英語閱讀總結全文大意
❶ 高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧
高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧
導語:高考復習的重點一是要掌握所有的知識點,二就是要大量的做題,以下是我為大家精心整理的高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧,歡迎大家參考!
閱讀理解之主旨大意題
我們閱讀一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明確其主旨。因此, 主旨大意題是常考題。主旨大意題包括:主要內容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章標題(title)型、寫作目的(purpose)型。廣東高考近幾年來考查過的題目中mainly about只考過4題,title題考了5題, purpose題考了5題。
解題技巧
1.弄清文章的大意, 關鍵是找到主題句。
主題句的位置:主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應, 有時也在文中,或沒有主題句,需根據文章所述內容進行歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。議論文和說明文一般有主題句,但記敘文通常沒有主題句,需要歸納。
2.找主題句的方法:用瀏覽法(skimming),即
快速閱讀文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主題線索和主題信息。找主題句的四個小竅門:
(1)段落中出現表轉折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually等)時, 該句很可能是主題句。
(2)首段出現疑問句時, 對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
(3)作者有意識地反復重復的觀點,通常是主旨;反復出現的詞語,一般為體現文章主旨的關鍵詞。
(4)表示總結或結論的話常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。
3.關於干擾項和正確答案。
(1)干擾項可能屬文中某個具體事實或細節;可能屬文中某些 (不完全的)事實或細節片面推出的錯誤結論;可能屬非文章事實的主觀臆斷。
(2)正確答案:是根據文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來的;但不能太籠統、言過其實或以偏概全。
4.在閱讀理解中,主旨大意題常有以下幾種命題方式: (1)Main idea型:選擇項多為陳述句,要求考生選擇表達作者思想或觀點的.句子。題干多為如下形式:
①What's the main idea/point of the passage?
②The passage is mainly about________.
③The passage is mainly concerned about________.
④Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
⑤Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
⑥In this passage the author discusses primarily______.
⑦The subject discussed in this text is________.
⑧The general/main idea of the passage is about________.
(2)Main purpose型:選擇項多為動賓結構,要求考生找到主要的寫作目的,常見以下幾種題干形式:
①What's the purpose of the passage?
②The passage is meant to________.
③The purpose of the article is to________.
④In this passage the writer tries to tell us that________.
⑤The passage tells us that________.
⑥The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ...
(3)標題型:選擇文章標題是另一類對主旨大意題考查的形式,命題形式:
①The best title of the passage is________.
②Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
③The best title for the passage is________.
④The most appropriate title of the passage is________.
In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
典型例析
From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people...Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness...But only when we stop
pretending we're brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that's in them.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A.A Wheelchair Experience.
B.Weakness and Kindness.
C.Weakness and Strength.
D.A Driving Experience
解析:主旨大意題。在第一段中,出現了表轉折的But...可知,「But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people」便是主題句,再根據第二段最後一句可以確定,這句的確是主題句。又因標題要簡明、醒目,故選B。
答案:B
In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources (資源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持續的)ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable
procts.In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.
Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries....In recent years the markets for sustainable procts have grown by more than 50%.
45.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To introce a new business model.
B.To compare two business models.
C.To predict a change of the global market.
D.To advocate sustainable development.
解析:主旨大意題。在第一段中,出現了轉折的Actually,其後的「People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed,and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持續的)ways」是主題句,隨後的兩句話都是對這一句進
行解釋;句中兩個must清楚表明了作者「提倡可持續發展」,第二段首句「Today,sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries」進一步說明,作者寫這篇文章的主要目的是「提倡可持續發展」。故選D。
答案:D
Although the use of the expression is an insincere, meaningless social custom at times, there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is little uninteresting. The salesgirl, the waitress, the teacher, and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way, it's nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really don't care all that much. While the expression may not often
be sincere, it is always spoken. The point is that people say it all the time when they like.
30.What is the best title of the passage?
A.Have a Nice Day — a Social Custom
B.Have a Nice Day — a Pleasant Gesture
C.Have a Nice Day — a Heartwarming Greeting
D.Have a Nice Day — a Polite Ending of a Conversation
解析:主旨大意題。由該段的第一句(特別是custom一詞)可知。
答案:A
(2013年高考)Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear.Children know this very well. Fred Epstein,in his book If I Make It to Five,tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom,a fouryearold boy with a cancer in his back bone.He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination
…
It doesn't mean that you should dress as a superhero for you next job interview. But,next time you are tested in a way that seems impossible, imagine what it would take to overcome it. Become the person you need to become to win over your challenge and do it in your mind first. So,let your imagination run wild,and dare to dream.
30.What is the purpose of the passage?
A.To tell us an interesting story.
B.To help us make right decisions.
C.To advise us to care about children.
D.To encourage us to use our imagination.
解析:主旨大意題。由文章首句Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear和全文末句So, let your imagination run wild, and dare to dream可知,作者寫這篇文章的目的是鼓勵我們運用我們的想像力。
答案:D
;❷ 英語閱讀理解技巧主旨
英語閱讀理解技巧主旨
主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中准確把握文章主旨大意的能力。下面我給大家整理有關英語閱讀理解主旨大意題的解題技巧,歡迎大家閱讀學習!
【主旨大意題解題技巧】
主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中准確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設題。
常見的設題方式有:
1 標題類常見的標題型題干
1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.
2)The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.
3)What is the best title for the passage?
4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?
2 大意類常見的主題型題干
5) This passage chiefly deals with____________.
6) What‘s the topic of the article?
7) What is the subject discussed in the text?
8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?
3 目的主旨大意題
The author‘s main purpose in writing the passage is______. The passage is meant to _____ The purpose of this article is _______
這類題通常圍繞一個中心思想展開。不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的中心思想。第一段常常是內容的梗概,同時又表達了中心思想,但是不少文章的中心思想貫穿全文,並沒有用一句話明確表達出來。這就要求學生學會歸納概括。每個段落往往也由一個主題句或幾個陳述句構成,它們在句中的位置不同,有時在開頭,首先點明本段大意; 有時在結尾, 總結本段大意。
做這類題,首先要找出文章的主題句。找出文章的主題句,也就明確了文章要講什麼,再通過速讀全文,就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在許多文段中,沒有可以概括全段意義的主題句,必須根據文章中所提供的事實細節,進行全面分析,然後歸納成一般概念。但必須注意,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時過於寬泛,要恰如其分。
A.主題句呈現的形式
1?文首開門見山, 提出主題, 隨之用細節來解釋, 支撐或發展主題句所表達的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方式. 例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.
例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
2).文尾?在表述細節後, 歸納要點, 印象, 結論建議或結果, 以概括主題. 這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式
3).文中通常前面只提出問題, 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出, 而後又作進一步的解釋, 支撐或發展.
例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
4).首尾呼應?為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結尾時再次點出主題, 這種首尾呼應的'寫作方式較為多見. 但前後表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復, 後面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。
例5.?首段?Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she said„
?尾段?“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.‖Shu said.
5).無主題句?即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據文篇中所提供的事實細節?進行全面考慮?綜合分析?然後找出共同的東西?歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是?既不能以偏概全?也不能在概括時過於寬泛?要恰如其分。
例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ????
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent ecation. D. A good lawyer needs good ecation.
[分析]此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句?只陳述了四個細節(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看?個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來?進行邏輯推理?才能構成一個沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由於文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況?即作者想告訴我們的是?Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育?所以答案是 ?
除了以上主題句呈現的常見形式外還要注意標志詞 文章或段落的主題句常常會出現在一些標志性的提示後。如?on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus„..I agree with the opinion that„.;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that„.; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer„.
;❸ 如何快速總結考研英語閱讀理解的段落大意
建議今年考研那復習考研英仍然要反復研讀真題,做完不是關鍵,關鍵是分析內。以閱讀真題為例,首先容要不斷精讀,做到看到一句話能立刻正確反映出句子結構和句子成分,沒有生單詞。建議識記閱讀中的生詞,尤其是動詞和形容詞。其次,分析並翻譯閱讀中出現的長難句。再次,要分析文章及段落大意。最後,要分析文章後面的每個題目及各選項,弄明白各選項正確與否的依據。
❹ 英語閱讀題主旨大意題解題技巧
英語閱讀題主旨大意題解題技巧
由於大綱要求讀懂議論文和說明文,而真正的考研當中大概95%都是議論文,而考議論文的話,最重要的就是考議論文最具有標志性的東西,也就是說議論文主要考的就是論點和論據,那論點表現在題目上最有標志性的就是主旨大意題。很多同學反應文章的主旨比較難抓,那我從文章的結構入手,旨在給學生梳理清楚!
【英語閱讀題主旨大意題解題技巧】
(一)主旨大意題的命題規律
1.從考查的對象上劃分,主旨大意題可分為兩種:
(1)篇章主旨:針對全文的主題進行提問。主題句出現在首段的居多,其次是末段或為幾段主題的綜合。
(2)段落主旨:針對某一段或幾段的主題提問。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句,也可能不在此(幾)句,需要從上下文中尋找或總結。
2.從考查的內容上劃分,還可分為主題類(內容)(考查文章或段落的主旨大意)、目的類(考查文章或段落的寫作目的)和標題類(要求考生選出文章的最佳標題)三種。
主旨大意題經常用main idea, main point, key point, maintopic, mainly discuss, mainly explain, is mainly about; purpose; best title等詞語來表達。
(二)主旨大意題的常考點
1.段首、段尾句常考:段首、段尾句一般表達了文章的.中心思想,或者就是該段的主題句,對全文或全段起著提綱挈領的作用。
2.語義轉折處常考:尤其是段首的語義轉折,其後面往往是作者真實的寫作目的或基本觀點,即文章的中心思想所在。
3.因果句常考:因果句通常可以表現出作者的意圖、觀點甚至全文的主題,因此成為考點。
(三)主旨大意題的7招技巧
一篇文章的主旨往往會在文章的第一段或開頭部分找到。作者會通過“首段提問法”、“轉移重心法”、“獨句段開頭”、“類比開頭”、“事例開頭法”等約定俗稱的方式暗示或引入主題。因此,解答主旨題時,大家要首先重點研讀文章第一段和第二段的段首句。
1. 首段提問法
如果文章第一段的第一句話、最後一句話或者第二段第一句是一個疑問句,那麼本文的主旨就很可能是對該問題的一個解答。在這里同學一定要注意的一點就是並列問句不是主旨。
2. 喜新厭舊類
如果文章第一段先描述一件事情,然後在本段或第二段首句出現轉折詞,進而表述另一件事情,那麼本文主旨就是轉折詞之後的另一件事。這類題目多會考的一種題型是寫作意圖題。
3. 事例開頭類
如果文章開頭引用、敘述個人經歷、講述故事、描寫一起事故等方式舉例。其目的顯然是要通過舉例的方法引出文章主題。通常情況下,這類文章的主題都會在首段末句或第二段的首句。
4. 類比開頭法
如果一篇文章開頭或第一段涉及一項內容A,隨後或者第二段開頭用到“Now the same thing is happening to B”等表示類比的句型,那麼,這時可以確定本文主旨是B內容。
5. 獨句段法
如果一篇文章的第一段是一句話,那麼本文的主旨就是本句話所表達的內容。
6. 大眾觀點法
如果作者在文章的開頭引用大眾的或他人的觀點,其目的顯然是要通過大眾或他人引出自己的觀點。通常情況下,這類文章的主題會在表述大眾觀點或他人觀點的句子之後。
7. 各段分述法
有些文章的第一段可能並沒有採用上述方法來引入主題,這時可以考慮本篇文章是否採用了“各段分述,圍繞主題”的方法。
總而言之,主旨類題在考研英語閱讀理解中占據著相當重要的位置,能否正確理解文章主旨,對於作對閱讀題具有絕對的指導性意義。而且,尤為關鍵的是,掌握了文章的主旨,對於其他題目的選擇有著相當強的指導作用。
;❺ 高中英語閱讀全文翻譯
你好
Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoy』s War and Peace, is more than once described as having 「fat little hands.」
拿破崙,這一托爾斯泰筆下著作《戰爭與和平》中的角色,不只是像曾經描述過的那樣「有一雙肥肥的小手」
附:character character ['kæriktə]
n. 個性, 品質; 字元; 人物; 名譽; 地位
adj. [劇](角色)代表某一特性的
這里做「角色」之意
Nor does he 「sit well of firmly on the horse.」
他也不是「在馬背上牢固地坐好。」
附:firmly adv. 堅固地; 堅定地; 穩固地; 堅決
He is said to be 「undersized,」 with 「short legs」 and a 「round stomach」.
據說他「身材矮小」,有一雙「短腿」和一個「圓圓的肚子」。
附:undersized adj. 較一般為小的, 不夠大的;尺寸不足的
round adj. 圓的, 圓形的; 豐滿的, 圓胖的; 球形的; 巨大的
The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoy』s description ---- it seems not that far off from historical accounts ---- but his choice of facts: other things that could be said of the mane are not said.
這篇文章在這里並非是對托爾斯泰描述的糾正(意譯)--它(應指托老的《戰爭與和平》)看起來和歷史紀錄相差並不遙遠--但他(托老)對於事實的選擇:其他的事情(如)關於鬃毛的本可以提及則沒有被提及。<你確定不是Mane,若這樣則可能是個人名>
附:accuracy n. 正確; 准確; 精確性
far off (時間、地點等)遙遠的
mane n. (馬的)鬃毛
We are meant to understand the difference of a warring commander in the body of a fat little Frenchman.
我們在這里(即指這篇文章)應該了解在這個矮胖的法國人身體中的那個交戰司令的不同之處。
附:be meant to do 應做; 照道理(照規矩)應該;為了
例句:You are not meant to do that .
你不該做那個。
What he meant to do with it, and whether he were mad?
他到底打算怎麼辦,是不是瘋了?
warring adj. 敵對的; 交戰的
Tolstoy』s Napoleon could be any man wandering in the streets and putting a little of powdered tobacco up his nose ---- and that is the point.
今天的拿破崙可以是任何一個在街上閑逛並(點燃煙斗里的)一小撮煙草粉抽起來的人(意譯)--而那就是關鍵所在。
附:wander v. 漫步, 迷路, 徘徊; 漫遊
powdered tobacco 煙草粉
It is a way the novelist uses to show the moral nature of a character.
這是小說家用來展示書中角色之道德品質的一種方法。
附:novelist n. 小說家
moral nature 理性, 道德品質
And it turns out that, as Tolstoy has it, Napoleon is a crazy man.
而結果證明,正如托老所述,拿破崙是個瘋子。
附:turn out vt. 翻轉, 生產, 關閉, 出動, 證明是
例句:
A vast crowd turned out to watch the match.
大群的觀眾到場觀看比賽。
If the day turns out wet we may have to change our plans.
萬一下雨的話,我們也許得改變計劃。
The party turned out to be very successful.
晚會結果開得很成功。
In a scene in Book Three of War and Peace, the wars having reached the critical year of 1812, Napoleon receives a representative from the Tsar(沙皇), who has come with peace terms.
在《戰爭與和平》第三本書的一個場景中,戰爭已經進行到了至關重要的1812年,拿破崙接待了一位來自沙皇帶著和平條件的代表。
附:scene n. 一場; 場面; 一個鏡頭; 事件
critical adj. 批評的, 危險的, 決定性的; 臨界的
receive v. 收到, 接到; 接待, 歡迎; 得到, 遭受, 受到; 接受, 接納; 收到; 接收; 得到; 會客, 接待
representative n. 代表, 典型, 眾議員
peace terms 和平條件
Napoleon is very angry: doesn』t he have more army? He, not the Tsar, is the one to make the terms.
拿破崙非常憤怒:(但)他(拿破崙)還有更多的軍隊嗎?他,而不是沙皇,才更應該做出和平談判(小意譯)
He will destroy all of Europe if this army is stopped.
如果這支軍隊停止了那他會摧毀整個歐洲。
「That is what you will have gained by engaging me in the war!」 he shouts.
「那將是你通過把我捲入戰爭所得到的!」他(拿破崙)怒吼到。
附:gain v. 得到; 使得到; 獲得, 贏得; 增加, 增添; 獲利, 賺錢; 取得進展; 得益; 得到改善
engage v. 使忙碌; 預定; 僱傭; 答應; 交戰; 從事
shout v. 高呼; 嚷著說出; 大聲說出; 叫喊得使...; 呼喊, 喊叫; 大聲說; 叫嚷; 大聲叫
And then, Tolstoy writes, Napoleon 「walked silently several times up and down the room, his fat shoulders moving quickly」.
那時,托爾斯泰寫到,「(他)在房間內來來回回安靜地走了數次,(伴隨著)他的肩膀快速的移動。」
附:up and down 來回地; 到處來回地; 到處
Still later, after reviewing his army amid cheering crowds, Napoleon invites the shaken Russian to dinner.
後來,在拿破崙檢閱過他那在歡呼的人群中(經過)的軍隊後,拿破崙邀請了那顫抖(估計被嚇的)俄國人參加晚宴。
附:amid prep. 在...之間; 被...包圍; 在...之中
例句:
He sat down amid deafening applause.
他在震耳欲聾的掌聲中就坐。
I stood amid a sea of corn.
我站在茫茫一片莊稼之中。
He drank off a glass of beer amid their cheers.
在他們的歡呼聲中,他把杯子里的啤酒一飲而盡。
「He raise his hand to the Russian』s…face,」 Tolstoy writes, and 「taking him by the ear pulled it gently….」
「他(拿破崙)將手舉到了那俄國人的臉上」托老寫到,然後「輕輕地拉他(俄國人)的耳朵」
To have one』s ear pulled by the Emperor was considered the greatest honor and mark of favor at the French court.
一個人的耳朵若能夠被皇帝輕輕拉一下,那是在法式奉承中被認為是最高榮譽的。
附:court n. 法院, 奉承, 庭院(我感覺在這里總不能做「法庭」講吧)
「Well, well, why don』t you say anything?」 said he, as if it was ridiculous in his presence to respect any one but himself, Napoleon.
「好,好,你為何不說話」他(拿破崙)說到,好像在他面前而不尊敬他拿破崙是很荒謬的。
附:ridiculous adj. 荒謬的, 可笑的
Tolstoy did his research, but the composition is his own.
托爾斯泰作了研究,但作品是他自己的。
composition n. 寫作; 作品; 作曲; 作文
希望你仍能滿意
❻ 如果答案好的話會給50分!!英語閱讀 分成幾部分並概括大意
做完了。。。不要發翻譯工具的答案來騙分!!
❼ 高中英語閱讀理解答題技巧總結
英語閱讀理解其實很大一部分還是有一定的難度的,那麼具體的答題技巧是什麼呢,接下來我為你看一看英語閱讀理解解題技巧都有哪些,僅供參考!
英語閱讀理解解題技巧與方法
首先對原文材料迅速瀏覽,掌握全文的主旨大意。因為閱讀理解題一般沒有標題,所以,速讀全文,抓住中心主旨很有必要,在速讀的過程中,應盡可圓戚能多地捕獲信息材料。
其次,細讀題材,各個擊破。掌握全文的大意之後,細細閱讀四六級每篇材料後的問題,弄清每題要求後,帶著問題,再回到原文中去尋找、捕獲有關信息。
要善於抓住每段的主題句,閱讀時,要有較強的針對性。對於捕獲到的信息,要做認真分析,仔細推敲,理解透徹,只有這樣,針對題目要求,才能做到穩、准。
推斷題定義:在理解原文字面意思的基礎上,通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示,做出一定的判斷和推理,從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程橘指陵。
結構順序題解題技巧
1.注意主題段。主題段通常在文章逗凱的開頭,簡要概括文章的中心思想。
2.找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭,也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
3.最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系,承上啟下,使文章行文連貫,邏輯嚴密。為突出主題,作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章,通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
❽ 考研英語閱讀理解翻譯全文
考研英語閱讀是考研英語的關鍵,所以平時要多做並總結考研英語閱讀技巧。下面就是我給大家整理的考研英語閱讀理解翻譯全文,希望對你有用!
考研英語閱讀原文
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely——though by no means uniformly——glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have enred for millions of years —— so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
考研英語閱讀翻譯
幾十年前,我們對於未來的看法盡管並不一致,但總的來說頗為樂觀。我們相信科學和技術將會治癒人類的一切疾病,使所有人都過上充滿機會和成就感的生活。
如今,隨著我們對自己所面臨的一系列威脅有了更深刻的認識,比如從小行星撞擊,到流感,再到氣候變化,烏托邦式已經不合時宜。你甚至可能會禁不住要想:人類幾乎前途渺茫。
然而,這種擔憂不合時宜。化石記錄表明,許多物種已經存活了數百萬年之久,那麼人類為何就不可以呢?從一個更宏觀的視角來看一看人類在宇宙中的地位,就會清楚明白,即使人類生存不了幾十萬年,至少再存活幾萬年的機會還是很大。在國際自然保護聯盟的瀕危物種 "紅色名錄"上查閱"智人"這一條目,你會讀到:"由於該物種分布非常廣泛,適應性強,目前數量持續上升,且不存在導致其整體數量下降的重大威脅,故被列為最無危物種"。
那麼,我們的遙遠未來會是什麼景象呢?越來越多的研究者和組織機構正在認真思考這個問題。比如,今日不朽基金會的旗艦項目是一台機械時鍾,該時鍾的設計目標是能夠在幾千幾萬年後保持計時功能。
這樣做或許有些一意孤行,但推想久遠的未來要比思考即將發生的未來更為容易。當今技術的可能發展及它的社會影響結果非常復雜,或許最好的辦法是讓科幻小說家和未來學家去探索我們能想像到的種種可能。這正是我們發行《弧》的原因之一,該新刊物旨在探索不遠的未來。
但是,如果採用一個更為長遠的視角,我們便能對驚人數量的事情做出很有把握的預測。通常,過去掌握著通向未來的鑰匙:目前,我們已經充分了解有關地球歷史和人類歷史的長期發展模式,這使我們能對子孫後代的生存環境做出有根據的預測。
這種長遠的視角使我們對未來的悲觀態度更像是一股短暫的風潮。誠然,未來絕非一片光明。不過,我們已經有足夠的知識去降低許多曾經威脅前人生存的危險,以及去改善後人的命運。
考研英語閱讀詞語解析
dedicated['dedi.keitid]adj. 專注的,獻身的,專用的
overall[əuvə'rɔ:l]adj. 全部的,全體的,一切在內的
strike[straik]n. 罷工,打擊,毆打 v. 打,撞,罷工,劃
adaptable[ə'dæptəbl]adj. 能適應的,適應性強的,可改編的
planet['plænit]n. 行星
immediate[i'mi:djət]adj. 立即的,即刻的,直接的,最接近的
pessimistic[.pesi'mistik]adj. 悲觀的,悲觀主義的
population[.pɔpju'leiʃən]n. 人口 ,(全體)居民,人數
opportunity[.ɔpə'tju:niti]n. 機會,時機
evolution[.i:və'lu:ʃən]n. 進化,發展,演變
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❾ 英語閱讀理解主旨大意解題技巧
英語閱讀理解主旨大意解題技巧
主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解的主要題型之一, 旨在考查考生對鍛煉大意或者文章中心思想的把握和歸納能力。此類題數量較大,在15個題中約佔3-4個。下面就跟著我一起來詳細了解一下主旨大意題的解題技巧吧!
◆主旨大意題的分類
⑴從考查對象上劃分,主旨大意題可分為兩種
①篇章主旨:針對全文的主題進行提問。主題句出現在首段的居多,其次是末段或為幾段主題的綜
②段落主旨:針對某一段或幾段的主題提問。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句,也可能需要從上下文中尋找或總結。
⑵從考查內容上劃分,主旨大意題可分為三種
①主題類(內容),考查文章或段落的主旨大意;
②目的類,考查文章或段落的寫作目的;
③標題類,要求考生選出文章的最佳標題。
◆設問特點:
1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。
2. 正確選項概況范圍大小恰當,主旨判斷准確。
3. 錯誤選項的特點常常是太大、太窄或者偏離主題,主觀臆斷。
4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等詞提問。
◆常考問題:
1). 中心思想類
The main point /idea of the passage is…
The passage is mai nly about…
The passage mainly discusses…
The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
2).標題類
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
The best title for the passage would be …
3).目的類
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …
The passage is meant to ….
In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to…
【技巧點撥】
1. 尋找主題句:
抓住段落或文章主題的捷徑之一就是在段落或文章中尋找主題句。主題句是指能表達或概況段落主題或文章主要內容的句子, 通常是一個簡潔、完整、具有概況性的句子,較多出現在說明文和議論文中,而其他句子則圍繞著主題句展開進行說明解釋或擴展。
主題句在文中的位置:
1)開門見山:提出主題----細節支撐闡明主題
2)段末點睛:細節描述----歸納要點---概括主題
3)段中點旨:細節描述---歸納主題---進一步解釋
4)無主題句:考生需根據文章中所敘述的事實或提供的線索來概括和總結文章的大意
2. 捕捉關鍵詞:
略讀是概括和歸納文章或段落大意的基本方法。略讀時要快,把注意力集中在關鍵詞(即實詞)上,非關鍵詞(即虛詞)則一帶而過。注意出現頻率高的詞可能是蘊涵中心思想的關鍵詞,分析歸納篩選出最能表達主旨或這這意圖 的`關鍵詞,繼而確定文章的主旨大意。
3. 仔細推敲選項:
1)主旨大意題的干擾項的特點有:
①以偏概全:只闡述了文章的部分內容,也就是文章的局部信息;
②無中生有或似是而非:有的干擾項中的關鍵詞語好像在文章中談到了,但認真分析之後你會發現這類干擾項的內容與文章的內容毫無聯系。
③主題擴大:歸納概括的范圍過大,超過文章實際討論的內容;
④張冠李戴:命題者有意地把屬於A的特徵放在B的身上,構成一個干擾項。在我們不注意的情況下,會造成錯選答案。
2)主旨大意題的正確選項特徵
①含有抽象名詞和概括性詞語的選項往往是正確答案;
②較全面、有針對性地表達文章中心思想的選項一般是答案項。
;❿ 考研英語閱讀:如何總結理解的段落大意
下文用兩步教你快速總結出閱讀理解中的段落大意。 結論題與推理題在解題思路和方法上有許多相似之處,但是推理題偏重於推理過程,而結論題偏重於歸納過程。解答結論題時一定要根據題目要求,就短文有關內容做出合乎邏輯的、可靠的結論。有時為了克服片面性,可以擴大閱讀范圍,否則獲得信息的范圍太窄,結論便欠妥。因此,解答此類試題既要以事實為依據,也要依據自己的常識和經驗;既要重視文章主題,也要重視發展或印證主題的細節;而尤為重要的是把握作者的寫作意圖。注意過於概括、過於全面或過於細節化的選項,往往屬於干擾項。 (1)先了解全文,把握主題 考生可以通過首尾段、文章結構、或歸納整理各段信息迅速了解主題。然後再通過主題與細節的關系進行合乎理性的歸納。 Example The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. (2000年 Passage 5) From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained . [A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically [C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spiritually 該段談到人們對雄心的攻擊遠多於對它的維護,因此本應是一種健康公開的品質得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公開表達雄心帶來的不良後果,由此可以推出人們不應該隱瞞自己的雄心。此外,縱觀全文,作者提倡的是正確對待雄心,坦言自己的抱負。因此[B]選項"公開而熱情地"是作者提倡的對待雄心的正確態度。 (2)把握作者的寫作意圖 Example No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. (2001年 Passage 1) The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 前一段談到,業余研究者進入專業領域很難的趨勢在某些科學領域尤為突出,英國地質學的發展就說明了這一問題。後一段通過對19世紀英國地質學及其出版物的變化、研究方式的變化、非專業人員研究過程的困難等的陳述,說明專業人員和業餘人員之間的分化越來越明顯。因此可引申推理出作者的寫作目的正是描述[A]選項 "職業化和專業化形成的過程"。 ◇ 編輯推薦·2014年考研復習:政治英語數學 專業課· 歷年考研真題匯總 2014考研報考指南
·2014各高校招生簡章 ·考研院校錄取數據對比 復試信息相關熱詞:考研考研英語考研英語復習