女權英語閱讀

『壹』 急求一篇與女性有關的英文文獻附帶中文翻譯

和同性戀傾向方面。本文擬從她成長的家庭、
男權統治秩序及她幼年遭遇的性侵害來透視她的女權主義思想淵源。
關鍵詞：弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫；女權主義思想；家庭環境；男權統治；性侵害
弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫堪稱文學史上影響深遠的作家之一，不僅因其以《到燈塔去》、《海浪》等作品揚起
了意識流的風帆，而且還以《一間自己的房子》吹響了女權主義的號角。但在四、五十年代，英國文學評
論界卻對她頗有微詞。從70 年代以來，在英國文學研究領域卻又湧起了一股對她重新研究的熱浪，人們
研究她作品中的女性主義、她的意識流寫作手法及其文學評論，甚至有人研究她的「發瘋」、癖好、相貌
等等，因此她再次成為現代主義文學研究關注的焦點。尤其是近年來，關於她的研究更多集中在其女權主
義思想和同性戀傾向方面。但這位曾多次參與婦女解放運動、發表了無數關於婦女問題的論著及眾多小說、
並提出了許多女性文學話語權利的作家卻「拒絕承認她所持的『女權主義』立場，甚至對『女權主義』這
一稱謂都十分反感」（伍厚凱，1999，p. 321）。那麼，她到底是不是女權主義者？她的女權主義思想又是
如何形成的？筆者以為，她的女權主義思想與她成長的家庭、男權統治下的社會大環境及早年所受的性侵
害等密不可分。本文擬以多維視角透視她的女權主義思想淵源。
筆者以為，伍爾夫之所以否認自己的女權主義立場，是因為任何文學作品一旦被貼上「主義」的標簽，
則和時代的政治背景休戚相關。而時代過去了，就意味著該作品也失去了其應有的光環。因此，幾乎所有
作家都不願意其作品被冠以「主義」。伍爾夫也不例外。盡管她拒絕承認自己所持的「女權主義」立場，
但她的小說卻處處洋溢著飽滿的女性意識。其處女作《遠航》就漫畫式地描繪了一個「女權主義者」形象。
她高談闊論，風頭甚勁，試圖為女性爭得與男性平等的權利，但卻處處以帝國的男性統治者和政客為楷模，
潛意識里無法擺脫男權體制的控制。主人公這無奈的處境表明了作者的憂慮與彷徨，同時也啟迪人們，婦
女必須為爭取權利而行動；《夜與日》運用了象徵手法，「夜」代表女性，意指想像、情感和直覺，而「日」
則代表男性，涵蓋著對事實、理性和邏輯的崇尚。這一主題蘊涵了男女兩性的對立互補，應相互融合的關
系；在《雅各之室》里，作者凸現了男女兩性之間無法協調的裂痕，也強調了兩性之間的溝通無比重要；
在《到燈塔去》中，蘭薩姆夫婦的品質更是形成了鮮明的對比：男性死板僵化，恪守邏輯，女性靈活敏銳，
無所不思，體現了女性對事物及人際關系深刻的洞察力；在彌漫著幻想色彩的《奧蘭多》中，主人公經歷
了400 多年之久的人世變幻，其性別也在滄海桑田般世事變遷中陰陽交替：他由起初的翩翩少年、王室寵
臣轉而變成了花容月貌的少婦，並創作了47 部作品。在這個身兼兩性的人物身上，無疑寄託了伍爾夫對
於性別的思索，也是值得後世女權主義者反復玩味的不可忽視的傑作。在《一間自己的房子》里，她明確
提出了「雙性同體」的美學思想，這部著作可謂其女權主義思想成熟的標志。她批評作家執著於自己的性
別，都用自己頭腦的單一側面在思考與寫作，便都不是自由的、完美的。她指出這既不能歸咎於男人，也
【作者簡介】李利（1965－），女，陝西蒲城人，西安外國語大學教育學院副教授；研究方向：外語教學、英美文學。
對弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫女權主義思想的多維透視
75
不能歸咎於女人，應歸罪於一切使人特別感覺到「性」的人以及他們所鑄造的傳統觀念體系。她認為理想
的藝術家應該是男性氣質與女性氣質的兼容，兩性交融才是優秀作品的創作源泉。
從以上作品的題旨，我們不難看出，弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫無疑具有清醒的女權主義意識。雖然在以往的
一些文學史中，她被認為是不食人間煙火、對政治漠不關心的唯美主義藝術家。然而，她的作品如《一間
自己的房子》、《三基尼金幣》、《論婦女與小說》、《論簡·奧斯丁》及《空襲中的沉思》等卻充分證明了她
對婦女與文學及反男權戰爭的思考。她犀利的筆鋒直指男權社會。她認為，男性撰寫的歷史使女性處於失
語狀態，閹割了女性作為人類的另一半的話語權；父權制使女性成為作家的道路舉步維艱；相對於男性，
婦女文學具有一些男人所無法企及的獨特的品質；戰爭和男權有一種必然的內在聯系，而女性品質則可以
使人類避免自我毀滅的厄運。她將戰爭與男權聯系起來，這獨到的見解無疑表明她的性別立場。在納粹炮
聲隆隆中，她以《三基尼金幣》發布了獨特的反戰宣言。此後，她在給一名律師的信中反詰到：「難道不
是父權制度使你們趨向戰爭嗎？」她認為婦女天生具有和平、撫慰的特質，可以極大地緩解男人的攻擊欲、
狂妄和兇殘。然而，「許多大門還對我們婦女關閉著，或者最多隻是開啟了一條小縫。」她還將家庭中的男
權主義與政治上的法西斯主義關聯起來：「眾人的世界與自我的世界緊密聯系，前者的暴政奴役衍化出後
者的暴政與奴役。」在她看來，要解決戰爭問題首先得解決婦女問題。如果不解決男權統治下女性受教育
和就業的問題，那麼男性操縱世界的姿態便隨時可能爆發戰爭。故而，她的《三基尼金幣》「是那一時期
批判上層人物和國家糾結在一起的納粹精神的最激烈的作品」（S.M.Gilbert & S.Gubar，1985，p. 1225）。
由此可見，伍爾夫以其言其行彰顯了女權主義思想從萌芽到成熟的艱辛歷程。她不斷追求男女平等，
渴望用一種雙性同體的心靈進行創作。同時，她又肯定了女性自己的文學傳統和明顯的女性風格的存在。
毋庸質疑，她是女權主義思想舉足輕重的發軔者之一。她這一思想的形成根植於其成長的家庭、男權統治
下的社會體制及早年所遭遇的性侵害。
她出生於 19 世紀末期的一個知識貴族之家，貌美驚人，才華橫溢，氣質非凡。其家學可謂源遠流長，
家庭成員大都受過良好教育，從事法律、教育、寫作或在政府部門擔任公職。父親萊斯利·斯蒂芬(1832-1904)
是19 世紀的著名作家和編輯。姑媽卡羅琳·愛米麗亞打破世俗，終生未婚，寫了許多著作宣傳女權主義
思想，對伍爾夫影響極大。另一位對她思想有所影響的女性是薩克雷的長女、萊斯利的前妻哈麗特的姐姐
安妮·伊薩貝拉，伍爾夫親切地稱這位女作家、薩克雷著作編輯者、女權主義者為「安妮姨媽」。《夜與日》
中的希爾伯里夫人即以其為原型。此外，伍爾夫受父母的影響根深蒂固，她反復申說對父母的回憶纏繞了
自己終身。父親正直、嚴格、富於理性和強烈的道德感是他突出的性格特徵，但他身上也打下了深刻的時
代烙印：維多利亞時代1 是一個典型的男權中心社會，男性家長享有至高無上的中心地位。父親雖具有極
高的文化修養和正直善良的品德，但仍無法擺脫那個時代男性對女性的普遍態度：既溫柔又嚴厲，既尊重
又輕視，潛意識里具有對女性的君臨統治欲。他理論上相信婦女受教育的重要性，但實際卻把錢都花在男
孩身上。伍爾夫從年幼時就非常憤慨於父親把全部資金都提供給男孩的良好教育，而女孩卻只能接受雜七
雜八的家庭教師的仁慈施捨，這種憤慨之情正是形成她女權主義思想的來源之一。而她母親一生的奉獻與
所求也促使她反思女人的社會及家庭地位。她母親是「一個美麗的19 世紀中產階級的婦女」——「她似
乎全面證實了維多利亞時代女性行為的典範」2，即男權中心的社會規范造就了與之相適應的女性，女性所
承擔的是妻子和母親的角色，是相當繁重的家庭經濟事務的管理者。她稱母親這類女性為「房子里的天使」
3，是男權社會觀照下的產物。母親也認為「服務，就是女性最高天性的完全實現」。她的反女權主義者思
想更是令伍爾夫為女性哀其不幸，鳴其不平。伍爾夫也曾在要麼接受命運的擺布要麼奮起抗爭的兩難境地
1 維多利亞時代：維多利亞女王（Victoria, 1819-1901）統治時期，即1837-1901。
2 Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf, 85.
3 源於維多利亞時代一首描寫理想家庭生活的流行詩歌，題目為《房子里的天使》，作者科文特里·帕特莫爾（Coventry Patmore,
1823-1896）。
對弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫女權主義思想的多維透視
76
中掙扎徘徊。比如她早年偷偷到父親的書房廣泛閱讀的經歷有時就讓她產生強烈的自卑感：「我，一個女
人，有什麼權利讀所有這些由男人寫出的東西？」（伍厚凱，1999，p. 29）。她對男性社會的這種怨羨情結
實在是一時難以釋懷，因此她文本中的女性人物大多也都懷有怨羨情結。所謂羨慕是人們對於具體的人或
物的一種內心艷羨和仰慕，它喚起人的想像、幻想及仿效沖動；而怨恨則是一種內心的抱怨和仇恨，它激
發嫉妒、報復或復仇的沖動。人們總是熱切地羨慕著某種比自己優越和高級的人或物，但由於客觀條件的
限制，愈是羨慕卻愈增怨恨，而愈是怨恨卻愈增羨慕，從而導致一種怨恨與羨慕相互交織的深層體驗心理。
伍爾夫對於哥哥們能上大學、能和朋友自由通信探討問題就羨慕至極，而這種羨慕就成了她更專注於閱讀
的直接契機，彷彿她正在同處於優勢地位的兄弟們競賽，同男權社會的教育制度進行著抗爭。她的這種怨
羨情結還表現在她對父親的熱愛與怨恨之中。她在1928 年11 月28 日的日記里這樣寫到：「今天是父親的
生日。他要是在世的話，就96 歲了，是的，今天96 歲：⋯⋯不過幸運的是沒有。要是那樣他的生命就會
扼殺我的生命。會發生什麼事呢？沒有寫作，沒有作品——不可想像」（伍厚凱，1999，p. 33）。在母親朱
莉亞去世後，父親的情感捕食便轉而以兒女們為對象，她激憤地寫到：「正是那個暴虐的父親——那個苛
刻的、暴烈的、做作的、佯裝的、自怨自艾的、裝聾作啞的、哀求的、時而可愛時而可恨的父親——那時
候統治著我。這就像和一頭瘋狂的野獸關在同一個籠子里」（伍厚凱，1999，p. 56）。從這些話語里，我們
可以深切地感受到她所受到的精神煎熬。
此外，導致她女權主義思想形成的另一個重要原因是來自男性的嚴重的性侵犯。她6 歲時就受到兩個
異父兄長的猥褻，一直延續到她22 歲。這種「羞恥感」極大地影響和扭曲了她的人格建構過程。她害怕
照鏡子，「照鏡子的羞恥感持續了我的終生」（伍厚凱，1999，p. 61）。她埋藏在潛意識里的那種對性的恐
懼極大地危害了她的心理健康，嚴重毀損了她的完整人生。她早年的這種強烈的性屈辱體驗，促使她深刻
反思女性的生存狀態。她在敘述受傑拉德爾的猥褻時，說自己當時曾感到難以言說的憤怒和厭惡。這種感
覺使她清醒地意識到，承受來自男性的性凌辱和性壓迫，乃是女性難以逃避的歷史命運。對她而言，侵害
她的男性不僅代表著男性霸權社會對女性的性壓迫，而且體現了男性的傲慢虛榮和強烈的權利之欲、統治
之欲。
因此，所有這些經歷糾結在一起就構成了弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫在思想體系或藝術創作方面極其明晰的女
權主義思想。她的小說創作推動了現代小說的發展，她試圖打破男女兩性二元對立的格局，以自己獨特的
視角及藝術表現手法書寫了女性的真實生存狀態，她對女性社會的這種深刻透視奠定了其女權主義文學批
評理論開拓者的地位，其文學影響可謂經久不衰。同時，作為才思敏捷、文采斐然的女作家，她也經歷了
常人難以想像的精神痛苦，但她告別人世時那種寬厚而平和的胸懷，寧靜而恬淡的心境，尊嚴而優雅的風
度，是對她豐富而超然的人生態度的最好詮釋，是只有滲透了生命之奧秘後方可達到的境界。總之，她的
生命哲理、婦女創作文學觀、雙性同體思想、女性主義文學批評理論等為人類在美學和文化領域的研究留
下了無限的思索空間。
參考文獻：
Jean Moorcraft Wilson. 1987. Virginia Woolf: Life and London. W.W. Norton & Company, 31.
S.M.Gilbert & S.Gubar. 1985. The Norton anthology of literary by women: The tradition in English. New York, London: Norton,
1225.
林樹明. 多維視野中的女性主義文學批評[M]. 北京：中國社會科學出版社，2004.
伍厚凱. 弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫：存在的瞬間[M]. 四川：四川人民出版社，1999.
張岩冰著，王岳川主編. 女權主義文論[M]. 山東：山東教育出版社，2002.
Dimensions of perspective on Virginia Woolf』s feminist ideology
77
LI Li
Abstract: Virginia Woolf has been considered as the pioneer as well as the predominant feminist critic,
hence, the emergence of heated research on her and her works especially after the 1970s. The research in recent
years has attached great importance to her feminist stance and lesbian inclination. This paper intends to analyze
the formation of her in view of her family background, the then androcentric social environment and the sexual
harassment that she enred very early in her life.
Key words: Virginia Woolf; feminist ideology; family background; androcentric social environment; sexual
harassment

『貳』 英語讀書筆記

英語讀書筆記5篇

當閱讀完一本名著後，你有什麼領悟呢？何不靜下心來寫寫讀書筆記呢？你想好怎麼寫讀書筆記了嗎？下面是我整理的英語讀書筆記5篇，希望對大家有所幫助。

If you give me three days of light, this article tells me: Helen Kellers concern for health and the desire for a pair of perfect eyes are very strong. Although he was unfortunate to lose sight and hearing, his understanding of life was far more than ordinary people. A blind man and a deaf man have become a famous writer! Helen Kellers life is full of courage and strength. We should learn from him and learn the spirit that he is brave enough to face difficulties and challenges, and this spirit will be passed on forever. Let the spirit of Helen Keller record a glorious history.

Yes! People tend to be like this: things that have something no longer cherish, things that do not have to pursue. Maybe we should put the external things a little bearish, think now happy wonderfull life, think today is the last day of life, that day will be a wonderful crosssubstantially.

Finally, I would like to answer Helen Kellers question: if I have only three days of light, I will let my eyes look at the beautiful world. The three days of this precious day will be the best memories of my life.

;

『叄』 大學英語作文及點評

大學太悠閑不好，即使很有空，也要多閱讀幾篇英語作文讓自己忙碌起來。下面是我給大家整理的大學英語作文及點評，供大家參閱!

大學英語作文及點評：On Equality

In the days when a woman's entire obligation was to be a good daughter, a good wife and a good mother, men and women were far from equal. Women suffered sexual discrimination until the so-called feminism came into being. Nowadays, feminism has been running for over a century. Result? It ran into the extreme of "equality" from my perspective.

Most of us agree that men and women should enjoy equality in this modern society. But what on earth does this equality mean? To be "equal", those for feminism would like to share everything with men they split bills, apply for masculine jobs,etc. They intended to buy in all the advantages and disadvantages of being a man. On their long journey to the "equal world",they've forgotten some basic facts they ARE women. Even school children know that women, after all, are different from men both physically and mentally. It is unwise, or even stupid,to ignore all these differences and pursue a so called "equal world". We couldn't expect a man to give birth to a baby as we couldn't expect the sun to rise in the west. Likewise, we couldn't expect a woman to become the world's fastest runner,as is simple, but seems forgotten by those feminists.

Equality is not bisecting everything. Real equality should be built upon the common sense of the basic sexual differences.Since some of the jobs can only be done well enough by men,women should not feel discriminated when we fail. After all,there're also some jobs, which can only be perfectly done with women's hands. These are not symbols of inequality, but natural laws. What really counts is equality in rights, reputation,etc. Only when all the indivials value the spirit of being equal can women really enjoy equality with men.

簡 評

男女平等是人們的美好夙願，但什麼才是真正的平等?怎樣促成平等的實現?一些女權主義者們所倡導的能帶來真正意義的平等嗎?這是文章要告訴我們的。

文章觀點比較獨特，向進行了一個多世紀的女權運動提出了質疑。開篇亮出了觀點，明確表態。“Nowadays，feminism has been running for over a century.Result?It ran into the extreme of‘equality' from my perspective.”在第二段寫到女權運動在現今社會的產物，進一步指出，“It is unwise，or even stupid，to ignore a11 these differences and pursue a so-called ‘equal world~”，並且附加了兩個簡潔有力的事實例證，加強這一論述觀點。到此為止，文章的論述都是有條有理的，但文章接下來就急於結尾了，而對於什麼是真正的平等，和如何促成平等的實現，幾乎是一語帶過，只寫到，“What really counts is equality in rights，reputation，etc.”沒有展開任何的論述，感覺是指出了問題，卻沒找到真正的方向，最後一段的論述空洞，沒有說服力，讓人覺得虎頭蛇尾，實在可惜。

文章中的關聯詞使用得不多，從語言表述方面也還不夠成熟。英語語言是一種“chain laneuaee”，而准確、恰當的關聯詞是語言學習是否步入一個成熟階段的衡量指數，這也是該習作要注意提高的地方。

(點評教師：盧愛華)

大學英語作文及點評：For What Purpose Do You Learn Foreign Languages

For what purpose do you learn foreign languages? To students, foreign languages are their curriculums. To job hunters, foreign languages are the stepping stones to success. To applicants for admission to foreign schools, languages are indispensable. With the Reform and Open Policy carried out, foreign languages have played a more and more important role in today's society. Competence for languages is one of the basic qualifications.

Furthermore, craze for language learning has been a social phenomenon. From children to senior citizens, everyone takes great pains. But think it over for what purpose are you learning the language? Only for occupations? For examinations? Language learning has been too utilitarian.

A rather queer phenomenon emerges from society that one can speak English or other languages so fluently but is not able to recite one of famous Tang poems. Many people, especially the young, try hard to master the foreign language but neglect the study of their own mother tongue. An advertisement of dairy procts has caused my curiosity. The protagonist of the ad was a little girl aged only four. What astonished the spectators was that the girl could speak three different languages, English, Japanese and French. WHAT AGENIUS! She is by no means inferior to other child prodigies. The advertiser took advantage of this amazing fact to exaggerate the effects of the procts. Nevertheless, for what purpose does the girl spare no efforts to master the three languages? Even to an alt, it is a difficult task.She must have lost the fun playing with her peers. She must have been for hours at end reciting the same word under the supervision of her parents. She must have been wondering why she should make such sacrifice. It is her parents who force her to learn in order to stand above. They might have been influenced by the idea that the earlier one child starts to learn the language,the easier he will master it. This is not unique, but comes in pairs. The age of the learners has been younger and younger.But ecators have found that learning languages too early will affect the development of child's linguistic competence. The probable result is that the child might be Jack of all trades but master of none or, even worse, she might be unable to express

herself in her mother tongue .

It should be lamentable if Chinese tradition culture should be discarded and forgot. Maybe it is just an unwarranted anxiety or groundless fear. But one shouldn't forget his roots no matter when and where he is.

From my point of view, people have lost themselves in language learning. It is like killing the goose for eggs. One of the aims of learning is to gain a further insight into other different countries, to acquire oneself with the cultures and customs, not just to master the language. The process of learning is a treasure house. It is like an exploration of a new continent.

簡 評

“英語是中國社會的一大毒瘤”，現在經常能聽到人們對英語學習的狂熱如此抱怨。確實如此，世界上可能沒有哪個國家像中國這樣如此重視英語了：幼兒園的兒童學英語，福利院的白發老人也學英語;到外企應聘考英語，考古專業的博士生入學考試也要考英語。學校里，中國語文課時越來越少，英語課時越來越多。難怪有人說，現在有些學生的英語比漢語更好了。這種說法也許言過其實，但這種現象確實值得重視。本文提出了對這種現象的思考，針砭時弊，言之有物，語言流暢。但這篇文章的內容安排值得商榷：隨想過多，分析不夠。這也是中國同學寫作文是值得注意的普遍問題。

(點評教師：汪中平)

大學英語作文及點評：Sexism at Work

Recent years see more girl students on the campus than boys, and girls perform as excellently as boys. Some are even superior and receive more praises and honors. Indeed, girls are equal to boys.

However, when they are getting out of the pure schoolyard and venture into the complicated society, they find themselves faced with many things different. Among them is sexism at work.

It begins with the job interview. Though females have made full preparation to cope with the situation, blatant sexism in the selection of staff will make it tough for them to please the inter viewer and render him to nod. More vacancies are open only to males. Sometimes, females will be rejected just because of their sex.

When females are lucky enough to be employed by a company, don't you assume that they are regarded as equal to males. I confess that the work they do is equal, however, disappointing ly, the pay is not. Women may do no less work but earn much less than men. To make matters worse, they're confronted with great possibility to be fired e to their marriage and pregnancy.Natural features appear to be a burden on women. Besides,women also hold less hope to be promoted. Once women in office may do trivial work such as typing and stenography while nowadays quite a large number of women are qualified for major task and ready for heavy responsibility. Unfortunately, they will barely have chances to display their talent. Eventually, only a few women succeed in winning high positions as well as high salaries. Common situation is that women are reced to low positions and thus paid "accordingly".

In a society where human rights are strongly emphasized,it's terrible to see sexism demonstrated in almost every aspect of human life. All in all, equality between sexes is badly urged.Everybody, especially the victim of sexism at work, is looking forward to being treated equally.

簡 評

男女“生而平等”，但在現實生活中卻遭遇很多不平等。招聘時是這樣，工作中還是這樣。本文用“逆起式”開頭，先談高校中女生的優秀，然後過渡到本文主題：現代社會對女性的歧視。在正文中，先談女生應聘時遭遇的不公，再重點分析工作中她們遭遇的更多歧視以及這些歧視又是如何使女性顯得“低能”。這樣組織內容文章思路非常清楚。但同學們在使用“逆起式”開頭時需要謹慎：千萬不要寫得太長，否則就會進入主題太慢，給人拖泥帶水之嫌。

(點評教師：汪中平)

『肆』 誰知道英語閱讀理解eating disorder的短文

你好，我來回答你

Eating disorder is very common now. "When I first wrote about this. the problem was pretty much hidden … I didn't expect it to get as bad as it is." Susie Orbach, an international authority on eating disorders, said.
Orbach must at times think the anti-diet message of her book 「fat is a Feminist Issue(女權主義問題)」has been lost since it was written more than 20 years ago.
Girls, boys, old people -- even the famously well-rounded female population of Fiji are falling victims(犧牲品) to fat fear.
"If anything, the situation has got much, much worse. We now have kids as young as eight and women in old people's homes worried about the way they look." Orbach said.
Even though it has been proved that repeated dieting results in a little more than regaining most of the lost weight, constant dieting has become a way of life for many women. 48 per cent of British women aged 25 to 35 were on some kind of diet and 20 per cent of young women dieted all or most of time. Some of them said they would pop a pill to give them their beautiful shape, even if it meant risking their health. Worldwide, 70 million people have an eating disorder. Most are women, but men are increasingly affected, too.
More than half the women and two thirds of the men in Britain weigh too much. while in the United States more than one quarter of alts and about one in five children are overweight. The idea that female beauty is a very thin body could be changed, if clothing factories and magazines showed images(形象) of women of all shapes instead of selecting skeletal-like models and stick-thin actress.
But that is easier said than done.
To get the message across, Orbach is also considering talking to pop stars such as Victoria Beckham and Geri Halliwell, both of whom have admitted__________________.
不知道你說的是不是這個
希望幫上你的忙
望採納謝謝

『伍』 如何在英語閱讀課堂上應對中英文諺語中出現的性別歧視

（一）人際稱謂
親昵稱謂
在西方，男性上司稱呼他們的女性下屬時可以用一些表示親密關系的昵稱，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie; 反過來，女性下屬卻不能用這些昵稱來稱呼她們的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此來稱呼她們的男性職員，可是，陌生男子或非親密關系的男子卻可用昵稱來稱呼女子，這說明在英美社會女性比男性社會地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)
姓名稱謂
在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚後改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚禮上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂時 ,牧師宣布:「I now pronounce you man and wife.」「婚後的男子依舊是man ,而婚後的女子則由Miss變成了wife這種現象不乏女權主義者和職業婦女。」[2](P74) 當時的美國總統Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在為自己的 ,即支持已婚女性不僅應當標注夫姓 ,而且只應當標注夫姓 ,而不應繼續標注父姓。盡管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女權運動者 ,但她還是把自己的名字根據丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先從Hilary Rodhamon改為Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最後改為Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎麼改, 都不能超出如下選擇: 要麼跟父親姓, 要麼跟丈夫姓。這種以丈夫的姓冠之於前的稱呼 ,表明婦女出嫁後就成了丈夫的私有財產, 是屬於丈夫的, 因此無法得到與丈夫平等的權利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。
指代稱謂
1）提到男女雙方時，雙方不是處於平等地位，而是男先女後。
King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise.
2）. 一些形式上沒有男性標志的詞意，人們習慣上把它們當作是男性詞看待。
英語及其它講英語國家的人習慣認為 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等為男性，當我們聽到有人說：My cousin is a professor 時，多數人會斷定professor為男性。若要說明這些詞是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等修飾語。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，這些所謂的中性詞的用法從一個側面反映出舊社會中地位較高的職業為男子所壟斷，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人們一般認為是女性，如為男性時前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。這些習慣除了歷史現實情況有關，也可以說是一種社會偏見。

『陸』 誰能給我一片英語閱讀理解加翻譯，而且要有題，題要答案

Passage Six (Equality of opportunity in the twentieth Century Has Not Destroyed the Class System)
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the 『great classless society』. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn』t bear out the claim.
It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same ecational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same ecational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, 『survival of the fittest』, and 『might is right』 are still with us. The spread of ecation has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For 『aristocracy』 read 『meritocracy』; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.
Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them 『a good start in life』. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will ecate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.
In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private ecation is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an ecated peasant.

1. What is the main idea of this passage?
[A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.
[B] Equality means money.
[C] There is no such society as classless society.
[D] Nature can』t give you a classless society.
2. According to the author, the same ecational opportunities can』t get rid of inequality because
[A] the principle 『survival of the fittest』 exists.
[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.
[C] Material rewards are for genuine ability.
[D] People have the freedom how to ecate their children.
3. Who can obtain more rapid success
[A] those with wealth.
[B] Those with the best brains.
[C] Those with the best opportunities.
[D] Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.
4. Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because
[A] money decides everything.
[B] Private schools offer advantages over state schools.
[C] People are free to choose the way of ecating their children.
[D] Wealth is used for political ends.
5. According to the author, 『class divisions』 refers to
[A] the rich and the poor.
[B] Different opportunities for people.
[C] Oppressor and the oppressed.
[D] Genius and stupidity.

Vocabulary
1. discredit 損害，破壞，敗壞（某人的名聲），不可信
2. monarch 國王，女皇，君主政體
3. millennium 千年
the millennium 千僖年
4. bear out 證實
5. level out （升跌之後）呈平穩狀態
6. meritocracy 英才管理，英才教育，能人統治
7. knack 技巧，訣竅
8. perpetuate 使永久，永存或持續
9. indiscriminate 不加鑒別的，不加分析的，任意的
10. boil down 歸結為……

難句譯注
1. Close examination doesn』t bear out the claim.
【參考譯文】深入探索證實此斷言不確。（也就是說太平盛世並沒有成為政治現實）。
2. might is right
諺語：強權即公理。
3. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world.
【結構簡析】lip-service口惠而實不至。EX: He pays lip-service to feminism but his wife still does all the housework.他口口聲聲說支持女權主義，但全部家務仍是他妻子的事。
【參考譯文】我們口口聲聲贊揚平等思想，我們在西方世界中並不認為這一思想事錯誤的。
4. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an ecated person.
【參考譯文】最終，一切政治意識，都歸結為一件事：不論你是由封建國王統治還是英才統治，階級區分依然存在。

寫作方法與文章大意
這是一篇對「無階級社會和人人平等」論點的駁斥文章。作者從四個方面進行論述。1、天賦的才能和智慧與平等原則無關。2、「適者生存，強權即公理」依然存在。3、人獲得的報酬是取決於人的才能而不是平等。4、金錢的作用，它不僅可以培育有能力的人，還是政治的後盾。只有金錢加能力是成功的關鍵。所以所謂平等不存在，更沒有無階級的社會。

答案詳解
1. A 二十世紀平等的機遇並沒有摧毀階級。文章一開始就對無階級社會的論點進行了反駁：有人認為君主整體已完全摧毀，倖存下來的王公貴族已經被剝奪了一切政治權力，繼承的財產為稅收大幅度的削減，到時候，巨大的財富將消失殆盡，在許多國家中，已全面勝利，人民進行統治，偉大的太平盛世已成為政治顯示。作者認為：深入檢查證實這一斷言不實。第二段提出了即使人人都獲同樣的受教育的機會，可人的天然智慧和能力與平等原則無關，適者生存，強權即公理依然存在。教育的普及摧毀了老的階級體制，卻創造新的，報酬是機遇才幹成就。貴族統治就是英才統治，可在其他方面，社會依然，階級確實存在。後面兩段集中論述了金錢的作用。
B.金錢意味著平等是錯誤的。C.不存在無階級社會。內容是對的，但不是本文的主題思想。D.自然界不會賦予你一個無階級社會。
2. B 自然界在分賦人智慧和能力是不會顧及平等。
A.適者生存的原則存在。根據這一原則無智慧和能力者難以生存於社會。C.物質報償是根據人的真正能力。D.人們有自由選擇如何教育自己的孩子。這三項都基於一點――人的智慧和能力。有智慧能力才能生存，才能獲報償，這已經是不平等，即使獲同樣的受教育的機會，也不可能鏟除不平等。
3. A 有錢的人。第三段一開始就點明：真正的能力、動物般機敏狡猾、技能、善抓機會的訣竅，這一切都帶來物質報償。有了錢的人首要作的事情就是給孩子最佳教育機會，而私人學校教育優於公立學校，人們又有自由選擇如何教育自己的孩子。在這個意義上，英才教育在某種程度上是永存的。一個來自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其對立面獲得成功要快得多得多。
B.具有很高智慧的人，若沒有錢是難以成功的。第三段的最後一句話也點明這一點，金錢同從前一樣是強有力的武器。文章最後一段即使在完全遵循社會平等原則的社會里，禁止特權的私人教育，人們也是按能力獲報酬。小心翼翼而又耗費巨大地把聰明的孩子培養成未來的統治者。C.具有最佳機遇的人。D.是B和C的結合。
4. A金錢決定一切。新的英才教育在一定程度上永存。沒有錢，上不起私立學校，談不上機會，更不用說英才教育。有了錢才能為孩子創造機會。
B.私立學校提供的優越性高於公立學校。C.人們有自由選擇教育孩子的方式方法。D.財富用於政治目的。第三段最後三句話：「財富也可以不加區別地用於更遠的政治目的。沒有強大的財政作後盾，成為民主國家的元首幾乎是不可能。金錢和過去一樣是強有力的武器，這也說明了金錢的力量，決定一切。」
5. A 富人和窮人。縱然作者提及，同樣的教育機會也不可能鏟除不平等，因為上天賦予人之智慧是不可能考慮平等原則，可是作者也提到適者生存、強權即公理。貴族政治可讀成英才教育。這已說明英才指的是貴族的英才。第四段進一步指出有錢的人首先要做的就是給子女一個良好的教育機會。而私立學校的教育質量優於公立學校。有錢人家的有能力的孩子成功機遇就高。財產還可用於政治目的，要成為民主國家的領袖就得有雄厚的財力支持。錢財和過去一樣強有力。即使在以社會平等為原則的社會中，私立學校被禁，酬勞還是以人的能力為准，大量需要有技能的工作人員，而差勁的人沒有人關注。天才的孩子予以仔細而又及其昂貴的培養以成為未來的統治者。
總之，政治意識歸結為同一個東西――階級劃分存在，不論你是為封建帝王統治，還是為受過教育的農民統治，從這里看，作者的class division指的是A項。
B.人們不同的機遇。C.壓迫者和被壓迫者。D.天才和笨蛋。

『柒』 有誰看過A story of an hour這篇英文小說，就講的主要是一個婦人聽到她丈夫死後的一個

所有沒有寫作年代和背景的閱讀理解都是流氓！

這是一篇女權解放時期的文章。
文章剛開始那婦人聽到噩耗彷彿天塌了一樣，之後看著窗外美麗的世界，她漸漸地意識到自己自由了，以後的日子可以只為自己而活了。這是那個時代的女人完全不可想像的。而就在她以為自己得到那來之不易、美好的自由的時候。她的丈夫回來了，並沒有死。這個打擊拖垮了婦人脆弱的心臟，她死了。而死亡原因是，也只可能是，因喜悅而死。

這篇短文是美國作家凱特·肖邦（Kate Chopin）寫於1894年。美國女權運動第一階段，也就是萌芽期是從18世紀末至20世紀20年代。

Lz感受一下。