高考英語閱讀理解中的推斷題
1. 如何做高考英語閱讀理解推斷題
做高考英語閱讀理解推斷題,我個人的經驗,三步:
1.迅速將整篇文章分解,理出文章結構;
2.迅速抓住文章敘述的主題;
3.迅速找出各部分的中心意思,並找出表達中心意思的句子。
做到這3步,基本上這篇文章不用逐字讀完就可以答對接下來的題目。
先說一下,英語文章,尤其是用於考試的閱讀文章,其結構都有非常明顯的典型性,一般結構為主題段,論述段落,總結及結論段,乃至超長的畢業論文也不過是在這個大框架內。
以一篇文章5段為例:
一般第一段為主題段,也就是說,整篇文章要表達的主題一定會出現在這里,你要做的就是迅速把中心句找出來,一般來說,中心句會出現在倒數第2句或第1句,簡單一點的文章會在第1句就出現,如果考題出得比較難,也可能需要自己總結,但就算需要自己總結中心句,也一定能在該段落中找出代表中心意思的詞;
接下來第二、三、四段,各段將對第一段提出的主題意思進行論述或分步驟分析,也就是說,每個段落都會有進階的主題,即個各分論點,所以你要做的同樣是迅速把它們找出來,位置和方法相同;
最後一段為全文的總結,並會對結論進行進一步的分析,或做推測,或作評論,這也是一個出題點,你要做的就是抓住總結的主旨和對其進一步分析的結論。
當然並不會所有文章都是5段,例如有的主題段落會有2段甚至更多,論點段落可能只有2段或多達4段以上(但一般不超過3段),難一點的文章里每個分論點也可能不止一段,我這里只是以5段為例,解釋的是文章的結構,或者說一般構成,通過這個規律可以迅速將文章進行分解,進而掌握各部分的要點。
下面分析一下出題要點,或者說出題規律(如果題不會出得很偏的話),以一篇閱讀文5題為例,一般為1個主題、1個分論點、2個細節題、1個結論或對結論的分析、推測。
可見掌握文章主題、分論點及結論分析就可以答對3/5,這是不需要逐字逐句讀完全文的,而2個細節題怎麼辦呢,就需要通過題目提供的信息迅速分析出其所在的分論點,然後回到該分論點段落找到與這題相符的句子,一般如果題出得簡單的話會是原句照搬,難一點的話會換個表達方式,再難一點則會繞個圈設個陷阱,這就需要非常小心,一定要捨得多花2秒鍾把這句話和前後兩句反復閱讀,挖出陷阱。這樣的話5道題都可以迎刃而解了,這就叫針對性解題。
說一下我的閱讀答題習慣吧,一般我第一時間會先看題,並且非常認真的理解每道題的意思,提取有用的信息,雖然一般並不容易只通過問題一下子就找出文章主題,但一定能找到跟主題有關的詞和信息,並且至少知道文章是在討論某個東西還是在敘述某件事,也就是說是議論文、說明文,還是敘述文,然後迅速按上面的三步走,這樣帶著問題掃讀全文,連細節題也可以非常迅速的找出來,最後將問題一一對應,全部解決!
這些就是我一路考到專八的閱讀題經驗,方法交給你了,接下來就是多多練習,只有多練才能練到爐火純青的地步,最後做閱讀題簡直是輕松+愉快!
好了,說了這么多,希望對你有所幫助!
2. 高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
英語閱讀理解題的難度在不斷增大,考生們也大多知難而進。下面是我為大家帶來的高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧,歡迎閱讀。
一、四選一型閱讀
高考閱讀不同文體按照題型分類主要分為五大類:細節題、推理題、主旨大意題、詞義句意猜測題、結構順序題。
1、細節題解題技巧
細節題,顧名思義,就是指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多,如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換)。
現在圍繞上述的定位理論,引申出幾個小的技巧:
(1) 關鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細節題,如涉及到數字(日期、時間、價格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出數字,再找出目標數字及相對應的細節作息,還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等,其他的還包括一些提示情節發展,或條綱性關鍵字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英語北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析:此題屬典型細節題,通過題干中的時間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分,很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
(2) 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關鍵詞和文中的不一致,但屬於同義性質,同義轉換其實是在關鍵間的基礎上拐了個彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英語北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析:此題屬細節題,定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對應,而want most和longs for對應,這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結:在閱讀中,精準快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質。定位法是需要在做題的過程中有意識的培養的,做題的技巧也是可以總結的,關鍵是要自覺培養這種分析歸納和總結的意識以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義:在理解原文字面意思的基礎上,通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示,做出一定的判斷和推理,從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。
出現特徵:在考題中經常出現的詞有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. 「We're moving house.'; 「No space for her any more with the baby coming.」 「We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.」 People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英語北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析:由題目得知:是考察作者的態度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語和行為,即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.「
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者對它的不舍,答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在閱讀原文基礎上,仔細考慮選項是否與文章主題有密切聯系
(2) 再看選項對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
(3) 要注意題目是否過大或者過小
(4) 要避免下列三種錯誤
概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體,導致范圍過小)
過度概括(多表現為擴大范圍)
以事實、細節代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警報) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估計) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
「The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,」 FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve 「approaching threats」, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (綁架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英語山東卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析:D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山,提出將創建一個全國性的簡訊警報系統;最後一段重申主題,對這種新系統的未來進行展望。因此最准確的標題是D。A項錯在protecting students;B項錯在by wireless instry;C項錯在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過閱讀上下文,結合中學生應有的賞識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或者片語的意思。出現特徵:劃線或者引號
解題方法之一:根據上下文,往往是本句中的同位關系進行猜測。
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, 「My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.」 The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word 「burning」 in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析:從burning這個詞來說,意為「發熱的,強烈的,燃燒的`」,後面緊跟動詞片語「find out」說明在尋找時刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的,最後是一個賓語從句,是我曾經做錯過什麼,那麼這個題目顯然就是選擇和「渴望的,熱切的」詞義,顯然為D選項。
5、結構順序題解題技巧
常見提問方式:
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路:
(1) 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開頭,簡要概括文章的中心思想,
(2) 找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭,也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
(3) 最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系,承上啟下,使文章行文連貫,邏輯嚴密。為突出主題,作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章,通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word 「diet」 everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身體上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word 「diet」 in food labels.
On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(營養成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英語北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
解析:文章第一段點明節食產品在誤導人們;第二段說明節食產品對人們心理上的影響;第三段說明節食產品誤導人們認為不費勁就可以減肥,即對人們身體上的危害;第四段說明節食產品的危害;第五段說明人們應該慎重對待節食產品,故從文章結構上看應該是B項正確。
二、七選五型閱讀
考生需要在語篇信息存在缺失的情況下,准確理解整篇文章,特別是設題部位前後句的邏輯關系,通過上下文的線索進行判斷,預測下文,然後做出正確判斷。
命題分析:我們如果把整篇文章看成一個信息群,這個信息群實際上是由兩大信息版塊構成的:
已知信息:原文在五處空缺之外的沒有被挖掉的信息
待選信息:七個待選選項中的信息
這兩個信息板塊間絕不是孤立的,而是有緊密的互動邏輯關系,連起來是一篇完整的文章。
考試題型對學生的考察能力來看無外乎兩個方面:
(1) 把握整篇文章的布局和邏輯層次關系
(2) 把握微觀信息間關聯性(即空格前後句間關系)
解題方法:詞彙同現、詞彙復現、代詞妙用、數字線索、邏輯線索。
Muzak
The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? _____ (71) It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.
Quiet background music used to be called 「elevator (電梯) music」 because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name 「Muzak」. About one-third of the people in America listen to 「Muzak」 everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired.______ (72)
If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? _____ (73)
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ (74)Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
_____ (75)They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!( 2010年高考英語北京卷)
A. Some people don't like Muzak.
B. The music gives them extra energy.
C. Music is playing in the background.
D. Factory workers proce 13 percent more.
E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
答案:CBFDA
代詞妙用:代詞指代前面提到的thing, 所以只要找到與代詞含義一致的詞就可搞定。
71空格後面出現「It's similar to the music you listen to,」那麼我們只要分析出其中的「it」的具體指代即可,通過題目及略讀下文,我們很容易知道該文介紹一種音樂,而且第一段故作懸念,一直未給出其名字,所以我們只要找到選項中包含音樂一詞而沒有點名繆扎克一詞的即可,很容易鎖定BC選項,因為B項意義與下文相去甚遠,故舍B取C沒商量。
75空格後出現「They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.」,同理,我們就要確定「they」的具體指代,首先由於「say」的出現,我們鎖定「they」為人的復數,所以輕松鎖定ADF,所謂真金不怕火來煉,D顯然邏輯不通,F由於其主語也為人,段落第一句永遠不會出現意思不明的代詞(we, you 除外,因為它們可以明確指代廣義的人),故輕松排除F選出真金A。
72此題雖然不是明顯的後文出現代詞,但其前亦有代詞出現,「It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning,」下文承接上文,肯定有聯系,找出「it」的具體指代-the music, 輕松選出B項。(註:也可應用詞彙復現法)
詞彙復現法:情非得已時選擇的一種方法,知道與前後文中有詞彙重復的選項即可,有時也可指含義一致的詞彙,如72
73前文中「but others are happy when their songs are chosen」有「their songs」, F項亦有相同詞彙出現,放進去,意思通曉明白,搞定。
74後文中「Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有」percent more「,D項亦有相同詞彙出現,且意思連貫,選出即可。
72題中前句中出現」when people are more tired. 「能夠與」tired「相對應的四選項中只有」energy「,累了對應能量,亦可做出此題。
;3. 高考英語閱讀理解中怎麼分辨是詞義題還是語義題
閱讀有細節題,推斷題,猜詞義,概括大意幾種。
1 細節題是送份的,就是原文中找,一定能找的著!切忌根據生活常識想當然。
2 推斷題是根據文意自己理解出來的,這種題是原文中一定找不到的,所以題目中常常有原文的句子作干擾項,很多人一看這句話文中有就選了。。就錯了!記住了,一定是推斷出來的,原文中沒有!
3 猜詞義其實還不算太難,就是注重前後句,在文段中理解就還好。還有就是基本機會要過關,不然跟你的選項的詞你都不認識怎麼猜啊!對吧,就是比較用的普遍的形容詞,不算太難。
4 概括大意有一點難度。主要要領就是要看他給的選項由那個能夠概括第一段和最後一段。一定要選兩段概括了的!一般有一個是很大很宏觀的,一個是很具體的,這倆一定要先找出來,排除掉!
5一般還有一種體就是問你作者對文中敘事的事是什麼態度,積極地,消極的,還是中立的什麼的。這種就是看你對文章的理解了,沒什麼可說的。
哎喲,累死我了,這可是我犧牲了20分鍾寶貴的高三時間一個字一個字打上去的,絕對是經驗之談,絕對可靠。希望對你有幫助。。加油咯
4. 英語常見的閱讀推斷題的做題方法及命名形式
做題方法介紹:
這種題目有一定難度,往往不能直接從文中找到答案,而必須根據上下文及其相互間的關系或對整篇文章進行深層理解後,才能找到答案。有時甚至還得聯系作者的態度、觀點、意圖、語氣等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理,這些題目一般都是深層意義的題目睜伏,他們沒有明示,大多數屬於模糊性的,甚悉告攜至是模稜兩可。解答這類題時,要求同學予以高度重視注意從友頌話題出發,充分運用自己的.邏輯思維能力,從文章的內在含義和字里行間中,從作者的態度和取向中獲取信息,做出正確的判斷,應特別注意以下特徵。
1、吃透文章的表層意思,是推理的前提和基礎;
2、推理的根據來自於上下文;
3、不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點;
4、在提問中常用的詞有suggest,mean,infer(推斷),from the fact,indicate(暗示) conclusion,probably,likely,reason,because,according to等。
推斷題常有的命題形式:
(1) It can be known from the text that .?
(2) From the text we know that .?
(3) The story implies that .?
(4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be .?
5. 歸納六種英語閱讀推斷題的設題方式
六種英語閱讀推斷題的設題方式:詢問文章的主要思想或要點;詢問文章中的特定細節;詢問文章的語氣或態度;詢問因果關系;詢問從文章中得出的推論或結論;詢問文章的結構或組織方式。
了解英語閱讀推斷題的設題方式對作答有很多好處。這些方式幫助我們了解考試命題人想要考察的內容,從而使我們能夠更好地回答問題;了解設題方式還能幫助我們判斷題目的類型,並根據題目的類型使用相應的方法來回答,例如,如果我們知道題目是詢問文章的主要思想或要點,我們就可以使用相應的方法來提取文章的關鍵信息,並概括出文章的主要思想或要點。
總的來說,了解英語閱讀推斷題的設題方式能夠幫助我們更好地了解題目,並使用合適的方法來回答問題,從而取得更好的成旦衡績。
以下是這六種設題方式的詳細介紹,希望這些模仿做信息對你有所幫助。
一、詢問文章的主要思想或要點:
這類問題可能會問到文章的整體主題或信息,或者作者想要傳達給讀者什麼。
1、示例:
What is the main idea of the passage?(譯:這段話的主要思想是什麼?)
What is the author trying to convey to the reader in this passage?(譯:作者想通過這段話向讀者傳達什麼?)
2、要回答這類問題,可以嘗試以下方法:
(1)閱讀整篇文章,提取出關鍵詞和重點信息。
(2)根據關鍵詞和信息提取出主要思想或要點。
(3)將主要思想或要點概括成一句話。
二、詢問文章中的特定細節:
這類問題可能會問到文章中提到的特定事實或信息,或者關於特定單詞或短語的含義。
1、示例:
What does the phrase "to be in the doldrums" mean in this context?(譯:在這種情況下,「處於低迷狀態」一詞是什麼意思?)
According to the passage, how many species of mammals are found on the island of Madagascar?(譯:根據文章,在馬達加斯加島上發大檔現了多少種哺乳動物?)
2、要回答這類問題,可以嘗試以下方法:
(1)閱讀整篇文章,注意關鍵詞和重點信息。
(2)根據題目中的關鍵詞定位到相應的段落或句子。
(3)根據題目的要求進行解釋或回答。
三、詢問文章的語氣或態度:
這類問題可能會問到作者對某個特定主題的態度,或者文章的整體語氣。
1、示例:
How does the author feel about the topic being discussed in the passage?(譯:作者如何看待文章中討論的主題?)
What is the overall tone of the passage?(譯:全文的基調是什麼?)
2、要回答這類問題,可以嘗試以下方法:
(1)閱讀整篇文章,注意作者的語言使用和措辭。
(2)注意文章中的修辭手法,如措辭、反問、諷刺等。
(3)根據文章中的信息和作者的語言使用判斷作者的態度。
四、詢問因果關系:
這類問題可能會問到文章中提到的不同事件或思想之間的關系,或者某些行動或事件的後果。
1、示例:
What caused the stock market to crash in 1929?(譯:1929 年股市崩盤的原因是什麼?)
What were the consequences of the Instrial Revolution?(譯:工業革命的後果是什麼?)
2、要回答這類問題,可以嘗試以下方法:
(1)閱讀整篇文章,注意文章中提到的事件和原因。
(2)根據題目的要求,分析因果關系並回答問題。
五、詢問從文章中得出的推論或結論:
這類問題可能會問到從文章中提供的信息得出的結論,或者基於這些信息做出的推測或預測。
1、示例:
What can we infer about the character of Mr. Darcy based on his actions in the novel?(譯:根據達西先生在小說中的行為,我們可以推斷出達西先生的性格是什麼?)
What predictions can we make about the future of the housing market based on the information provided in the passage?(譯:根據文章中提供的信息,我們可以對房地產市場的未來做出哪些預測?)
2、要回答這類問題,可以嘗試以下方法:
(1)閱讀整篇文章,注意文章中提到的重要信息。
(2)根據文章中提到的信息,進行分析和推斷。
(3)綜合分析結果,回答問題。
六、詢問文章的結構或組織方式:
這類問題可能會問到文章的組織方式,或者文章的不同部分之間的關系。
1、示例:
How is the passage organized? Is it chronological, thematic, or some other structure?(譯:段落是如何組織的? 它是按時間順序、主題還是其他結構?)
How do the different sections of the passage relate to each other?(譯:文章的不同部分如何相互關聯?)
2、要回答這類問題,可以嘗試以下方法:
(1)閱讀整篇文章,注意文章的組織方式。
(2)分析文章的段落結構,看看每一段都在講什麼。
(3)分析文章的整體結構,看看整篇文章是如何構建起來的。
(4)根據分析結果回答問題。
6. 如何做高考英語閱讀理解推斷題
根據近幾年高考英語推斷題的考查情況,本文擬就對隱含意義的推斷、作者觀點的推斷、寫作目的推斷以及材料出處的推斷等四種典型的推斷題類型進行分析。
一、如何推斷隱含意義
1.推斷隱含意義的提問方式 It can be inferred from the text that . according to…, we can infer that . From the text we know that …is most likely . When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is . The writer suggests that . The story implies that . We can infer [conclude] from the passage that . 這類題干中通常常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, intend, purpose, be likely to…等標志性詞語。
2. 干擾項的設置特點 在通常情況下,這類試題的干擾項具有以下特點:或是文章中直接用於表達細節的信息,或是文章中無關緊要或片面推出的結論,或是與文章內容完全相反的結論,或是不合常理或不合邏輯的結論等。
3. 答題誤區 同學們在做類題目時,很容易誤選文段中直接用於表達信息的選項或表示片面結論的選項。
4. 技巧點撥 一是要全面分析所有相關信息,切忌片面思考,得出片面結論。二是要忠實原文,切忌脫離原文,憑空臆斷。三是注意不要選擇表層信息答案,應該立足由已知推斷未知。
5. 實例分析(江西卷)
A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed(驚動) the government for it to be encouraging co-ecational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-ecation is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools. ●At the end of the passage the writer suggests that ________. A. single-sex schools are the best schools in the UK B. being single-sex does not necessarily make a school better C. co-ecational schools are better for both sexes in personal development D. because boys cannot compete with girls in study, they go to single-sex schools
【解題思路分析】答案選 B。
作者在羅列In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker和In the UK the best schools are all single-sex等事實後,得出了It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools這個結論。要做對上面這道題,正確理解文章末尾這句結論性的句子至關重要。這里尤其要注意句中的rather than這個關鍵性詞語,它的意思是「而不是」,用於否定或排除其後引出的內容。故只有選項B最合適。
二、如何推斷作者觀點
1. 提問方式 The writer』s attitude toward… is______. The writer thought that______. according to the author ______.
2. 干擾選項 此類試題的干擾項通常具有以下特點:或是自己的某種看法或觀點,或是社會的一種普遍種傾向,或是與本文無關或與作者相反的觀點或看法等。
3. 答題誤區 容易誤選與自己的看法相吻合的選項。
4. 技巧點撥 注意作者在文中的措辭,尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動詞及所舉的例子,才能推斷出作者的弦外之音。
5. 實例分析(江西卷) Just as crying can be healthy, not crying—holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering—can be bad for physical(身體的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don』t fight it. It』s a natural—and healthy—emotional response(反應). ●according to the author, which of the following statements is true? A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry. D. We must cry if we want to rece pressure.
【解題思路分析】答案選B。
作者在文章中說Studies show that too much control can lead to high blood press, heart problems and other illnesses,即過多地忍住情感(如忍住不哭等)有可能會導致健康問題。
7. 如何區分高考英語細節題與推理題
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5.圖表圖畫題
在有圖表圖畫的閱讀理解中,有的圖表圖畫出現在閱讀理解文章中,有的出現在選項中,這些圖片的出現增加了試題的直觀性,同時也暗含著和文章內容相關的信息。在解答此類試題的時候,一定要把握圖表圖畫所暗含的信息,特別是有些事實是通過圖表圖畫來敘述的,我們可以採用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。
eg:The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, .
A.the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points B.the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged C.the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease
D.the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase 【易錯點、易混點歸納】
細節理解題是閱讀理解的主要題型,在近幾年高考閱讀題中佔到60%~70%。針對這一題型,信息錯位是考生經濟犯的毛病。問題在於考生在緊張的考試過程中閱讀不細,未找准題目所依據的事實。另外,長句難句也是閱讀理解的一大障礙,考生對某些長句難句理解不透徹,造成歧義。再者,考生沒有對干擾項回原文進行驗證。因此,了解細節題干擾項的特點也有助於考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下,干擾項有如下幾個特點:
1.文不對題:選項中的描述與原文完全一致,確屬原文信息,但不是題目要求的內容;
2.主觀臆斷:選項內容是根據主觀想像或推測得出的結論,符合常識,但不符合文章內容;
3.偷換概念:把原來做某事的「張三」換成「李四」,所述細節確實與原文一致,一不小心就會誤選。
4.將原文內容擴大或縮小:與原文的內容極其相似,只是在范圍或程度上有些變動; 5.無中生有:在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反; 6.選項內容部分正確,部分錯誤。 【應對方法】 1.「逆向法」。先讀題乾和四個選項,再根據內容篩選、提取有用信息。讀題的時候,要抓住題干中的關鍵詞,然後帶著關鍵詞仔細閱讀文章相關內容。
2.「排除法」。排除選項時,注意與原文的異同,特別注意中心詞的限定語,如名詞的定語、動詞狀語等是否與原文一致,選項中的動詞時態是否與原文一致。
3.對長句難句的處理鷲分析句子結構,明確主體成分,剔隊長細枝末節。
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推理判斷題
1.細節推理題
抓住某一段話中的關鍵信息,即某些關鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷、結合上下文或上下句推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。在推斷中,我們要嚴格依據作者所陳述的細節、事實,找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語,然後利用自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷,從而得出符合邏輯的結論。
(1)When she looked ahead,florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog.Her body was numb.She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours.Already she was the first woman to swim across the English Channel in both directions.Now at the age of 34,her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.
On that fourth of July morning 1952,the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense.She could hardly see her support boats.Sharks cruised toward her figure,only to be driven away by rifle shots.Against the frigid grip of the sea,she struggled on,hour after hour,while millions watched on national television.
Alongside Flrence in one of the boats,her mother and her trainer offered encouragement.They told her it wasn』t much farther.But all she could see was fog.They urged her not to quit.She never had…until then.With only a half mile to go,she asked to be pulled out.
What does「she never had …」in the third paragraph mean?
A.She had never been so desperate. B.She had never thought of giving it up.
C.She had never seen such thick fog. D.She had never swum across the strait before. (2)Decision-thinking is not unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think,but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.The mental process(過程)is similar.Naturally,this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are,by any standards,good thinkers.
The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory.In particular,he showed that all games fall into two classes;there are what he called games of「perfect information」,games like chess where the players can』t hide anything or play tricks;they don』t win by chance,but by means of logic and skills.Then there are games of「imperfect information」,like poker,in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information.Quite the reverse,business,politics,life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors(因素),which would ever puzzle best poker players.But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance,and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess,not poker.
An important factor in a game of imperfect information is . A.rules B.luck C.time D.ideas 2.推測文章的觀點或結論
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推測文章的觀點或結論的語言表達形式有:
(1)It can be inferred from the passage that .
(2)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? (3)From the passage we can conclude that .
這類問題問的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點,而可能只是文章中的某一觀點。但要推測出文中的某一觀點,仍離不開對全文主要觀點或中心思想的把握。
8. 高考英語閱讀理解推斷題怎麼做
首先弄清楚題目意思,然後排除干擾項,切記不要直接選含有原文的句子,那可能會比較片面,還有,不要憑空亂想,憑主觀臆造,不能光看錶面
9. 高考英語閱讀理解題型及解題技巧
高考英語閱讀理解題型及解題技巧如下:
1、題型分類:主旨大意題,答題技巧:閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說明文,這兩種文體的結構可歸納為:提出問題——論述問題——得出結論或者闡明觀點。對於這類文章,抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。
2、細節理解題,答題技巧:可直接找到相關細節,但需經過計算方可找到答案。
3、推理判斷題,答題技巧:推斷題是考查大家透過文章表面的文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實為依據,切莫主觀臆斷。
4、詞義猜測題,答題技巧:通過因果關系猜詞通過因果關系猜詞。專業老師在線權威答疑 zy.offercoming.com
10. 高考英語閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧(2)
例 NMET2000年閱讀理解B篇
59. The writer』s purpose in writing this story is ________.
A. to tell an interesting experience
B. to show the easiest way out of difficulty
C. to describe the trouble facing a newly married woman
D. to explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books
從原文中… As I was not experienced in cooking , I thought if a dozen was good , two dozen would be better , so I doubled everything .…I had been defeated , I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldn』t have to face Doug laughing at my work , …I don』t know who was more embarrassed(尷尬)by the whole thing Doug or me. 可看出文章敘述了一位新婚主婦按烹調書做發面失敗的尷尬經歷。 但是全文充滿了一種諷刺幽默的筆調, 文章最後一句帶俏皮感,說明主人公心情並不沉重,而是感到有點好笑,所以答案應選A。作者寫作目的是自述一次有趣的經歷。選項B肯定為錯誤答案,因為它與本文首句(The easy way out isn』t always easiest)不合; D反映作者寫作目的是解釋從書本上學烹飪的困難,也不對,因為作者並未詳細介紹主人公從書本上學烹飪是如何力不從心的; 主人公並不會天天面對這種煩惱,選項C為錯誤答案。雖然全文語境含貶義,但文章的言外之意需要讀者對作者寫作意圖做深層挖掘,若不然就會被誤導而作出錯誤判斷。
4. 根據文章的結論推斷作者的態度
作者態度、傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定,對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想 傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間,或流露於修飾的詞語之中。因此,在推斷過程中,應特別注意文中作者的措辭,尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。
例 Why isn』t your newspaper reporting any good news?All I read about is murder, bribery(),and death.Frankly,I』m sick of all this bad news.
This author』s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______ .
A. complain B. apologize
C. amuse D. inform
解析 作者一是向讀者說明這份報紙上只登載壞新聞,如兇殺和死亡等;二是在字里行間流露出自己的抱怨情緒 (對壞新聞厭惡透了),故應選A。
5. 根據上下文的邏輯得出結論
邏輯結論是指嚴格根據文章中所陳述的事實、論點、例證等一系列論據材料進行推理,從而得出合乎邏輯的結論,而不是根據自己的經驗、態度、觀點或愛好去理解文章的內涵。做這類題時,應把握作者的寫作思路,預測下文可能發展的內容。文章可按事件發展的經過描寫,也可按因果關系, 對比關系來描寫。
例 We are in the computer age.We often see computers at work.They are especially useful in automatic control,data processing(數據處理)and solving complicated problems.And they are finding their way into the home.The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.
More and cleverer computers will continue to appear.They will run faster,have more functions and work much more skillfully.They will take over more tasks from us,helping to change the face of our world.Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.
However...
Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph?
A. Computers will soon stop developing.
B. Many people like computers very much.
C. Computers are as clever as man.
D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.
解析 本文採用了對比關系法來描寫,前面描寫了計算機的長處,但作者用However一詞預示著將引出相反的觀點,故答案為D。
6. 結合已有的知識進行推斷
知識推斷是根據文章中所闡述的細節,運用自己 掌握的基礎知識進行分析、推敲,從而得出符合文章原義的結論的一種推斷方法。知識推斷題一般都是針對細節。解答此類題,不僅需要我們有一定的社會基礎知識,而且還需要對細節以及有關背景知識有一個充分的理解。
例 NMET1996 A篇
53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?
A. It is a children』s hospital.
B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.
C. The conditions there aren』t very good.
D. The nurses and doctors there don』t work hard.
解析 本文講述了一位母親採用拖地計謀混進病房探視女兒的故事。由常識可知醫院內拖地並非醫生 護士的工作,選項D不對。C項與文中的It』s a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A項依據不充分,女兒未必都是兒童。正確答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. 則暗示此規章在探視時間上是嚴格規定的,而且在實際生活中我們都知道醫院探視病人是有嚴格的制度的。