate creative ideas.」
In another study, researchers used frontal lobe electroencephalographic (EEG) machines to study the brain waves of participants as they completed tests of creativity while exposed to various sound environments. The researchers found statistically significant changes in creativity scores and a connection between those scores and certain brain waves. As in the previous study, a certain level of white noise proved the ideal background sound for creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The quiet chatter of colleagues and the gentle thrum of the HVAC should help us focus. The problem may be that, in our offices, we can』t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others』 conversations or from being interrupted while we』re trying to focus. Indeed, the EEG researchers found that face-to-face interactions, conversations, and other disruptions negatively affect the creative process. By contrast, a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of ambient noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
Taken together, the lesson here is that the ideal space for focused work is not about freedom from noise, but about freedom from interruption. Finding a space you can hide away in, regardless of how noisy it is, may be the best strategy for making sure you get the important work done.
原文翻譯：
相信很多人都有這樣的感受：在很吵的咖啡廳能夠非常專注地工作，但在開放式的辦公室卻很難做到專注。究竟為什麼會出現這種現象呢？研究表明，適當水平的環境噪音能激發我們的思維進行更有創造性地思考。讓我們在工作中分心的可能並不是噪音本身，而是是誰製造的這些聲音。在開放式的辦公室，我們通常無法阻止自己被其他人的談話內容所吸引和帶入，或是當我們想集中注意力時卻經常被其他人打斷和打擾。適合專注工作的理想工作環境並不是沒有一點噪音的安靜環境，而是一種不會受到他人打斷和干擾的環境。
幾年前，有一位媒體記者朋友針對我剛出版的一本新書對我做了一次專訪，專訪期間，這位媒體記者說的一段讓我至今都經常思考的話。他說，他所在的開放式辦公環境的噪音讓他非常容易分心，對此他已經忍無可忍，於是他在公司辦公樓街對面的一個聯合辦公空間辦了一個會員，他在那裡能更加專注地工作。
開放式的辦公環境的各種噪音容易讓人分心，對於這一點我非常認同，也深有體會。但是這位記者朋友說到的聯合辦公空間能夠讓他更加專注地工作，這一點卻讓我很難理解。畢竟聯合辦公空間通常採用的也是開放式的辦公布局。
但是最近當我看了一系列研究聲音對大腦的影響方面的文章後，我才開始理解為什麼我的那位媒體朋友為了能專注地工作而選擇在聯合辦公空間工作而不願在自己的開放式辦公室工作。
根據之前的研究，我們知道，開放式辦公環境讓大家最頭疼的一個問題就是有各種大家不想聽到的噪音。
但是最新的研究發現，讓我們在工作中分心的可能並不是聲音本身，而是是誰製造的這些聲音。實際上，適度的辦公室幽默和閑言笑語對我們完成一些創造性的工作是有幫助的，只要我們自己不被這種閑言笑語帶進去就行。適合創造性工作的理想工作環境其實並不是那種一點噪音都沒有的絕對安靜的環境，而是有那種有適度水平的背景噪音的環境。這也是為什麼你能夠在一個有點吵的咖啡廳里專注工作，而在一個嘈雜的辦公室里卻很難集中精力工作。
《消費者研究周刊》發布的一份研究報告顯示，適當水平的環境噪音能激發我們的思維進行更有創造性地思考。伊利諾伊大學香檳分校的Ravi Mehta教授帶領一些研究人員做了這樣一項研究：研究了不同水平的噪音是如何影響那些正在進行創造性思維測試的研究對象的。
研究對象被隨機分為四組，每個人都被要求完成一項遠距離聯想測試（註：研究創造力問題的一種測驗方法。通常，提供幾個相隔較遠的片語，猜測它們共同的關聯詞。如，「鹽 、 深 、 沫」，它的關聯詞是「海」。創造性思考是將聯想得來的元素重新整合的過程。新結合的元素相互之間聯想的距離越遠，這個思維的過程或問題的解決就更有創造力。有創造力的人的聯想不同於一般人。有創造力的人他們有廣泛的聯想，一個元素可以與許多其他元素連接；而一般人的元素連接則比較少）。以組為單位，我們會為研究對象在測試過程中設置不同水平的噪音，從完全的靜音到50分貝、70分貝和85分貝的噪音。大部分分組之間的差異其實並不是太大，但在70分貝噪音環境中（和咖啡廳里的噪音水平非常接近）的那一組在創造性思維測試中的表現是遠超過其它組的表現的。此外，我們的創造性思維水平在完全安靜的環境中和在85分貝的背景噪音環境中其實並沒有多大差別。
因為在70分貝的噪音環境中的那一組的研究對象在創造性思維測試中的表現明顯好於其它組，因此研究認為，恰當水平的背景噪音（噪音不是太大，也不太過安靜）實際上是有助於提高一個人的創造性思維能力的。恰當水平的背景噪音可能會打亂我們正常的思維模式，使我們的想像力得以漫遊，但又不至於會讓我們無法集中注意力。這種「分心式的專注」能夠讓我們以最佳狀態完成創造性任務。正如作者所寫的的那樣：「在一個相對嘈雜的環境中可能會刺激我們的大腦進行更加抽象性地思考，從而產生創造性的想法。」
在另一項研究中，當研究對象在不同水平的噪音環境下完成創造性思維測試的時候，研究人員使用額葉腦電圖（EEG）機器來研究研究對象的腦電波。研究人員發現，研究對象的創造性思維的表現分數在不同噪音環境下的變化是非常大的，同時還發現這個分數與特定的腦電波是有緊密聯系的。和此前的研究結果一樣，一定水平的白噪音環境是完成創造性任務的理想環境。
所以問題來了：為什麼我們中的大部分人都討厭在開放式的辦公室里辦公呢？同事們之間小聲安靜的交談和空調系統製造的柔和聲音應該是能幫助我們集中注意力的。但問題是，在我們所處的開放式辦公室里，我們通常無法阻止自己被其他人的談話內容所吸引和帶入，或是當我們想集中注意力時卻經常被其他人打斷和打擾。事實上，腦電圖研究人員發現，面對面的交流、交談和其他干擾會對人們的創造性工作過程產生負面影響。相比之下，聯合辦公空間或咖啡館提供了一定程度的陌生環境噪音，同時也能讓自己免受他人的打擾，不會有人在你努力集中注意力工作的時候走過來打斷你、干擾你。
總的來說，我們通過上述這些研究成果學到的是：適合專注工作的理想工作環境並不是沒有一點噪音都沒有的決定安靜的環境，而是一種不會受到他人打斷和干擾的環境。因此，找到一個你可以沉浸進去專注工作的環境，不管這個環境有多嘈雜，這才是確保你能完成重要工作的最佳策略。
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⑺ 2020年高考英語全國卷1 - 閱讀理解C
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
研究表明，競走和跑步一樣，有許多健身益處，但造成的傷害可能最小。不過，它也有自己的問題。
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport』s rules require that a race walker』s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times. It』s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
成為競走運動員是有條件的。夏季奧運會最長的田徑項目是50公里競走，比馬拉松長約5英里。這項運動的規則要求競走者在擺動腿的大部分時間里膝蓋保持筆直，一隻腳與地面始終保持接觸。然而，馬薩諸塞州塞勒姆州立大學運動科學助理教授傑克琳•諾伯格說，正是奇怪形式使競走成為非常吸引人的活動。
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
她說，和跑步一樣，競走對身體的要求也很高，根據大多數計算結果，每小時6英里的速度行走的競走者每小時大約消耗800卡路里，大約是他們步行消耗熱量的兩倍，盡管比跑步少，跑步每小時可能消耗1000以上卡路里。
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
然而，諾伯格博士說，競走對身體的沖擊不如跑步。根據她的研究，跑步者撞擊地面的重量是他們體重的四倍，而不離開地面的競走者每踏一步的重量只有體重的1.4倍。
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner』s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport』s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
因此，她說，一些與跑步有關的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競走者中並不常見。但這項運動的奇怪形式確實給腳踝和臀部帶來了相當大的壓力，因此有過這類損傷史的人在採用這項運動時可能需要謹慎。她說，事實上，任何想嘗試競走的人都應該先咨詢教練或有經驗的競走者，學習正確的技術。這需要一些練習。
⑻ 2018年高考英語全國Ⅰ卷 閱讀題C篇「經濟學人」
C
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (聯系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, instrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory ecation, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數) of speakers is mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon （eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast.
B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.
D. They were closely connected.
29. Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Complex. B. Advanced. C. Powerful. D. Modern.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present？
A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1,200.
31. What is the main idea of the text？
A. New languages will be created.
B. People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
(答案戳下方「閱讀原文 」 )
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