有關七年級英語閱讀的論文
在日常學習、工作或生活中,大家或多或少都會接觸過作文吧,作文可分為小學作文、中學作文、大學作文(論文)。一篇什麼樣的作文才能稱之為優秀作文呢?以下是我整理的七年級英語作文8篇,希望對大家有所幫助。
七年級英語作文 篇1
Christmas is one of the most important celebrations of the year for the western countries. It falls on the twenty- fifth of December and has the same importance as Chinese New Year to people with English backgrounds. The celebration is for the birth of Jesus Christ, who is the son of God in Christianity. Now days Christmas is no longer only celebrated by the Christians, but by most people from all over the world.
On the twenty- fourth of December everyone gets excited for it』s the day before Christmas which is called Christmas Eve. The children are usually sent to bed early and are warned that 「Santa Claus will only come and give you a present if you be good.」 The younger kids actually believe that Santa will come down the chimney on the sleigh that』s pulled by his reindeers. Food like short bread and beer are prepared for Santa when he comes, however most times parents just eat them. Some children put socks and sacks up for the holding of the presents (that their parents put in). xzhufu.com
Rise and shine on Christmas morning! The children are always the first ones to wake up, some even do at four. Present wrappers everywhere! They look into their presents with a big smile on their face and oh dear….I hope no one』s disappointed. I feel sorry for anyone that got pink underwear. Children play while dinner is prepared by the alts. The Christmas dinner are usually eaten together by relatives. The tradition of Christmas pudding and roosters are usually eaten with deserts afterwards. The rest of the day is usually games and fun before the good days all come to an end.
I wish everyone a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
七年級英語作文 篇2
I have a good weekend.On Saturday morning,I do my homework. After lunch, I go shopping with mymother. At about five o』clock, I go to play basketball with my friend. On Sunday, I watch a football game on TV. I often help my mother do housework. I watch TV with my parents in the evening. Then I go to bed at nine o』clock. I』m very happy on weekends.
我有一個美好的周末。星期六早上,我做我的作業。午飯後,我和我的母親去購物。大約5點,我和我的朋友一起玩籃球。星期天,我在電視上觀看足球比賽。我經常幫助媽媽做家務。晚上我和我的父母看電視。然後我在九點鍾去睡覺。周末我很快樂。
七年級英語作文 篇3
As can be seen from the graph,there have been sharp changes in the age distribution of drug addicts. To be concrete, the teenage addicts only made up 10 percent of all the drugsters in 1982 while the ratio rose up to 65 in 20xx.
The causes for them are not hard to find. First ,teenagers』 fearless curiosity about everything new has led some of them into this marsh. Second, many of the young addicts turned for the first time to drugs for escape either from their failure in the national entrance exams or from their parents』 breakup. And above all, our ecation in the harmfulness of drugs has been far from adequate to build teenagers』 sound resistance to drugs. To sum up, the causes mentioned above must call for more of our concern, and effective measures should be taken to check the trend.
Obviously the drastic change will exert great impact on inzials and the whole society.
For one thing, drug-taking does great damage to the health of drug users.. For another, some drug users commit robbery or even murder their parents and relatives to get money to buy drugs, which poses a great threat to the social security and the social stability. Therefore, it is high time we did something to put an end to this trend.
七年級英語作文 篇4
給老師的簡訊 A Message to the Teacher
Every year, when Teachers』 Day comes, the students will organize some activities for the teachers and show their respect. Sending flowers and cards are the most popular way. Since I came to middle school, I would always think of my former teachers who taught me in primary school. I would never forget them for the things they passed to me. When Teachers』 Day comes, I will send the messages to them and show my gratitude and they would reply. When I back to my hometown and sometimes met them, they would speak highly of me because I impressed them so much. Every small act will be remembered by others and decides what kind of person we are.
每年,當教師節來臨的時候,學生會給教師組織一些活動,以表尊重。送花和卡片是最受歡迎的方式。自從我來到中學,我總會想起我以前的小學老師。我永遠不會忘記他們傳授給我的東西。當教師節來臨的時候,我會發送簡訊給他們,表達我的感激之情,他們會回復。當我回到我的家鄉,有時遇到他們,他們會贊揚我,因為對我印象深刻。每一個小小的舉動會被別人記住,那會決定我們是什麼樣的人。
七年級英語作文 篇5
Two years ago, I like to eat instant noodles very much, the instant noodles smell so delicious, because there are tasty flavor in it.
兩年前,我很喜歡吃方便麵,方便麵看起來很美味,因為聞著就有美味的味道。
When my mother was not at home, I would buy the instant noodles, as the time went by, I found my skin became bad and I would not like to eat rice. I felt so bad, my mother told me that I should not eat so much instant noodles, they contained no vitamins and also frustrated my appetite.
當我媽媽不在家,我會買方便麵,隨著時間的流逝,我發現我的皮膚變得糟糕,我不喜歡吃米飯。我感覺如此糟糕當我媽媽告訴我,我不應該吃太多方便麵,他們沒有微量元素,影響食慾。
I realized my problem and started to stay away from instant noodles, then my appetite became good and I wanted to eat rice again. Instant noodles are junk food, we』d better eat it less.我意識到我的問題,開始遠離方便麵,我的胃口好了,我想要吃米飯了。方便麵是垃圾食品,我們最好少吃。
七年級英語作文 篇6
Wow, you even the table! My family finally moved into a new building, at the same time, I also have my own small room, was quite happy! My room as a whole are light pink, wall is pink, the ceiling is pink. Mother said that the color is warm in winter and cool in summer, and looks very bright. By the way, on the high ceilings, a lovely rabbit light hanging, whenever I came into the room it will enthusiastically and looked at me, if is a stranger, thought is a flying yutu! And a pregnant mother rabbit, because it is stomach is so big! My bed! In my the left side of the room, with pink bed sheets, bedspreads, and pink bed is pink pillow, and the color of the room is the same! That kind of feeling, warm, very quietly elegant, very fresh, very comfortable! My study desk is in the left front of the small bed, on the table is really colorful! A small bookcase with a three layers, a layer on the bottom of the smaller, lay my strawberry shape small cups, very beautiful, a look like a really strawberry, but it is orange. , the middle layer is below a layer of a little larger, there is one of my favorite above all sorts of fairy tale books. The third layer to put my cute little doll, they put all kinds of lovely modelling, it is a doll's house. Beside the bookshelf is my small desk lamp, it is a folding burger,, as long as I see desk lamp, just want to laugh. On one occasion, the younger brother to my home to proce, the desk lamp of he saw me, go up and then bite, have nearly gave his teeth. Don't blame her little brother, take it seriously, every time I write my homework, the saliva can not but flow. ? My room is lovely! Have time I will show you around!
哇,好戲連台呀!我家終於搬進了新樓房,同時呢,我也就有了屬於我自己的小房間,真是太開心啦! 我的房間整體都是淡淡的粉色,牆壁是粉色的,天花板也是粉色的。媽媽說這個顏色冬暖夏涼,而且看上去還很明亮。對了,在高高的天花板上,吊著一盞可愛的兔子燈,每當我進房間時它都會熱情地看著我,如果是外人來了,還以為是一隻飛天玉兔呢!並且還是一隻懷孕的母兔,因為它的肚子好大呀! 我的床呢!位於我房間的左側,床上鋪著粉色的床單,床罩,還有粉色的床被,粉色的枕頭,和房間的顏色是一致的喲!那種感覺,暖暖的,很淡雅,很清新,還很舒服呢! 我的學習桌就在小床的左前方,桌子上面真是豐富多彩啊!有一個三層的小書架,最下面的一層比較小,放著我的草莓形狀小水杯,很漂亮的,一看就像一個真的草莓,不過它是橙色的。,中間的一層比較下面的一層要大那麼一點點,上面放著我最喜歡的各種童話書。第三層放了我可愛的小玩偶,他們擺出各種可愛的造型,簡直就是一個玩偶之家。 書架的旁邊是我的小台燈,那是一個折疊的漢堡,惟妙惟肖,我只要看見台燈,就想哈哈大笑。有,小弟到我家來串門兒,他見了我的台燈,上去就咬了一口,差點把他的牙硌掉。不怪小弟把它當真的,每次我寫作業的時候,口水就忍不住流下來。 怎麼樣?我的房間可愛吧!有時間我就帶你參觀一下嘍!
七年級英語作文 篇7
1. My Friend(我的朋友)
I have a good friend. Her name is May. She is 12 years old.Her telephone number is 87634966 Her birthday is March 5th. She is good at English and Chiese.She often plays the piano. She likes reading books and listening to the music. Her hobbies are reading and listening to music. She is a nice girl. We often help each other. We are good friends.
2.假設你是李枚,下面的照片是你的全家福,請你寫一篇文章介紹你的家庭。Hello,everyone!I'm LiMei.Look! This is my family photo. This is my grandmother. She is 58. This is my father. He is a teacher. He is 36. and my mother is 36, too. Who』s that boyOh, he is my brother. He is 13 and I am 12. My brother and I are students.
3.假設這是TOM的房間,請你用80詞左右介紹他的房間。
Look! This is Tom』s room. His photos are on the wall. His T-shirt is on the bed. His baseball bat is behind the dresser. The keys are in the drawer. The computer is on the desk. Where is Tom』s baseballOh, It』s under the bed. What is on the floorThey are Tom』s shoes, socks and computer games. What do you think of Tom』s room
4.寫一篇文章介紹你的朋友JIM所擁有的體育器材和他喜歡的體育運動。
Jim has a great sports collection. He has 10 basketballs, 4 footballs,2 ping-pong balls, 15volleyballs and 9 baseballs. He doesn』t have a ping-pong bat, but he has 8 tennis rackets. Of all the sports, He likes tennis best. He likes sports very much, because he thinks sports are good for health. He often plays tennis and basketball with his friends after school.
1.我有一個好朋友。她的名字叫梅。她12歲。她的電話號碼是87634966 。她的生日是3月5日。她擅長英語和漢語。她經常彈鋼琴。她喜歡看書和聽音樂。她的愛好是讀書和聽音樂。她是一個好女孩。我們經常互相幫助。我們是好朋友。
2.大家好!我是LiMei.看!這是我的全家福。這是我的祖母。她58歲。這是我的父親。他是一名教師。他36歲。我的母親也是36歲。那個男孩是誰?哦,他是我哥哥。他13歲,我12歲。我的哥哥和我都是學生。
3. 瞧!這是湯姆的房間。他的照片掛在牆上。他的T恤在床上。他的棒球棒在梳妝台後面。鑰匙在抽屜里。計算機在書桌上。湯姆的棒球在哪裡?哦,在床底下。地板上是什麼?它們是湯姆的'鞋子,襪子和電腦游戲。你覺得湯姆的房間怎麼樣?
4.吉姆擁有一個大的體育用品收藏。他有10個籃球,4個足球,2乒乓球,15個排球和9個棒球。他沒有一個乒乓球球拍,但他有8個網球拍。在所有的運動中,他最喜歡打網球。他很喜歡運動,因為他認為運動是對健康有益的。他經常在放學後和他的朋友們打網球和籃球。
5.自我介紹
My name is Wang Ming.My birthday is June 5th. I am Chinese. I am a student.I study very hard.My favorite subject is English. I like it because it is interesting. I can play the piano and the
trumpet, but not very well. I love swimming and I am good at it.Of all kinds of movies, I like comedies best. I think they're interesting. I』m one of the best students in my class. My teachers all say I am a good student.They all like me and I like them, too.
6. My English Teacher(我的英語老師)
Miss Wang is my English teacher. She looks very young.She's about thirty years old, and she wears glasses.She's funny . But she is strict with us. She wants us to study hard, Her lessons are interesting. We are very happy in her class and we all like her lessons. She is a good teacher, and we all like her.
7.Music Lovers Wanted(招聘音樂愛好者)
We need more music lovers in our club. Do you like musicCan you singCan you danceCan you play the violin, the piano, the guitar or the drumsIf your answers are 「yes」, then you can join our music club. Please call Gina at 612-5568.
8. (談談你對電影的看法)Of all kinds of movies, I like comedies best. I think they're interesting. My favorite actor is Jackie. I like his movie King of Comedy. I think it』s a successful comedy. For action movies, I like The Lord of the Ring best. It』s exciting. I like documentaries because they』re true stories. I like only some thrillers. Many thrillers are scary and boring.
5.我的名字是王明.我的生日是6月5日。我是中國人。我是一個學生.我學習很努力.我的最喜歡的科目是英語。我喜歡它,因為它很有趣。我可以彈鋼琴和吹喇叭,但不是很好。我喜歡游泳並且我很擅長.在所有種類的電影中,我最喜歡喜劇片。我想他們很有趣。我是我班上最好的學生之一。我的老師都說我是一個很好的學生.他們都喜歡我,我也喜歡他們。
6.王老師是我的英語老師。她看起來很young.She的約三十歲,她穿glasses.She很有趣。不過,她嚴格要求我們。她要我們努力學習,她的課很有意思。我們非常高興,在她的課堂,我們都喜歡她的課。她是一位好老師,我們都喜歡她。
7.我們需要在我們的俱樂部更多的音樂愛好者。你喜歡音樂嗎?你能唱歌嗎?你能跳舞嗎?你能拉小提琴,鋼琴,吉他,打鼓呢?如果你的答案是「yes」,那麼你可以加入我們的音樂俱樂部。請致電612-5568吉娜。
8.在各種各樣的電影中,我最喜歡喜劇片。我想他們很有趣。我最喜歡的演員是成龍。我喜歡他的電影「喜劇之王」。我認為這是一個成功的喜劇。至於動作片,我最喜歡「指環王」。它令人興奮。我喜歡紀錄片,因為他們是真實的故事。我只喜歡一些恐怖片。許多恐怖片都太恐怖和無聊。
9.請你寫一篇短文介紹你的周末生活。
I have a good weekend. On Saturday morning ,I do my homework. After lunch, I go shopping with my
mother. At about five o』clock, I go to play basketball with my friend. On Sunday, I watch a football game on TV. I often help my mother do housework. I watch TV with my parents in the evening. Then I go to bed at nine o』clock. I』m very happy on weekends.
10.以 My Favorite為題,寫一篇短文
My favorite subject is English. I like it because it is interesting. I have English every day. I can speak a little English. I join the school English club. Every afternoon I go there to talk in English. I can see the English movies and read English books. I think it is useful for me. I want to learn it well. I like English very much.
11.介紹你的一日三餐。
Hello, everyone! I don』t like sports, but I like eating very much. I eat a lot food every day. For breakfast, I like milk, eggs and bread a lot . For lunch, I like French fries, chicken, hamburgers and apples. For dinnerr, I like fruits, vegetables and rice.
12.My Day(我的一天)
I get up early at six every day. After doing some morning exercises, I read English for twenty minutes. At seven I have breakfast. After breakfast I take my schoolbag and go to school. Our class begins at eight, and we have four classes in the morning. After lunch at 12 o』clock, I take a short rest in the classroom. We have three more classes in the afternoon.After school at five , I go back home. I often help my mother do some housework. Sometimes I watch TV. After dinner, I begin to do my homework. Then I take a shower. I go to bed at nine thirty.
9.我有一個美好的周末。星期六早上,我做我的功課。午飯後,我和我的母親去購物。大約5點,我和我的朋友一起玩籃球。星期天,我在電視上觀看足球比賽。我經常幫助媽媽做家務。晚上我與我的父母看電視。然後我在九點鍾去睡覺。周末我很高興。
10.我最喜歡的科目是英語。我喜歡它,因為它很有趣。我每一天都有英語課。我會講一點英語。我參加了學校的英語俱樂部。每天下午我去那裡用英語交談。我可以看英文電影和閱讀英文書籍。我想這對我來說是有用的。我想學好它。我非常喜歡英語。
11.大家好!我不喜歡運動,但我很喜歡吃。我每天吃很多食物。早餐,我非常喜歡牛奶,雞蛋和麵包。午餐,我喜歡薯條,雞肉,漢堡包和蘋果。對於晚餐,我喜歡水果,蔬菜和大米。
12.我每天早上六點起床。做了早操後,我讀英語20分鍾。七點吃早餐。早飯後,我帶上我的書包去上學。我們的課始於八點,我們早上有四節課。在12點吃午飯後,我要在教室里作短暫的休息。我們在下午還有3節課。在5點放學後.我回到家裡。我經常幫助
媽媽做一些家務,有時候我看電視。晚飯後,我就開始做家庭作業。然後我沖個澡。我在九點半去睡覺。
七年級英語作文 篇8
Taking care of our environment is our ty.But how we can do to make our environment more beautiful? At first,we must make ourselves clean.For example,we must wash our clothes when they are dirty.We should not litter waste things about,and draw on the wall.We mustn't spit in public or cut down trees. We should plant more trees around our nEighbourhood.We should pick the rubbish up and throw them into the stbin when we see them. We must make our world more and more beautiful,don't you think so?
㈡ 七年級英語作文
無論在學習、工作或是生活中,許多人都寫過作文吧,作文根據體裁的不同可以分為記敘文、說明文、應用文、議論文。如何寫一篇有思想、有文採的作文呢?下面是我為大家收集的七年級英語作文9篇,僅供參考,希望能夠幫助到大家。
七年級英語作文 篇1
the First Day of Spring Festivaltoday is the first day of the chinese new year. i wear a new sweater and shoes. some one always take the presents and smile at every one. they wear red clothes.
you can play the firework but don』t play in the room. we can eat many chinese food ,zong-zi,jiao-zi…. today may be a good day,because many marry—cars running in the street.
older people always say today we must eat many good luck food.
七年級英語作文 篇2
I have a good friend,he』s a lovely boy. He』s strong and tall,he has short black hair and small eyes,he has a small mouth and a big nose,he likes sports and computer game.
He』s a good student,too. He studies hard,he listens to his teachers carefully and likes to answer her teacher』s questions,he likes chinese and english,he likes reading books,too.
Oh! he』s lv xuanyu,i love him very much!
七年級英語作文 篇3
Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students. Some think it is good for students to bring a mobile phone. But some people do not think so. They think it is bad for students to bring a mobile phone. Because the students will use mobile phones to play games, sent text messages, watch movies, etc which will do harm to their study. And if a mobile phone ring in the class, the teacher and students would be disturbed. In my opinion, we can bring mobile phones to school.
As we know, the 21st century is a modern age and full of information. A mobile phone is one of the quickest tools for us to exchange information. The mobile phone is a fashionable and useful invention, so we ought to make the best use of it. Suppose there』s a sudden accident, it is more convenient for us to dial for help immediately. There』re also some games in the mobile phone. We can relax ourselves by playing them when we』re tired of our studies. In my opinion, it』s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way and do not disturbed others.
七年級英語作文 篇4
Hello! I』m a student from Class 10, Grade 7. Let me tell you something about my school life. It』s very intersting.
Classes begin at 7:50 am. I have five classes in the morning. In the afternoon, I have three classes. We studay many subjects. They are English, art, history, biology and some other subjects. My favorite subject is English. It』s easy and interesting. I like P.E. and music, too. Our P.E. teacher is very funny. But I don』t like history at all. I think it』s difficult and boring.
After school, I like playing soccer on the playground with my classmates. Sometimes I go swimming. Every Tuesday and Thursday, I go to the library.
I like my school life a lot.
你好!我是一個學生類,7年級。讓我告訴你一些關於我的學校生活。它非常有趣。
類從7點50分開始。在早上我有五類。在下午,我有三個類。我們學習許多科目。他們是英國人,藝術,歷史,生物和一些其他科目。我最喜歡的科目是英語。很容易和有趣。我也喜歡體育和音樂。我們的體育老師很有趣。但我不喜歡歷史。我認為這是困難和無聊。
放學後,我喜歡和同學一起在操場上踢足球。有時我去游泳。每個星期二和星期四,我去圖書館。
我很喜歡我的.學校生活。
七年級英語作文 篇5
Last week I lost my lunch money my mother gave me. I was worried and sad.
My best friend Xiaomei gave me her only 10 yuan and told me that was her pocket money. I believed that.
Then I knew the money was saved by her from breakfast and she wanted to buy a new bag. It moved me.
翻譯:
上星期我把媽媽給我的午飯錢丟了,我又著急又傷心。
我的好朋友小梅把她僅有的10元錢給了我,並告訴我這是媽媽給的零花錢。我相信了。
後來我才知道那是她從早飯中省下來想給自己買個書包的,這件事讓我感動極了。
七年級英語作文 篇6
i spent this holiday very quick, on the 1st may, we went to the zoo, there were crowded there, so many travelers coming from all over the country to have some fun ring the holidays.on 2nd may, i visited my relatives with my parents, we had a great lunch together, the resturant were crowded as well.on 3rd may, we went to shopping in the mall, after the shopping we went to watch a new movie. all the other days lefti didn』t go anywhere, no only becasue i still have some homework,but also there were almost all crowded in everywhere!
這個假期過的很快,5月1日,我們去了動物園,那裡也很擁擠,所以許多遊客來自全國各地有一些有趣的假期。5月2日,我和父母拜訪了我的親戚,我們一起度過了美好的午餐,餐廳也很擁擠。5月3日,我們去商場購物,購物後我們去看一部新電影。所有其他天lefti沒有去任何地方,不只是因為我還有一些作業,但也到處都是幾乎所有擁擠!
七年級英語作文 篇7
報紙和網站 Newspapers and WebsitesNewspapers and websites are two major new media in the world today, both of which can provide us with lots of news and information. But they're different in some ways.
報紙和網站是兩個主要的新媒體在當今世界上,都可以為我們提供大量的新聞和信息。但他們在某些方面有所不同。
Newspapers enjoy a longer history and often come out daily with more reliable news and information. They can be carried and read almost anywhere you like. So many people like reading them. But they can only contain texts and photos.
報紙上享受一個較長的歷史,往往更可靠的新聞和信息日報。他們可以通過閱讀幾乎任何你想去的地方。很多人喜歡閱讀。但他們只能包含文本和照片。
On the other hand, websites are quite new and popular, especially among young people. Websites have not only texts with pictures but also audios and videos, which makes stories more interesting. What's more, they are updated from time to time. So the latest news is always seen on websites instead of in newspapers. But it is not quite convenient for people without a computer connected with the Internet to get information from websites.
另一方面,網站是很新的,流行的,尤其是在年輕人中間。網站不僅有圖片文字,而且音頻和視頻,這使得故事更有趣。更重要的是,他們不時更新。所以,最新的消息是,而不是在報紙網站上看到的。但是它不太方便,因為沒有與互聯網相連從網上獲取信息。
七年級英語作文 篇8
My father engaged in decoration instry, work very hard every day. My mother is a housewife, at home to take care of our kids. My sister on the third grade primary school! In the last semester, I and she in school together to the same schools! My little brother, was only a year old, he is very likable, grow fat, very cute.
我父親從事裝飾行業,每天都很努力工作。我媽媽是家庭主婦,在家照顧我們的孩子。我妹妹上小學三年級!在上學期,我和她一起上了同一所學校!我的小弟弟,只有一歲,他很可愛,長胖,很可愛。
七年級英語作文 篇9
My Day
Today is Monday. I get up at 6:00. I have my breakfast at about 6:30.Then I clean my room, wash my face and brush my teeth. I have noodles for breakfast. I go to school at 7:00. I do morning exercises at 7:50.
We have four classes in morning. At 11:30, I』m very hungry. I have lunch at school. I go to bed at 12:00 in the noon. We have three classes in the afternoon. I have computer claand art classes.
I like them very much. I go home at 5:30. I do homework after school. My sister、brother and I watch TV at 8:00 in the evening. Then I wash my face and brush my teeth. I go to bed at 10:00.
㈢ 初一關於閱讀的英語作文及翻譯
閱讀可以帶給我們更好的故事體驗,同時拓寬我們的思維和眼界。那麼用英語該怎麼談論閱讀呢?下面我精心整理了初一閱讀的英語作文,供大家參考,希望你們喜歡!
初一英語作文:我喜歡閱讀I like reading
I like to read books, because a good book, contains a wealth of knowledge and good feelings. Reading a good book is across time and space, dialogue with wisdom and noble people.
Reading makes me rich knowledge, purify the soul. Book is the ocean of knowledge, it is graally broadened my horizons, improve my ability. I have benefited a lot from reading this is self-evident.
Reading is a golden key for me open the door to knowledge, reading is like the sun light up bright future for me.
The book, not ll, inflexible. But like a person, lively and interesting. A good book is the best teacher, is a friend, is a partner. World writer gorky once said: "books are the ladder of human progress."
Because of this, I like reading, it makes my writing improve a lot, gave me a lot of harvest.
Love books! It will make you have a lot of harvest.
我喜歡讀書,因為一本好書,蘊含著豐富的知識和美好的情感。閱讀一本好書就是跨越時間和空間,同睿智而高尚的人對話。
讀書使我豐富了知識,凈化了靈魂。書是知識的海洋,它在潛移默化之中開拓了我的眼界,提高了我的才幹。讀書使我受益匪淺這是不言而喻的。
讀書是一把金鑰匙為我打開知識寶庫的大門,讀書就像太陽為我照亮美好的前程。作文
書,不是枯燥的,呆板的。而是如同一個人一樣生動,有趣。一本好書是良師,是益友,是伴侶。世界文豪高爾基曾經說過:“書是人類進步的階梯。”
因為這樣,我喜歡讀書,它讓我的寫作水平提高了許多,給了我許多收獲。
愛書吧!它會讓你有許多收獲。
初一英語作文:閱讀的好處 The Benefit of Reading
Speaking of reading, many people are excited because reading brings them both knowledge and entertainment. By reading, we can learn lots of information and know our history. But for some people, reading is not their priority. They will choose to watch movies to have fun. However, I think people can benefit a lot by reading.
說起讀書,很多人都很興奮,讀書不僅能帶給他們知識,而且也能帶給他們娛樂。通過讀書,我們能得到很多信息,了解我們的歷史。但是對於一部分人來說,閱讀並不是他們的首選。他們會選擇看電影來找樂子。但是,我認為,讀書能讓我們獲益。
First of all, reading can let us know what have happened in history. Since history is recorded in books, if we read books, then we can not only what have happened in history but also we can better understand the great figures of the age.
第一,讀書能讓我們知道歷史。歷史都被記錄在數中,如果我們讀書的話,我們不僅能了解歷史,而且我們也能更加了解時代偉人。
Secondly, reading can enrich our knowledge. By reading, we can know different kinds of things, how things happen and how to avoid bad things from happening. Books record a wide range of things about life. Through reading, we can know various aspects of life.
第二,讀書能讓我們豐富我們的知識。通過讀書,我們能了解很多事物,了解到事件是怎麼發生的,怎麼避免不利事件的發生。書本記錄著社會的方方面面。通過讀書,我們能了解生活的方方面面的知識。
Thirdly, reading teaches us skills. There are so many books about how to learn a certain language, how to get a good job, how to become popular in your circle, how to cook and so on. Thus, these kinds of books can make us more skillful if we do a certain thing.
第三,我們能通過讀書來學習一些技能。很多書都是寫關於怎麼學會一門語言,怎麼找到一份好工作,怎麼讓自己在圈子中更受歡迎以及怎麼烹飪等之類的東西。通過這些書,我們能在做事的時候更加熟練。
All in all, we can find lots of benefits through reading.
總之,我們能夠通過讀書收獲很多。
初一英語作文:閱讀的重要性The Importance of Reading
As the development of the world, there is more and more entertainment for people to kill time. Reading used to be an important amusement. But now there are less and less people fond of reading. But there are still a large number of people stand on the side of reading. For me, I think reading is very important. The reasons are as following.
隨著世界的發展,越來越多娛樂供人們消磨時光。閱讀在過去常常就是一種重要的娛樂。但現在卻越來越少人喜歡閱讀了。但仍然還有很多人是喜歡看書的。對我來說,我認為閱讀是很重要的。理由如下。
First of all, reading can broaden our vision. The main way we learn the things happen long time ago is according to the book. People will try their best to write the things in their stage in their way. When we read books, we have the opportunity to learn everything. The content in the books contains the knowledge all over the world and every aspect. We can read the knowledge about biography, science, technology, culture, economic and so on from the book. It is hard not to broaden vision from reading.
首先,閱讀可以開闊我們的視野。我們了解很久以前發生的事情的主要方式是通過閱讀。人們用他們自己的方式盡自己最大的努力寫關於他們那個年代的事情。我們看書的時候,我們才有機會了解到一切。書中的內容包含知識的方方面面。通過書籍我們可以了解到關於傳記,科學,技術,文化,經濟等方面的知識。從閱讀中,我們的視野很難不被拓寬。
Secondly, reading can cultivate our taste. I am sure that reading some elegant sentence or the beautiful things described in the book will make us feel relax and comfortable. And we all know that the more knowledge a person has, the better-behaved he will be. I think this is the charming of reading. If there are more people like reading, the world will become more civilized.
其次,閱讀可以陶冶我們的情操。我相信閱讀一些優美的句子或者書中描述的美麗東西會使我們感到放鬆和舒適。我們都知道一個人擁有的知識越多,那個人就會表現得越好。我覺得這就是閱讀的魅力。如果有更多的人喜歡閱讀,這個世界會變得更加文明。
The importance mentioned above just a part of reading. It has so many advantages that I can’t list all in a short time. It is irreplaceable in human beings’ life.
上面所提到的重要性只是其中一部分。閱讀有很多的優點,在短時間內我都不能一一列舉我不能列舉。它在人類的生活中是不可替代的。
㈣ 初中英語閱讀教學存在的問題與解決策略教育論文
初中英語閱讀教學存在的問題與解決策略教育論文
在平平淡淡的日常中,說到論文,大家肯定都不陌生吧,論文是進行各個學術領域研究和描述學術研究成果的一種說理文章。你知道論文怎樣才能寫的好嗎?下面是我整理的初中英語閱讀教學存在的問題與解決策略教育論文,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對大家有所幫助。
初中英語閱讀教學存在的問題與解決策略教育論文 篇1
初中是學生語言發展的一個舉足重輕的階段,初中的閱讀課是閱讀能力培養的重要陣地,是廣大英語教師探討和研究得最多的教學組成部分。但是總的來說,初中英語閱讀教學的狀況並不理想,學生普遍存在著閱讀速度慢,理解能力弱的現象。盡管教師和學生都在這一塊投入了較多的時間和精力,但是與學習效果不能成正比,形成一種「高耗低效」的現象。不少的學生在英語考試當中閱讀題得分普遍偏低。應該如何改變這種高投入低效率的現象,提高閱讀教學質量,切實提高學生運用語言的能力,筆者從實際教學出發,對新課標下的初中英語閱讀教學進行研究和探索,發現當前閱讀教學當中存在的一些問題,對其進行分析並提出對應的優化對策。
一、英語閱讀教學存在的問題
1、詞彙量不足夠、閱讀速度慢。
詞彙是語言的基本單位,學習任何一種語言都不能夠忽視詞彙的學習。已有的研究表明,要想閱讀系列等級讀物,必須達到95%的理解。也就是說,在閱讀時,學生必須認識現有等級讀物中95%的詞,才能夠做到快速順利閱讀。但是,由於學生的詞彙量小,閱讀的時間不夠多,閱讀的速度又由於詞彙障礙而很慢,從而導致他們接觸英語詞彙的機會很少,詞彙量小又引起他們在閱讀過程當中容易引起挫敗感,使得學生對閱讀失去興趣或失去信心,從而產生一種不良的循環。
2、課外閱讀量少,不能為理解提供充分的輸入。
學習任何一種語言,最有效的方法是置身於這種語言的文化背景當中去。我們在閱讀一篇文字時,要達到對文字的理解,有時候不僅僅需要對詞彙的熟悉認識,更需要對該段文字的背景知識的了解。而目前來說,初中生的英語閱讀量偏少,不能為理解文章提供充分的輸入,並且,過小的閱讀量不利於詞彙的積累與語言綜合水平的發展。
3、教學模式單一,對閱讀教材只限於對課文表層的理解。
閱讀教學模式單一,閱讀教材單一拘泥於學生對所讀教材的表層理解,學生不能夠對所讀文章的重點進行有效推斷,難以正確把握文章脈絡,從而影響對文章理解的准確性。許多教師甚至還使用一問一答的教學方式,讓學生回答的問題都是教師事先確定好的,學生只處於一個被動應付的局面,不利於培養學生的發散性思維和學習主動性。有些教師在日常閱讀教學實踐當中,把閱讀當作精讀,閱讀教學就是講解生詞,羅列搭配,補充片語,逐句逐段地分析句子結構、語法等;而有的教師則把閱讀當作課外閱讀,劃出片語,提供個標准答案,學生自讀完以後只了解了個故事情節。由於教法單一、陳舊,學生接觸到的教材基本是課本和試題,難以激發他們的閱讀興趣,更沒能夠發展他們的推理能力、歸納能力及感受能力。
二、適應新課改大背景下的閱讀教學方法
《英語課程標准》指出「英語課程改革的重點就是要改變英語課程過分注重語法和詞彙知識的講解與傳授,忽視對學生實際語言運用能力培養的傾向」,新課程要求對學生的培養目標要從以前的「雙基」為主轉到提高學生的閱讀理解能力為主,並且增加了課外閱讀量的要求,下面筆者嘗試著談一談優化閱讀教學的一些方法: 1、合理安排步驟,掌握閱讀技巧,提高閱讀能力。
閱讀教學的開展應該具有步驟性,包括「讀前」、「閱讀」、「讀後」三個步驟。閱讀前,應該激活文化背景知識,減少閱讀理解障礙。在日常閱讀教學當中,經常會發生這樣的情況,即盡管學生自己掌握了足夠的詞彙和語法知識,但仍然無法完全理解全文。原因就在於他們缺乏相應的文化背景知識,不具備在閱讀過程中激活已有知識的能力。所以教師應開展各種各樣的讀前活動,開展讀前活動時可以參照學生用書中的插圖,圖片。或者利用掛圖,甚至錄像VCD等。使得學生對所要閱讀的內容有了一定的感性認識和背景文化支持。而閱讀中,則應立足課堂,活用教材。閱讀中教師所設計的活動應該以訓練學生的閱讀技能為目標,視教材為渠道,培養學生搜集和處理信息的能力,根據上下文猜測生詞意思的能力,讀懂並抓住大意的能力,培養學生的語篇分析能力。比如,在教學八(下)Unit3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?時,課前讓學生預先收集與UFO相關的信息,可以查看有關的書籍、電視電影,並與同學交流討論。閱讀前,展示關於UFO的電影片斷,展現圖片,讓學生看著圖用下列詞彙來描述UFO來臨時的情景:land,getoutof,alien,while,surprised,anywhere,kid,right,runaway,happen。閱讀時對學生進行引導,讓他們說出每一段的段落大意,並進行語句語篇的講解分析,以使學生對文章結構有更清晰的認識。閱讀後則主要是及時對學生讀語篇的理解程度進行檢查,可以利用課文後附的練習,也可以自行設計,或檢查學生對課文中的事實、情節等表層的理解,或檢查學生對課文嘗的理解。使學生挖掘文中內涵,開展創造性思維。
2、精讀與泛讀相結合,課內與課外相結合。
近年來各種類型各種等級的英語考試都更加註重閱讀,閱讀的比重在各種英語試題當中越來越大。新課標也對初中英語閱讀技能提出了更高的要求。這也就反映了閱讀的量應該相應的增加,但是閱讀的量不應該盲目的增加。在閱讀教學中,應該區分精讀與泛讀,課內與課外,並且使之有機地結合起來。因此,教師應該結合教材中的主題,補充各類貼近生活、貼近時代的課外閱讀材料。課內進行精讀,並加以細致的指導;課外進行泛讀,培養學生的語感與開拓學生視野,豐富詞彙。例如,教師可以為學生們訂閱英語報、英語雜志。課堂上精講課文內容,講解片語、語法、分析句子結構與段落等等,然後給學生選定的報刊、雜志上的文章或某一段落,讓他們在課外自行閱讀並按照老師講解的方法進行分析,報刊雜志上的其他文章則只要求他們進行泛讀,並在課內抽取一定的時間來談他們課外閱讀的體會。
3、加強文化背景知識的積累。
課文的教學一般都涉及三個方面的知識,分別是語言知識、閱讀技能和文化背景知識。我們在教授學生課文的時候,不僅僅只是要求他們認識詞彙,理解字面意思與了解文章故事內容而已,更希望他們能夠在教師的幫助下欣賞淺顯的英語文學作品。文化背景知識的積累,又會加深他們對文章的理解,甚至會有助於提高他們的推理能力。在閱讀教學中,教師應該注意引導學生融入到教材的文化內容中去,對比文化現象的異同,適當介紹英語國家社會制度、歷史、民族習性以及價值觀等文化現象,進一步提高他們英語閱讀分析的能力,初步培養英語作品鑒賞能力。
初中英語閱讀教學存在的問題與解決策略教育論文 篇2
教學質量是學校的生命線,教學質量管理是學校管理的重要工作。在課程改革背景下,學校教學質量的提高不能也不允許通過加大學生的課業負擔來實現,要做到輕負擔、高效益,只有落實有效教學,構建高效課堂。有效教學的核心是教學的效益。所謂「有效教學」,是指通過一段時間教學後,學生能獲得具體進步或發展,學生能否得到最大化的進步和發展是衡量有效教學的主要指標。落實有效教學需要繼承、借鑒、創新。縱觀當前有效教學實施的過程,還存在很多問題,主要表現在:理念不新、備課不實、內容不齊、整合不力、方法不活、評價不新、發展不全。對實施有效教學過程中存在的這些現象,我們必須更新觀念、制定製度、創新手段、優化行為,加強有效教學的指導,將有效教學的理論主張及操作要求內化為教師教學的需要。
一要加強學習,落實培訓
教師教學理念認識不到位,其原因不僅僅在教師一方,學校也有責任。課程改革多年,而新課程學習培訓方面,各級教育行政部門雖然開展了一些有成效的工作,但培訓面相對狹窄,每年真正參加上級培訓的名額非常有限,往往只能派部分優秀的教師教干參加。讓每位教師深刻領會新課改的精神是實現有效教學的基本前提,教育行政部門和學校需加大培訓力度,統籌安排,積極引領教師對新課程理念進行自學與研討。學校要立足本校實際搞好校本教研:集體備課、教研活動、聽課評課等要分期、分批有計劃地進行,要對課標理念和教材易忽視的內容以小專題的形式進行研究和挖掘,形成具體的帶有案例性質的解讀材料。
二要明確要求,規范教學
實施有效教學,落實在課堂,關鍵在教師。因為教師的教學習慣一旦形成,要徹底改變並非易事,所以,僅靠目標管理來改變教師教學行為遠遠不夠,需要有統一的標准來衡量、規范,因此需要在備課、上課、作業、教學方法選擇等方面制訂一系列標准。例如備課方面做到備教材、備學生、備教學法、備輔導(閱讀),課堂教學務實不務虛,真正把學生當成學習的主人,課堂教學堅持從「教會知識」轉向「教會學習」,力戒拖沓無神的「催眠課」與急風驟雨式的「填鴨課」。作業方面做到布置之前審核,以精當、適量、有層次為標准,克服作業布置的隨意性,做到布置之後批閱要及時、認真、准確、全面等。
三要以學定教,顧及全面
現代教學理論強調教學以學生為主體,本質上說教學的教程就是學生學習的過程。教師是學生學習活動的計劃者、組織者、引導者。因此,要立足學生,研究他們的學習需求與學習特點,從學生的具體需求與特點出發,結合課程標準的各個階段目標,去設計教學目標和教學過程。教學方法的選擇要根據學生的特點並結合教材內容,盡可能地利用學校現有的現代化教學設備,增強學生學習的主動性、互動性,提高學習參與率和自主學習能力,提升教學實效。
四要開發資源,拓寬渠道
校本課程資源的開發對教師來說確實有難度,但開發校本課程怎麼搞應從學校實際出發,可簡可繁。有能力形成課程體系的,可從教材研究、課程設置等方面系統整理,沒有能力的,可針對學習內容和學生學習興趣去收集整理一些拓展性材料,用學生感興趣的內容去補充學習內容,從而開辟課程資源,增加學生吸取知識的渠道,有效地提高教學效果。
五要「授之以漁」,養成習慣
蘇霍姆林斯基曾說過:「對於個人教育來說離開自我教育是不可思議的'。」要求教師加強自學指導,培養學生自主學習的習慣。自學就是要求學生學會自己提問,愛因斯坦說過「提出一個問題往往比解決一個問題更重要。」因此,教師要多引導學生動腦,少替代學生思考,讓學生養成獨立思考和自我質疑的習慣。教師要經常給學生布置預習任務並指導預習,對學生預習情況進行檢查。久而久之,就會使學生在反復強化中逐漸養成預習、質疑和獨立解決問題的習慣。教師還要關注學生情感、個性、意志品德、作業習慣等非智力因素的情況,通過針對性地訓練和家校互動等方式,讓學生在各個方面向積極的、可持續發展的方面發展。
六要注重評價,倡導反思
教學評價的目的主要是為了改進教師的教學,完善教學過程,有效地促進學生的發展。教學評價包括「教」的評價和「學」的評價兩方面。在「教」的評價中,要強調教師的自我評價。教師可藉助寫教學反思的形式來進行,要讓教學反思促進教師的自我成長,把反思的重點放在方法(如何反思)、角度(從哪些方面去反思)、連續性與實效上。教學反思一方面是每節課後的教學反思,另一方面是階段性教學行為反思,因為只有把短期反思與階段反思結合起來,使教師對自己的教學有深刻的認識並有較大的改進,才能達到「反思」的真正目的。教的評價還要結合有效教學,建立對教學每個環節的評價細則,形成領導點評、教師互評、日常評價和階段性總結評價相結合,通過評價改進教學。「學」的評價要強調評價手段多樣化。對學生的評價不能只用成績報告書作為終極評價手段,平時對學生要採用動作、神情、體態、語言等表揚方式,經常性的隨機激勵評價,豐富評價的手段。教學中可構建「比、學、趕、超」的評比制度,開展教師評、學生評、師生互評、當堂現場評、課後個別點評等多種形式的評價,並在評價中通過建立學生成長記錄等完善評價激勵機制,發揮評價的促進功能。
總之,實施有效教學既近在眼前,又任重道遠。我們必須在思想上重視,從方法上創優、內容上突破、細節上關注,才能取得實效、高效。固然,目前存在的每一個問題、採取的每一項策略都不是一蹴而就的,但只要我們管理者付出艱辛的勞動和不懈的努力,有效教學一定會顯現。
初中英語閱讀教學存在的問題與解決策略教育論文 篇3
摘要 :課堂是教學活動的主陣地,課堂評價是建立促進學生全面發展的評價體系中最為重要的環節。新課程提倡學生積極主動地學習,這有利於學生的全面發展。但在現實教學中,學生積極主動學習、熱情參與教學過程的狀況與新課程的要求還有一段距離。小學英語課堂評價還存在一些現實的問題。有效的激勵性評價策略能夠充分調動學生的積極性,對促進小學生積極主動地學習具有重要意義。因此,在小學英語教學中,充分發揮課堂激勵性評價的作用是促進學生積極主動學習、提高英語課堂教學質量等的有效途徑。
關鍵詞 :課堂評價;問題;策略;英語教學論文
1引言
面對新要求,怎樣才能通過科學的課堂即時評價促進學生的發展、提高教學質量呢?這是擺在教育工作者面前突出的、值得探索的新課題。
2課堂評價的概念界定
關於課堂評價的定義各式各樣,但核心基本相同,即教師在課堂教學過程中,為判斷學生的學習情況,促進學生的學習,了解自己的教學效果,而對學生的學習信息採集、分析與利用。從不同的角度分析,課堂評價具有多種類型。例如,從評價內容看,有學習行為評價、學習結果評價、發展趨勢評價等。對評價類型的分析與把握,有助於我們科學地建立並合理地使用教師課堂評價標准。本文所述教師課堂評價,僅指即時性評價。
3課堂評價存在的問題及其原因
3.1存在的問題
隨著新理念的提出,課堂即時性評價在一定程度上得到了實施,但沒發揮其真正的作用。目前課堂評價存在的不足有:評價語言和標准單一、僵化;評價主體單一;鼓勵與誇獎的濫用;糾錯方式不恰當;缺少體態評價。沒有對不同層次學生的區別對待。
3.2存在問題的原因
3.2.1教師受傳統評價理念的影響傳統教育模式中,教師是權威的,教師單向評價學生。在新課改下,傳統評價思想依然存在,學生評價老師和學生互評在課堂上也不多見,老師掌握著課堂評價的主動權,必然造成評價主體單一。3.2.2教師對評價功能意識淡薄有的教師為了體現新課改的精神,在課堂上大量運用「萬能」的「Good,OK」來表揚學生。老師不指出讀得好,好在哪裡;對又對在哪裡。學生聽了表揚當然高興,可這有利於學生的提高嗎?教師淡忘了評價的功能。3.2.3教師對激勵性評價片面理解在小學英語課堂上,教師在評價時不恰當地使用激勵性策略,有的是浮誇的,甚至學生出現嚴重錯誤時都一味地鼓勵學生。3.2.4教師對學生的心理認識不清小學五年級階段的學生被稱為學齡中期階段或少年期,是各方面蓬勃的、不均衡的發展時期。他們的自尊心開始增強,有的教師忽略了學生的心理感受,當面批評指責學生,造成了不良的學習效果。
4激勵性評價策略
4.1概念闡述
激勵性口頭評價是指在課堂教學情境這一特定語境的制約下,當學生的某一行為完成後,教師通過激勵性的語言對學生的行為進行價值判斷,激發學習動機,誘發其興趣,進而促使學生積極主動地發展。
4.2策略
4.2.1轉變教師觀念和課堂教學方式要想新的教學理念付諸於實踐,解放教師的思想是前提。有的教師說:「只要學生學到東西就可以了,不一定非要展示。」可見其根本就不重視學生是否參與課堂,教師都不重視那又怎會激勵學生去參與呢?而觀念的轉變要落實在實際的課堂中。英語課堂中如何創設語境是教師要著重思考的問題。毫無疑問,小學生更喜歡在游戲中學習。4.2.2課堂評價應充滿人文關懷小學英語課堂教學中,教師的評價應凸顯對學生的人文關懷,體現對學生個性的尊重,評價必須堅持正確的人文價值取向。4.2.3要真誠地愛學生,做到客觀公正一堂小學英語課上,學生每回答一個問題,教師就表揚加分,每說一段話,教師就獎勵一張貼紙。從案例中可以看出教師沒有考慮活動的難易程度,一味進行雷同的表揚。教師要做到客觀公正,需針對不同的學生、不同的行為作出不同的口頭評價,讓學生感到「老師的評價就是針對我的。」4.2.4鼓勵學生自評、互評積極鼓勵學生自評和互評,進行面對全體學生的多主題評價。教師在評價某一位學生時可以推而廣之,對集體進行激勵;也可以開展學生互評。當然,這意味著教師的責任將更重,要機智地引導學生進行正面、友善的互評,否則會導致同學間關系的緊張、矛盾的產生,從而破壞集體的團結。
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;㈤ 求一篇關於 「如何提高英語閱讀」的英語論文
Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader』s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. However, in China, in foreign language learning, many learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. To help the learner become a more efficient reader, it is crucial to improve their reading ability. This paper clearly states how we should improve reading ability by adopting the following methods: improving language knowledge, enlarging the reader』s schema, forming a good habit of reading, applying reading skills, be confident and active in reading. [Key words] reading ability; language knowledge; reading schema knowledge; reading skills 1. Introction These days the influence of the English language is increasing. Today no matter you like it or not, English is the closet thing to a lingua franca around the globe; English is very widely used for business. Between different countries, most business letters around the world are written in English, and three quarters of the world』s books and newspapers are made in English. Reading is one of the four basic skills which learners are required to master if they want to learn a foreign language. English reading can improve reader』s perception so as to give a lot of help to improve listening, speaking and writing. It can increase knowledge, widen their visions, and enhance their interest in English. So it is clear that it』s very important to do a lot of English reading. But the problem is that many English learners seem to have difficulty in reading accurately and efficiently. Moreover, in various international and domestic examinations, English reading has taken larger and larger part. In this situation, how to improve English reading draws more and more attention. This paper tries to state some points as how to help English reader improve their reading ability. 2. Improve your language knowledge The language knowledge here mainly refers to vocabulary and grammar. Your language knowledge can help you read both fast and with high comprehension. 2.1 Vocabulary The English language has about 750, 000 words, and more new words are coming into use daily. Also, words are constantly being redefined. Each word takes additional meanings as time passes until it has many meanings. It has been proved that the readers with small store of vocabulary will find it very difficult in reading comprehension. How to solve this problem? According to the study of Hatch and Brown,learners' strategies for 1earning vocabulary fall into five essential steps: 1) having sources for encountering new words; 2) getting the forms of the new words; 3) learning the meanings of the words; 4)making a strong memory of the words; and 5) using the words. This word acquisition theory not only manifests the inner rule or vocabulary learning but also reveals the three important aspects of vocabulary learning: word form, word meaning and word use.[1] Therefore, we can build up our vocabulary from the following aspects: Firstly, learn about word formation. You can enlarge your vocabulary by using the rules of word formation, Many words in the English language are made up of word parts called roots, prefixes, and suffixes, like「 sad 」, 「sadly」, 「sadness」, and so on. Therefore, this method is used to help readers get the meaning of an unknown word by analyzing the word structure, which is by dividing words into usable parts such as roots, prefixes and suffixes. If you know a number of commonly used prefixes, roots and suffixes, they will be of use in unlocking the meanings of unknown words that you find in your reading. For example, when you know the word 「courage」, 「 encourage,discourage,courageous」 will not be new to you.[2] Secondly, collect the new words you often meet in reading. That doesn』t mean encouraging you to consult the dictionary whenever you meet a new word in reading. The appropriate way is to try to guess the word meanings from context clues, from the words around it, and then you will graally know the clear meaning of the word after meeting it often. And now, if you look it up in the dictionary, you will have a good memory of it. Thirdly, learn a certain number of new words by heart every day. Young students have good memories. It is possible for you to memorize some words every day without much difficulty. You can choose some words for yourself, which is very helpfu1. When you meet these words in your reading,you will feel easy, 「Aha, I』ve known their meanings. 」 You will feel confident and more interested in reading. 2.2 Grammar Language is composed of words and grammatical structures. The accurate rate of comprehension is based on the mastering degree of the words and grammar. In case of learning a language, for instance, a child or a beginner who learns a foreign language, learns some words first, then begins to get in touch with the regulation of sentence --grammar, then he can use words to make sentences himself. Only by understanding the rules of the game, you can win the game. Sometimes, we find some learners recite a large number of words and they can say the meaning of them as they see them, but when these words are arranged into a sentence, these learners cannot make sense of them. Why? That is because they are not familiar with grammar. Grammar is the skeleton, which proces the variety of different words combinations. We know that if you thread coins with a cord, you can carry away many coins at a time easily; if the coins scatter on the floor, it is hard to pick up every one. Grammar is like the cord to give life to the combination of words and make the expression diversified. It makes us know the approval, interrogatory or surprising tone and the like. Mastering grammar is the basic step to make progress on English reading. More exercises on grammar are all too good and no harm can come of it. Sometimes, in the reading, you will find that comprehension of an entire passage depends on your ability to understand a single sentence. Sentences, which are very long, sentences, which have more than one meaning, or sentences, which contain difficult grammatical patterns often, cause comprehension problems. In this case, readers should keep the following points in mind. (1) If the sentence is long, try to break it up into small parts: The general then added, 「The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the use of military force.」 You should read the sentence like this:」 The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems/caused by the current unstable political situation/is one of the diplomacy and economic measures/and not the use of military force.」 (2) Look for key words that tell you the relationship within a sentence. 「The West had sent armies to capture and hold Jerusalem; instead they themselves fell victim to new ideas and subtle influences,」 「 Instead 」indicates that something happened contrary to expectations. 3. Enlarge your schema about various topics and things 「The importance of reader』s knowledge of the world has been long emphasized in the reading processes. The role of this previously acquired knowledge in language comprehension has been formalized as schema theory.」[3] According to schema theory, comprehending a text is an interactive process between the reader』s background knowledge and the text. The more you already know, the less you need to find out. A good reader does not read passively only for the prepositional meaning of each sentence, but more importantly, he reads for the meaning at the pragmatic level. He can understand not only its surface meaning decided by vocabulary and grammar, but also the real purpose of the writer in using a particular piece of language. He does this by creating an effective discourse between himself and the writer to negotiate meaning. 4. Form a good habit of reading If you are reading for meaning,try to read fast. Some people read very slowly. They think that reading slowly helps them understand better. That is not right. As a mater of fact, the faster you read, the better you understand. The expression「haste makes waste」 does not apply to reading. Remember, nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly. Your mind will keep up with your reading speed if you ask it to. By always reading at your top speed, you challenge your understanding and make it easier for your mind to concentrate on the materia1. To improve your reading speed, you must get rid of the following bad habits: a.Point at words or hold a pen or a pencil or ruler under the line while reading; b.Mumble the words to yourself or say the words in your mind,though other people cannot hear you reading; c.Read back from time to time; d.Stop reading at occurrence of the unknown words to look them up in the dictionary.[4] A good reader should develop a correct method of reading. That is to train himself to read attentively ( not to read back) and silently (not to read aloud), sentence by sentence, not word by word. Whenever meeting a new word, try to guess the meaning from the context. Consulting the dictionary from time to time not only affects one』s reading speed and the comprehension of the reading material, but also gets the reader frustrated. 5. Apply various reading skills 5.1 Prediction
㈥ 初中英語閱讀教學中的課堂提問初探學術論文
初中英語閱讀教學中的課堂提問初探學術論文
閱讀是英語學習的重要手段,是獲取信息的重要途徑,閱讀教學旨在培養學生的閱讀理解能力,使其掌握基本閱讀技巧,擴大知識面,培養學習英語的興趣。而關繫到閱讀教學質量,最為講究的要數課堂提問了。課堂提問是教師最重要的語言活動之一,它是指在課堂教學中教師根據特定的教學目的和要求,針對相關的閱讀材料,設置一系列問題情境,要求學生思考回答,教師通過提問引導學生運用已經學過的知識經驗回答問題,提高分析質疑能力,從而獲得新的知識。課堂提問是教學中使用率最高的一種教學手段。教師提問設計得得體、精巧,能把學生引入「問題情境」,激發學生探索知識的熱情,培養學生英語表達的興趣和習慣。
下面我就從三方面入手,探討自己對初中英語閱讀教學中課堂提問這一重要環節的些許看法和認識。
一、課堂提問的數量
課堂提問的次數越多越好嗎?回答當然是否定的,課堂提問效果的好壞並不受其數量的直接影響。課堂提問次數的多少取決於閱讀材料的難易程度,取決於學生的英語水平和相關的背景知識。教師在備課時應側重於問題的設計和提問的技巧,不必考慮提問是否達到45人次還是80人次這樣的量,更不能為了湊數而「明知故問」。如果閱讀材料淺顯易懂,學生又掌握了大量的相關文化背景知識,有關課文表層理解方面的問題就可以少提甚至不提,以騰出時間讓學生熟悉課文內容,為閱讀後的言語交流活動打好基礎。雖然課堂提問效果的好壞不單純取決於提問的數量,但一堂成功的閱讀課,必須保證師生間一定數量的課堂交流,即一定的提問次數,而且提問覆蓋面要盡可能廣,讓每個學生都有課堂交流的機會。
二、課堂提問的質量
在英語閱讀教學的設計中,教師應該注意提問的質量,提的問題要明確具體,要有啟發性,難易適當,能為學生所理解,符合學生的水平,使學生有思路可循,而不能含糊不清、模稜兩可;提問要有訓練思維能力的價值,學生不動腦筋回答不了,但經過努力是一定能答出來的;提問對象要普遍,對不同性質、不同程度的問題要適當地讓不同程度的學生回答;問題與問題間在內部涼席上要互相銜接、首尾相連、層層深入;問題設計要有計劃性,要全面安排提問內容,不能信口開河。據此,教師在問題設計時,要精心組織,甚至對某一個問題學生可能有幾種回答,對於學生這樣或那樣的回答怎麼引導、怎麼分析、怎麼有意識地訓練學生能力等,都要在事先有所估計、有所考慮。
三、課堂提問的技巧
目前英語閱讀教學中的.課堂提問存在一些問題,如:提問淺顯,答案多是能夠直接回答的,不利於學生進行獨立思考;師生交流時學生的覆蓋面不夠廣,多是尖子生回答多,中下游學生回答少。
我根據自己的英語教學實踐,就提問技巧再進一步談談:
1、提問應注意難易適度,忌過淺過深
教師在提問時應難易適度。如果教師的提問過於簡單,學生幾乎不動腦筋就可以將答案脫口而出,課堂氣氛看似熱鬧,實際效果收之甚微,不利於學生發散性思維的發展;過難,學生利用所學知識解答不了,那麼調動學生的積極性就無從談起了。因此,教師在設計問題時,應該在學生現有的知識積累的基礎上,在現有的邏輯思維水平上,培養學生的興趣,發展學生的智力。 2、提問應注意內在聯系,宜層層推進
教師提出的問題還要符合邏輯性,要按照教材的內容層層設問,問題之間構成必然的內在聯系,前一個問題是後一個問題的基礎,後一個問題是前一個問題的深化,層層推進,步步為營。對於教材中的一些難點和重點,我們在設計時應盡量准備一些鋪墊性的問題,依據學生現有水平,想方設法化難為易、化繁入簡,一環扣一環,逐步解決「大」問題。從心理學和教育學的角度看,這是符合學生認知規律的。
3、提問應注意麵向全班,忌以偏概全
教師提問時應當面向全體學生,先把問題提出來,讓學生思考後再指名學生回答。如果教師先指名後提問,別的學生會覺得事不關己,就不再主動思考了。教師提問還要面向好、中、差三類學生,根據問題的難易程度選擇相應層次的學生作答,使每個學生都能有所收獲、有所提高。
4、提問應注意恰當評價,宜是非分明
有豐富課堂教學經驗的教師,對於學生的回答不會不作出處理,不會不作出恰當的評價,這個教學環節不能省,不能松。當教師自己評價學生的回答時,必須肯定學生什麼地方答得好、答得正確,什麼地方答得不正確,並指出原因。這樣做,就能使學生掌握的知識是非分明、界限清楚,思維能力得到有效培養;切忌對學生的回答作出含糊不清的評價。不少青年教師恰恰忽略了這一點,我認為這一點應足夠重視,評價環節疏忽不得。
綜上所述,在英語閱讀教學中,課堂提問的確是一門藝術,把握得好,不但能幫助學生提高閱讀理解能力和自學能力,形成良好的閱讀習慣和正確的閱讀技巧,而且能激活學生相關的知識網路,促進學生積極思維,引導學生對閱讀材料作出正確的評價。英語閱讀教學是一個極為復雜的動態結構,其中任何一個環節都關繫到閱讀教學的整體質量。
課堂提問,作為英語閱讀教學的聚焦點,更要做全面的理論研究和反復的實踐探索。只有深入鑽研教材,了解學生,才能對提問的角度、引導的方法、預期的效果等做到心中有數,作出合乎科學的設計,而不是隨心所欲、任意發問;這樣的閱讀教學才能為學生今後的發展和終身的學習打下良好的基礎。
;㈦ 七年級英語作文
在日常學習、工作抑或是生活中,大家對作文都再熟悉不過了吧,作文可分為小學作文、中學作文、大學作文(論文)。一篇什麼樣的作文才能稱之為優秀作文呢?下面是我為大家整理的七年級英語作文5篇,歡迎閱讀與收藏。
七年級英語作文 篇1
Some people think that keeping pets is a good thing. They say that it is an hobby which should had. They also claim that pets make lives more colorful and entertaining for both women and men.
有些人認為養寵物是一件美好的事情。他們說,(養寵物)是一個應該擁有的愛好。他們也聲稱養寵物可以使生活更加多彩,並給男人和女人帶來更多趣味。
On the other hand, there are many people who say that pets should be banned. They point out that pets are responsible for disease which hurt property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who kept them and by innocent other people. They also say that pets are a waste of money and resources.
另一方面,也有很多人說應該禁止養寵物。他們指出寵物是造成傷害(身體)性能的疾病的原因,並且會使養寵物的人和其他無辜的人受傷。他們也說,養寵物是一個浪費錢和資源(的事)。
My own point of view is that we should had the hobby of keeping pets. While at the same time making them harmless. In addition, we should restrict the keeping the pets to some area.
我的觀點是我們應該有養寵物的愛好。盡管(我們)同時要使它們少受傷害。另外,我們應該禁止在某些區域內養寵物。
七年級英語作文 篇2
at college, i missed my parents a lot. as the term was drawing to an end, i eagerly looked forward to going home. and i planned to do a thousand and one things ring the vacation. above all, i wanted to help my mother with housework. i also wished to read many hooks which my teachers had recommended.
however, at home, my mother would never let me do anything. she completely deprived me of sharing her work. as soon as i opened a book to read,she would sit down beside me and ask me about all kinds of things at the college. to please her,i told her one thing after another,and soon i forgot all about books. even when i was actually reading,she would, now and then,insist that i should eat an egg or drink a cup of tea.
when i left home at the end of the vacation, not a thing in my plan had been carried out. but i felt very happy. i believed much more deeply than before in the old saying: home, sweet home. there's no place like home!
在大學里,我想念我的父母說學期即將結束,我熱切地期待著回家。我打算在假期里做一千零一件事情。最重要的是,我想幫我母親做家務。我也想讀許多鉤子老師推薦。
然而,在家裡,我媽媽不會讓我做任何事。她完全剝奪了我分享她的工作。當我打開一本書閱讀,她會坐在我旁邊,問我關於大學各種各樣的`東西。請她,我告訴她一件接著一件,很快我忘了所有關於書籍。即使我實際上是閱讀,她會,現在,然後,堅持認為我應該吃一個雞蛋或喝一杯茶。
當我離開家的假期結束的時候,沒有一件事在我的計劃已經完成了。但我覺得很開心。我認為比以前更深入的說:家,甜蜜的家。沒有地方比得上家!
七年級英語作文 篇3
Hello! I』m a student from Class 10, Grade 7. Let me tell you something about my school life. It』s very intersting.
Classes begin at 7:50 am. I have five classes in the morning. In the afternoon, I have three classes. We studay many subjects. They are English, art, history, biology and some other subjects. My favorite subject is English. It』s easy and interesting. I like P.E. and music, too. Our P.E. teacher is very funny. But I don』t like history at all. I think it』s difficult and boring.
After school, I like playing soccer on the playground with my classmates. Sometimes I go swimming. Every Tuesday and Thursday, I go to the library.
I like my school life a lot.
你好!我是一個學生類,7年級。讓我告訴你一些關於我的學校生活。它非常有趣。
類從7點50分開始。在早上我有五類。在下午,我有三個類。我們學習許多科目。他們是英國人,藝術,歷史,生物和一些其他科目。我最喜歡的科目是英語。很容易和有趣。我也喜歡體育和音樂。我們的體育老師很有趣。但我不喜歡歷史。我認為這是困難和無聊。
放學後,我喜歡和同學一起在操場上踢足球。有時我去游泳。每個星期二和星期四,我去圖書館。
我很喜歡我的學校生活。
七年級英語作文 篇4
the First Day of Spring Festivaltoday is the first day of the chinese new year. i wear a new sweater and shoes. some one always take the presents and smile at every one. they wear red clothes.
you can play the firework but don』t play in the room. we can eat many chinese food ,zong-zi,jiao-zi…. today may be a good day,because many marry—cars running in the street.
older people always say today we must eat many good luck food.
七年級英語作文 篇5
Qingming rain have, the pedestrian on the road......" This year's solar terms, we will silently recite the poem of Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, to express our yearning for our forefathers.
On this day, we will come to the tomb, put a bunch of flowers and burn some money to express our thoughts and blessings for our loved ones, and pray silently for them to live happily and happily on the side of heaven as well as us. At this time, we can not help but remember the years they have spent together with us, and those pictures seem to be all the same, and I can't help but weep.
The scenery of the distant spring reflects my eyes, the birds sing the sonata of spring, the peach red and green of the mountain, the golden rape flower, the bud and the leaf, the bud of the green oil grow out, and it is a spring of spring and the scene of the revival of all things. This is a season full of expectation and blessing. At the time of Qing Ming, let us in such a special day, we cherish the memory of the past, but also to the future full of hope, cherish life, let our life more meaningful, do not waste such a good life. We need to have a renewed understanding of life and make every day full and substantial, so that we won't let ourselves regret and be able to afford others.
㈧ 怎樣提高英語閱讀能力論文七千字
如何提高學生英語閱讀能力
摘 要:閱讀是語言運用中最頻繁的一種活動,又是現代人類認知世界最基本的方法,也是人們獲取信息的重要的手段,還是提高英語水平最有效的途徑,因此中學英語教學往往將「讀」放在四大技能之首,把閱讀教學作為教學重點。
關鍵詞:英語;閱讀;能力;培養
英語閱讀能力的高低直接關繫到英語學習的好壞,遺憾的是,我們的閱讀教學效果並不盡如人意。由於傳統的英語教學過多的承擔了詞彙、語法等語言基礎知識的教學任務,英語教師常把大量的時間、精力用於知識點傳授、復習、掌握和操練上,對於閱讀訓練,尤其是以語篇能力、思維能力和閱讀技巧為核心的閱讀能力訓練不足,導致學生的閱讀能力沒得到實質的提高。
隨著初中英語閱讀量不斷增加,初中學生思維能力的局限越來越成為阻礙學生提高英語考試成績的一大障礙。而閱讀理解題更是越來越多地檢測學生對文章的隱含意義、邏輯結構等的理解和對主旨大意的概括,問題的答案多數隱藏在文章的脈絡之中,學生通常無法直接從字面意思中獲得,必須開動腦筋、激活思維。因此,要想在英語考試中取得高分,學生必須學會靈活運用分析、綜合、歸納、判斷、推理等思維方法。由此看來,當前如何提高學生英語閱讀能力已成為迫切需要解決的英語教學課題。
一、影響學生英語閱讀能力的因素
1.不良的閱讀習慣
(1)出聲閱讀,此習慣的主要弊端就是影響了閱讀速度。出聲閱讀往往以不同形式表現出來,不一定有聲音,有時可能是無聲地動動舌,喉,嘴唇等,但這無疑會阻礙眼睛的掃描速度,多了聲音這一階段,所以要訓練養成直接利用視覺來閱讀的好習慣。
(2)過於精讀,由於平時英語教學著重於對片語的積累,長句難句的分析,很多學生在實際閱讀中,往往邊讀邊分析句子,碰到不懂的單詞,停下來查字典。結果是句子讀懂了,可對文章的把握卻不知所述,不僅影響了閱讀速度,還扼殺了閱讀興趣。所以要培養自己猜詞的能力,利用上下文意,而不是靠查字典。
(3)復讀過於頻繁,即指讀完一句或一段,有回過頭來再讀一遍。這嚴重影響了閱讀速度。這是學生閱讀自信心不強的表現。
2.忽略閱讀技巧
大多數中學生在實際閱讀中,都是簡單地看似按順序的操作,先文章,再來做題。有所不知的是,運用了一些閱讀技巧之後,會達到事半功倍的效果,如,精讀與泛讀相結合,略讀,尋讀,以及猜詞的技巧。靈活運用閱讀技巧,能讓閱讀能力有一個質的飛躍。
閱讀量小,知識面太窄。大多數學生只在課堂上進行相關閱讀訓練,很少通過報刊,雜志去豐富自己,對於中西文化的差異的陌生,同樣給閱讀帶來不利影響。
閱讀思維的欠缺。部分學生滿足於表層理解而忽視深層理解和評價性理解,對於不能在文中直接找到答案的題目,不知所措,缺乏對文章實質的理解及思考,所以要訓練總攬全文大意的能力,通過語段歸納,主旨句的分析來提高這方面的能力。
二、培養學生多種閱讀方式的能力
要想提高學生的閱讀能力,還應該培養學生多種閱讀方式的能力。第一是,限時細讀。在限定的時間內通過呈現理解性問題(一般5小題)引導學生對所讀內容進行分析、比較、推理、綜合、歸納、總結,以便把握短文的實質和內容的各個細節,然後讓學生口頭或書面回答問題。第二是,倡導合作式閱讀活動。在閱讀教學中,課題組精心設計各項任務,由學生通過各種形式的小組活動來合作完成。教師培養學生的合作意識和合作學習能力,讓學生了解對方的觀點,學會表達自己的觀點。第三是,復述短文。在培養閱讀能力的同時,通過復述短文激活學生儲存於長期記憶中的知識能力模塊,進而提高學生的語言和言語表達能力。第四是,開放性設問。運用發散性思維,圍繞教師布置的話題,在短文的基礎上得以啟發,開闊視野,發揮想像,陳述自己的觀點,並在課堂上進行交際活動,提高自己解決問題的能力。
三、學會猜測生詞,進行計時閱讀
在閱讀過程中常常會碰到一些生詞。在一般情況下,不必見到生詞就查字典,以保持閱讀的連貫性,不至於影響閱讀的速度和對文章的整體理解。那麼,該怎麼辦呢?一方面可以通過構詞法來分析判斷詞性或詞義。另一方面可以根據上下文的內容,語氣來判斷其含義。如果遇到個別難以猜測而又影響對文章理解的單詞,就該查閱一下詞典。大綱規定:初中生的閱讀速度為每分鍾400到500個詞,理解正確率達到百分之七十。因此,常做計時訓練,以提高自己的閱讀速度和理解能力。
四、加強學生背景知識的掌握
在以往的英語閱讀教學中,教師往往只注重閱讀課文本身的講解,甚至細化的每個句子,每個單詞的掌握,而忽視了對於背景文化知識的介紹。事實上,了解一定的背景知識,對英語閱讀會起到事半功倍的效果。教師可以分主題在每個學期中利用專門的時間給學生講解一些關於外國背景文化的知識。比如,教師可以在多年英語閱讀題材情況的了解基礎上,分風俗、禮儀、飲食、教育等等,向學生大致講解世界各主要國家的情況。教師也可以在講到相關英語閱讀文章時,順便介紹各國相關文化背景知識。
五、堅持閱讀訓練
學生每學完某些句型後,老師要提供一些難易程度與課文相當的短文、對話進行閱讀。這些短文,對話後的練習盡量圍繞相關的句型結構特點設計,這樣,常用句型就能按照記憶規律多次以不同形式展現在學生面前,學生識別常用句型的能力就會培養起來。因此,堅持閱讀訓練既可以熟悉且熟練掌握學過的常用句型、又可以挖掘學生內在潛力,更有效地提高學生的閱讀能力,形成良好的閱讀習慣,是學好英語中的重要一環。
六、重視課外閱讀
重視課外閱讀指導,選擇合適的閱讀材料,擴大課外閱讀量,加大信息輸入。我們要重視課內、外閱讀。不能只課堂上閱讀,課外也要增加閱讀量,這樣閱讀能力才會逐步提高。學生在選擇閱讀材料時,往往無法判斷是否適宜。所以教師要關注學生的閱讀情況,及時提出合理的建議。閱讀材料的恰當與否直接影響到學生的閱讀興趣和效果。特別是農村中學生他們手裡的資料不多,他們的閱讀量特別需要增加,努力加大信息輸入是農村中學生的首要任務。由於條件的限制我在課外是通過精選材料給學生復印發給他們。所選材料主要注意材料內容的趣味性;材料難度要適中,要適合學生的實際水平;材料的題材要多樣性、要廣泛,能擴大學生的知識面,開闊視野。材料要具有鮮明的時代性。可涉及科學技術、經濟改革、衛生環保、休閑旅遊等熱門話題。通過閱讀,不僅有利於學生擴大詞彙量、豐富語言知識、開闊視野、開拓思路,還有利於學生理解英、美等國家的文化背景、生活習俗、思維習慣及英語特有的語言表達方式,從而提高閱讀能力和英語運用能力。
總之,學生閱讀能力的提高時一個長期而漫長的過程,如何使外語教學理論付諸於教學實踐,教學實踐又促使教學理論的飛躍,是擺在我們外語教學工作者面前的重要任務。我們要不斷加強自身英語教學的理論學習,提高自己的英語閱讀教學能力,並用它來指導學生的學習,提高學生的英語閱讀能力。
㈨ 英語閱讀的認知觀論文
英語閱讀的認知觀論文
摘要: 英語閱讀過程中陳述性知識和程序性知識相互依賴、相互作用,對意義理解具有重要作用。文章指出,知識是構成英語閱讀能力的認知元素,是學習者解讀意義的媒介、技能和策略。信息的編碼與解碼是學習者運用知識准確理解語言、文化和情感意義的能動的認知過程。
關鍵詞: 知識;意義;英語閱讀;理解
引言
哲學家賴爾(Ryle G.)於1949年將知識區分為陳述性知識(declarative knowledge)和程序性知識(proceral knowledge)[1]。後來認知心理學家加涅(Gagne RM.)和安德森(Anderson JR.)等把它們應用於人類的學習理論和認知理論研究。我國學者皮連生教授通過多年研究,提出了廣義知識理論。[2]他認為,知識分狹義知識和廣義知識。狹義知識僅指陳述性知識;而廣義知識包括陳述性知識和程序性知識。程序性知識是技能,是人們運用規則對外辦事的程序性知識,(即認知技能,cognitive skills和動作技能,motor skills)以及運用規則對內調控的程序性知識(即策略性知識strategic knowledge),是有關「如何做」的知識。
閱讀是一個信息加工過程。人們為研究這些問題進行了大量而富有成效的研究,提出了不同的閱讀理論與模式:自下而上模式(the bottom-up model)、自上而下模式(the top-down model)、互動模式(interactive model)和圖式理論(schema theory)。[3]本文運用當代認知心理學廣義知識理論,從英語閱讀過程分析與討論陳述性知識和程序性知識對學習者理解語言意義、文化意義以及情感意義的認知作用。
1 陳述性知識
閱讀是通過視覺感知語言符號後大腦處理、加工與理解信息意義的心理過程。[4]閱讀材料一般承載著三方面的信息:語言信息(詞彙、語法等語言結構)、文化信息(歷史、政治等)和情感信息(作者的觀點、態度等)。因此,成功的閱讀意味著學習者能正確解讀閱讀材料中的語言意義、文化意義和情感意義。那麼,在英語閱讀認知活動中,陳述性知識對語言、文化和情感信息的編碼和解碼究竟起到了怎樣作用?
陳述性知識是人有意識掌握的、以命題(proposition)方式儲存在大腦中的事實、概念、或觀念構成的信息,是有關世界「是什麼」的知識。而命題是人們從事物的知覺信息中抽取出主要意義而忽略其細節特徵的一種表徵方式[5]。它具有抽象性和概括性。因此,學習者所獲取有關英語的陳述性知識反映出他們對英語語言及其文化規律性的認知結果。在英語閱讀認知活動中,學習者要理解閱讀材料的語言意義,必須提取頭腦中儲存的英語詞彙知識和語法知識(陳述性知識)。心理學的研究表明,在理解某一詞語時,學習者會自動檢索自己陳述性記憶中的「心理詞典」( mental dictionary ),即首先激活陳述性記憶中的有關該詞的知覺以及該詞的所有含義,然後根據上下文做出選擇。比如:要准確理解「He lost the match and also lost the chance to play in the finals.」句中 「finals」的詞義時,學習者會自動激活該詞的所有含義:「最後的」、「決賽」、「期末考試」和「報紙每日發行的最後一版」,並能根據語境迅速確定「final」是「決賽」,而不是其他含義。可見,理解詞義首先需要具備詞彙知識。學習者的心理詞典內容越豐富,其提取詞義的速度就越快。同理,分析句子結構、理順詞句間復雜的`語法和邏輯關系離不開語法知識。要准確理解「He has built a mansion overlooking Lake Washington that he』s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors」 (徐小貞,《新世紀職高高專英語》,上海外語教育出版社,2005)這個句子,必須對這個結構較復雜的句子進行語法分析,理順「overlooking Lake Washington」和 「that he』s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors」與「mansion」之間的語法關系,即現在分詞短語和定語從句分別作名詞「mansion」的定語。
解讀語言意義需要語言知識;理解文化意義必須依賴文化背景知識。陳述性知識作為世界知識,它涉及英語語言知識和英語文化背景知識。認知心理學的研究發現,圖式(schema)是陳述性知識的綜合表徵形式,是對范疇(category)中的規律性進行編碼的一種形式(nderson R.C. & D. P. Pearson,1984)[6] 。圖式既是一種知識表徵形式,又是相互關聯的知識構成的完整的信息系統,它是建立在個體經驗基礎上的、有層次的動態結構。比如,「打電話」的行為圖式包括摘機、撥號、問好、交談、告別和掛機一系列的動作程序。即便電話內容有所不同,但打電話的動作程序是大致相同的。圖式的這種結構性與程式性為讀者加工新信息提供了認知模式(cognitive model)和理解框架。安德森(Anderson,A.)和利恩奇(Lynch,T.)的聽力理解研究表明,聽者的意義建構是通過更廣泛的信息資源所獲得的,這種信息資源既包括圖式(schematic)知識又包括情境(contextual)知識[7]。這表明我們並不僅僅依賴於傳入耳中的語音性質來獲得意義,還必須運用大腦中儲存的圖式知識對輸入信息進行加工和意義建構。此外,圖式還可以解釋話語中詞彙的多義(polysemy)現象(Lehnert W.G.)。讀者讀到 「 The royal proclamation was finished. The king sent for his seal.」 這個句子時,之所以不會將句中的「seal 」(印章)誤解為 「海豹 」;是因為句中的「seal 」、「the royal proclamation」和「king 」屬於同一圖式。可見,圖式能幫助讀者消除歧義(ambiguity)、准確地提取詞義。就文體圖式而言,論說文有論說文的文體圖式;記敘文有記敘文的文體圖式,等等。英語新聞的編輯圖式(who、when、where、 what、why、how)無疑有助於學習者更迅速、准確地理解新聞的內容。安德森(Anderson .R. C.)認為,在閱讀理解中,圖式具有為同化新信息提供信息框架的作用。[8]讓我們看一段文字材料:
The procere is quite simple. First,you arrange things into different groups. Of course,one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else e to lack of facilities that is the next step,otherwise youare pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is,it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first,the whole procere will seem complicated. Soon,however,it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future,but then one can never tell. After the procere is completed one arranges the materials into groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will have to be completed. However,this is part of life.[9]
一般讀者看完後會覺得這段文字難以理解。為什麼會這樣呢?這主要是因為讀者沒有將新信息與自己頭腦中的圖式知識建立起有機聯系。如果將這段文字加上標題「Washing Clothes」, 這時讀者有關「洗衣服」的圖式就被激活,理解起來也就更容易、更准確。
另一方面,文化背景知識有助於學習者更好地理解閱讀材料的內容,准確把握閱讀材料的文化意義。不同的閱讀材料涉及不同的內容,如政治、哲學、歷史、地理、教育、體育,民俗,等等。因此,我們難以想像一個對哲學知之甚微的讀者能看懂有關哲學的文章或書籍。從認知意義上說,學習者獲取的陳述性知識越豐富,在認知英語的過程中形成的英語語言與文化圖式就越多,其理解事物的能力就越強。語言學家努南(Nunan D.的研究也發現,在閱讀理解中,背景知識比語法知識起的作用更大。[10]
在解讀文本情感意義的過程中,陳述性知識以語言形式所承載的概念、命題的方式為學習者提供了分析、概括、綜合和推理的文字依據。學習者通過運用這些概念和命題來分析與理解作者的觀點或態度。比如,閱讀 「Two Kinds of Football」(李觀儀.《新編英語教程》上海外語教育出版社,1999)這篇文章後,要求學生分析作者對足球運動的態度,並作出正確評價。要理解作者的態度,學生必須從文章的字里行間找出作者對足球運動態度方面的信息,如「American football … is the American national sport」,「It excites tremendous enthusiasm」,「American football has a reputation of being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved」,「Soccer games can now draw crowds of over 70 thousand in cities where baseball attracts a mere 20 thousand spectators」,「Soccer is being brilliantly promoted,like any other promising American proct」;然後進行分析、整合、概括和推斷;最終對作者的態度作出客觀、正確的評價:作者對足球運動持「贊成」態度。
綜上所述,在閱讀理解中,陳述性知識對學習者理解閱讀材料中的語言意義、文化意義和情感意義都起著重要的媒介或「橋梁」作用。然而,在意義理解的過程中,學習者僅有陳述性知識是不夠的,還需運用必要的閱讀技能與策略。
2 程序性知識
程序性知識對學習者閱讀技能與策略的形成與發展具有重要意義。程序性知識是運用規則做事的技能。就英語閱讀而言,這些「規則」主要指閱讀技能和閱讀策略(策略性知識)。程序性知識的產生式「條件---行為」規則告訴我們,「規則支配行為」。只有滿足用規則做事的條件,才能實施與之相符合的行為。這說明在閱讀理解過程中,陳述性知識和程序性知識是相互依賴、相互作用的。要充分理解文本意義,學習者必須掌握有關英語閱讀技能與策略方面的陳述性知識,並能根據詞、句、篇不同層面的信息加工的需要靈活選擇與運用與之相符合的詞義提取技能、語句理解技能、篇章理解技能。如理解段落大意通常使用「主題句」(topic sentence)閱讀技能。就英語閱讀詞義理解技能來說,有構詞法、同義詞、反義詞、上下義、上下文、定義、解釋、重述、識別指代關系等。英語教學實踐證明,經過大量實際練習,這些技能不僅會日趨熟練,而且能有效地促進學習者對詞義的理解。
另一方面,作為閱讀策略,程序性知識的作用主要體現在幫助學習者有效地設定閱讀目標、選擇閱讀技能等,以調節與監控他們分析、綜合、判斷、概括思維活動,提高意義理解的速度與質量。學習者知道英語閱讀技能方面的陳述性知識,但如果不能根據閱讀材料的性質和閱讀目標的需要靈活選擇合適的閱讀技能,這無疑會影響其閱讀理解。假如學習者的閱讀目標只是了解文章大意,那麼應選擇略讀(skimming)策略,然後對自己的略讀過程進行監控,即有意識地按照略讀的三個步驟進行閱讀——首先通讀文章的起始段和結尾段;然後細讀其他段落的主題句;最後瀏覽與主題句相關的信息詞。[11
通過以上分析我們可以看出,英語閱讀能力是由陳述性知識、程序性知識和策略性知識構成的(這里的『能力』指學習者通過獲取和運用知識所形成的能力,不包括能力的先天因素)。陳述性知識、程序性知識和策略性知識在閱讀認知活動中扮演著不同的「角色」,但它們互相依賴、互相作用,共同促進學習者對語言、文化和情感意義的理解。
3 結語
本文運用廣義知識理論闡明了英語閱讀的認知觀:英語閱讀能力是由陳述性、程序性和策略性知識構成的。意義理解是一個互動的過程。詞義的理解離不開句子;語篇理解又以詞句的理解為支撐。意義理解的過程既有自下而上(bottom-up)的信息加工,又有自上而下(top-down)的信息加工。在英語閱讀認知活動中,知識既各司其職,又相互聯系、相互作用,對學習者解讀文本意義起到了媒介、技能與策略的作用。廣義知識理論認為,英語閱讀理解不僅是學習者接受信息的過程,而且是他們運用知識主動加工信息、准確解讀文本的語言、文化和情感意義的認知過程。
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