題材新穎的英語閱讀理解
1. 中考英語閱讀理解的題材
中考英語閱讀理解：窮人的孩子早當家
Mr Brown was born in a poor family.He couldn』t go to school when he was young.Now he』s a porter[1] and works at a station.He doesn』t think it』s necessary[2] to know some knowledge[3] of science.His son,Bill,began to go to school last year.The boy likes nothing except playing.He doesn』t listen to the teachers in class and can』t do his homework after class.It』s the hardest thing for him to do maths exercises.And he wants to drop it.
Last evening Mrs Brown heard Bill crying in the next room while she and her husband were watching TV.She came up to him and asked,「What』s the matter,Bill?」
「I can』t do my maths homework,」said the boy.「I won』t go to school tomorrow!
「No,no,don』t do that!」said the woman.「Maybe your father can help you.」
Then she asked her husband to help their son with his maths.Mr Brown said,「But I don』t know maths,either.」
「It doesn』t matter,」said his wife.「You』ll only coax him out of crying.」
Mr Brown had to do as his wife said.The next afternoon Bill came back and showed his exercise?book to his father.The man had a look at it and shouted to his wife,「Come here quickly,dear!I got an A in maths!」
Notes:[1]porter /`pt/n.搬運工 [2]necessary/`nesIsrI/adj.必要的 [3]knowledge/`nlId/n.知識
根據短文內容，選擇正確答案。
1.Which of the following is true?
A.Mr Brown was going to be a porter when he was young.
B.Mr Brown』s parents were too poor to send him to school.
C.Mr Brown wasn』t interested in science when he was young.
D.There was no school in Mr Brown』s hometown.
2.Bill can』t do his homework because .
A.his father wouldn』t help him
B.he doesn』t listen to his teachers
C.he doesn』t like studying D.he wants to drop maths
3.Bill cried to .
A.get his parents』 help B.go to bed earlier
C.get something to eat D.watch TV with his parents
4.The phrase 「coax sb. out of crying」 in the story means .
A.制止某人哭泣 B.惹得某人哭泣
C.阻止某人叫喊 D.哄某人停止哭泣
5. is good at maths in their family.
A.Bill B.Mr Brown C.Mrs Brown D.None
6.When he had a look at Bill』s exercise-book,Mr Brown was .
A.sorry B.happy C.worried D.sad
答案見下頁
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B
初一英語天天練：閱讀理解--煩人的蚊子
We know the mosquito very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere. They can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them.
No one likes the mosquito. But the mosquito may decide that she loves you. She? Yes, she. It』s true that male mosquito doesn』t bite(咬) and only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs. She is always looking for things or people she wants to bite. If she likes what she finds, she bites. But if she doesn』t like your blood, she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood. Next time a mosquito bites you, just remember you are chosen. You』re different from the others!
If the mosquito likes you, she lands on your body without letting you know. She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different. After she bites, you will have an itch(癢) on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood. By the time the itching begins, and she has flown away.
And then what happens? Well, after her delicious dinner, the mosquito feels tired. She just wants to find a place to have a good rest. There, on a leaf or a wall, she begins to lay eggs, hundreds of eggs.
1. 「Mosquito」 means _______ in Chinese.
A. 蒼蠅 B. 蜻蜓
C. 跳蚤 D. 蚊子
2. We know mosquitoes very well because ___________.
A. they can be found easily B. they fly here and there
C. there are many kinds of them D. they can fly
3. If the mosquito doesn』t bite you, it will ________.
A. get angry with you B. be afraid of you
C. make a lot of noise D. choose another one
4. The mosquito bites you _________.
A. when you』re asleep B. because you have choose it
C. too quickly to let you know D. but doesn』t like you
5. Which of the following sentences is wrong?
A. The itching begins after the mosquito bites you.
B. You feel terrible when the mosquito bites you.
C. Mosquitoes use blood to lay eggs.
D. All the mosquitoes don』t like to bite people for blood.
答案及解析：
1. D。 「吸血」和「會飛」是mosquitoes的兩個主要特徵。根據這兩個特點，聯系生活常識，即可選定答案。另外，讀罷全文之後，也能將其餘選項予以排除。
2. B。 「We know the mosquito very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere.」一句是答案的出處。
3. D。 答案就在「But if she doesn』t like your blood, she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood.」這句話之中。
4. C。 答案的依據是「…she lands on your body without letting you know. She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different.」一句。
5. B。 其餘三項在文中都有明確的說明。根據上面那個小題的內容，B項明顯是錯誤的。
高考英語閱讀理解真題解析·最初的和最後的人類
導語：2014高考臨近，我為考生們整理了高考英語閱讀理解真題解析 ， 希望對大家有所幫助。
Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of different men and of strange civilizations(文明), broken up by long 「dark ages」 in between. In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.
However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred? The next thousand? The next million? That』s much more difficult.
When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive(原始的) in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can』t think of.
So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make the earth a poor place to live because we are careless or greedy(貪婪) or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.
Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set you imagination free when you think about the future.
1. A particular mention made of Stapledon』s book in the opening paragraph ________.
A. serves as a description of human history
B. serves an introction to the discussion
C. shows a disagreement of views
D. shows the popularity of the book
2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that ________.
A. human history is extremely long
B. life has changed a great deal
C. it is useless to plan for the next 50 years
D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future
3. Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to ________.
A. tools used in farming
B. ideas about modern life
C. unknown things in the future
D. hunting skills in the Stone Age
4. according to the writer of the text, imagining the future will ________.
A. serve the interests of the present and future generations
B. enable us to better understand human history
C. help us to improve farming
D. make life worth living(www.nmet168.com)
【答案與解析】 這是一篇由 Olaf Stapledon 所著的《最初的和最後的人類》而引出的關於幻想未來的文章。
1. B。 用排除法解答：先排除 A，因為這篇短文並非是對人類歷史進行描述;再排除C，因為作者在此文章中並非表明對不同觀點的否定;最後排除 D，因為作者並非要說明這本書的普遍意義。至於 B 項內容，正好符合這本書引導人們討論的意圖，故應選 B。
2. D。 文中提及五萬年前，處於狩獵時代的人們不可能勾勒出現代生活的畫卷;也許我們將來會被認為是我們所認為的原始人，正如石器時代的狩獵者和我們相比一樣，可知要預測較為遙遠的未來是一件困難的事情。
3. C。 從上下文可知，這四個詞彙是作者杜撰的，用以形象地表示五萬年後未知的事物和行為。
4. A。 文中提及現在即開始對未來展開想像，是基於兩點理由：人生是有限的;我們可能得到一些對我們自己切實可行的新見解。文中還提及如果我們因粗心大意和貪得無厭而把地球弄得一塌糊塗而不能居住，我們的子孫們就不難找到遷怒於我們的理由，故應選A。
中考英語閱讀理解及答案：窮人的'孩子早當家
導讀： 英語水平的提高需要靠一點一滴的積累和長期的訓練和應用。對於即將面臨中考的考生們來說，每天做一些英語閱讀題目是很有必要的。初中頻道每日一練將持續更新，敬請關注！
Mr Brown was born in a poor family.He couldn』t go to school when he was young.Now he』s a porter[1] and works at a station.He doesn』t think it』s necessary[2] to know some knowledge[3] of science.His son,Bill,began to go to school last year.The boy likes nothing except playing.He doesn』t listen to the teachers in class and can』t do his homework after class.It』s the hardest thing for him to do maths exercises.And he wants to drop it.
Last evening Mrs Brown heard Bill crying in the next room while she and her husband were watching TV.She came up to him and asked,「What』s the matter,Bill?」
「I can』t do my maths homework,」said the boy.「I won』t go to school tomorrow!
「No,no,don』t do that!」said the woman.「Maybe your father can help you.」
Then she asked her husband to help their son with his maths.Mr Brown said,「But I don』t know maths,either.」
「It doesn』t matter,」said his wife.「You』ll only coax him out of crying.」
Mr Brown had to do as his wife said.The next afternoon Bill came back and showed his exercise?book to his father.The man had a look at it and shouted to his wife,「Come here quickly,dear!I got an A in maths!」
Notes:[1]porter /`pt/n.搬運工 [2]necessary/`nesIsrI/adj.必要的 [3]knowledge/`nlId/n.知識
根據短文內容，選擇正確答案。
1.Which of the following is true?
A.Mr Brown was going to be a porter when he was young.
B.Mr Brown』s parents were too poor to send him to school.
C.Mr Brown wasn』t interested in science when he was young.
D.There was no school in Mr Brown』s hometown.
2.Bill can』t do his homework because .
A.his father wouldn』t help him
B.he doesn』t listen to his teachers
C.he doesn』t like studying D.he wants to drop maths
3.Bill cried to .
A.get his parents』 help B.go to bed earlier
C.get something to eat D.watch TV with his parents
4.The phrase 「coax sb. out of crying」 in the story means .
A.制止某人哭泣 B.惹得某人哭泣
C.阻止某人叫喊 D.哄某人停止哭泣
5. is good at maths in their family.
A.Bill B.Mr Brown C.Mrs Brown D.None
6.When he had a look at Bill』s exercise-book,Mr Brown was .
A.sorry B.happy C.worried D.sad
答案解析在下一頁：
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B
中考英語閱讀理解及答案：助人為樂
導讀： 英語水平的提高需要靠一點一滴的積累和長期的訓練和應用。對於即將面臨中考的考生們來說，每天做一些英語閱讀題目是很有必要的。初中頻道每日一練將持續更新，敬請關注！
The clock struck(敲)eight，but I was still on the bed.I could hear it was blowing strongly.「It must be windy outside，」 I thought.
I came to the small town a week ago. I sold some clothes to a shop.Christmas was coming and I hoped to buy some presents for my family and friends.So I tried to meet the manager and ask him to pay for(付款)them.I was out of luck(運氣不好).He went to London and I had to wait for him here.There was no theatre here but a cinema.The films were all too old.I preferred staying in the small hotel to sitting in the cold cinema(我寧願待在小旅館里，也不願坐在冰冷的電影院里).
Half an hour later，I felt hungry.I had to get up.It was white everywhere and some children were skiing down the hill.On my way to the small restaurant，I saw a boy fall on to a rock(岩石).I ran to him quickly and carried him to a hospital.Soon his parents came here.Now I knew the boy was just the manager's son.He thanked me very much and gave me the money after we had a dinner.
1)What was the weather like today?
______________________________
2)What did the writer(作者)come to the town for?
______________________________
3)Why did the writer prefer staying in the hotel?
______________________________
4)When did the writer get up?
______________________________
5)Why did the manager thank the writer?
______________________________
1)It was a windy day today.
2)He came to the town to ask the manager to pay for the clothes.
3)Because it was a little warmer there.
4)He got up at half past eight.
5)Because the writer saved his son.
初中英語閱讀知識點：閱讀理解的解題技巧
閱讀理解主要考查學生一下幾個方面的閱讀理解能力：
1、理解和把握文章主旨大意、段落大意和中心思想的能力。
2、理解和把握文章具體信息來獲取有關信息能力，及根據上下文提供的語境推測生詞詞義、句意，進而加深對文章的理解能力。
3、根據文章進行簡單的數字推算和計算的能力。
4、既要理解詞、短語、句子和文章的表層意思，更要理解其深層含義和抽象概念的能力。
5、理解全篇的邏輯關系，根據已知信息進行合理的推理判斷和預測新信息的能力。
解題技巧：
1、順序法：先讀懂文章，然後按順序答題。此方法適合內容較易於理解和記憶飛文章。
2、顛倒法：先讀試題再讀文章，這樣我們可以帶著問題有的放矢的閱讀文章並迅速發現答案。
3、交叉法：先閱讀一篇文章，把握中心大意後開始答題，對暫時確定不了的答案，可再次回讀文章的有關內容並對其進行分析、推敲後再確定。
4、排除法：對拿不準的答案，可先逐項排除自己有把握的錯誤選項，再將剩下的答案進行比較、篩選，直到確定最佳答案。
5、要尊重原材料中的信息、觀點，並在此基礎上答題;不要憑想當然、主觀臆斷答題，不要鑽牛角尖。
6、在做任務型閱讀回答問題時，要盡量簡略回答，無關信息盡量刪除。特殊疑問句的回答基本是直接信息，在原文中能直接找到答案。
2. 高考英語閱讀理解訓練題及參考答案
2017高考英語閱讀理解訓練題及參考答案
高考英語閱讀理解文章材料題材新穎，包括故事、傳記、人物、傳說、生活常識、社會文化、天文、史地、科普知識、政治、經濟及名人逸事等。體裁也不一，有記敘文、說明文、議論文、應用文等。為了幫助大家熟悉各種材料，我整理了一些高考英語閱讀理解題，希望能幫到大家!
高考英語閱讀理解題【1】
A nobleman and a merchant once met in an inn. For their lunch they both ordered soup. When it was brought, the nobleman took a spoonful, but the soup was so hot that he burned his mouth and tears came to his eyes, The merchant asked him why he was weeping. The nobleman was ashamed to admit (承認) that he had burned his mouth and answered, “Sir, I once had a brother who committed a great crime (犯罪), for which he was hanged. I was thinking of his death, and that made me weep.” The merchant believed this story and began to eat his soup. He too burned his mouth, so that he had tears in his eyes. The nobleman noticed it and asked the merchant, “Sir, why do you weep?” The merchant, who now saw that the nobleman had deceived (欺騙) him, answered, “My lord(=master), I am weeping because you were not hanged together with your brother.”
1. This story teaches us ______.
A. not to eat in inns B. not to eat soup that is too hot
C.to cry when we burn our mouth D. not to believe everything you hear
2. The nobleman did not tell the truth because he ______.
A. was a nobleman felt ashamed C. was in an inn D. was angry
3. The nobleman should have ______.
A. smiled with joy B. shouted with laughter
C. told the truth D. scolded the waiter
4. It is probable that the nobleman ______.
A. had no brother who was hanged B. had a very good brother
C. knew the soup was too hot D. had never eaten soup
5. The merchant’s answer showed that be ______.
A. was very happy B. believed the nobleman
C. was angry with the nobleman D. had kind heart
高考英語閱讀理解題【2】
In a very real sense, people who have read good literature have lived more than people who cannot or will not read. To have read Gulliver’s Travels is to have had the experience of listening to Jonathan Swift, of learning about man’s inhumanity (殘酷) to man. To read Huckleberry Finn is to feel what it is like to drift (漂流) down the Mississippi River on a raft (木排). To have read Byron is to have suffered his rebellions with him and to have enjoyed his nose—thumbing at (對……的蔑視) society. To have read Native Son is to know how it feels to be frustrated (受挫折) in the particular way in which Blacks in Chicago are frustrated. This is effective communication (交流). It enables us to feel how others felt about life, even if they lived thousands of miles away and centuries age. It is not true that “We have only one life to live.” If we read, we can live as many more lives and as many kinds of lives as we wish.
1. The sentence “People who have read good literature have lived more than people who cannot or will not read” suggests that ______.
A. reading stimulates(激發) a desire to travel
B. reading broadens(擴大) a person’s experience
C. people who read much live longer
D. people who read are more relaxed
2. The author implies that good literature ______.
A. must deal with social problems B. must teach a lesson
C. is varied in subject and in content (內容) D. is always exciting and heart--warming
3. According to the author, reading good literature ______.
A. proces new income B. is quite useless
C. satisfies the curious D. opens new worlds to us(眼界)
4. The underlined word effective in this passage means ______.
A. actual B. striking C. existing D. having an effect
高考英語閱讀理解題【3】
When I lived in Spain, some Spanish friends of mine decided to visit England by car. Before they left, they asked me for advice about how to find accommodation (住所). I suggested that they should stay at ‘bed and breakfast’ houses, because this kind of accommodation gives a foreign visitor a good chance to speak English with the family. My friends listened to my advice, but they came back with some funny stories.
“We didn’t stay at bed and breakfast houses,” they said, “because we found that most families were away on holiday.”
I thought this was strange. Finally I understood what had happened. My friends spoke little English, and they thought ‘VACANCIES’ meant ‘holidays’, because the Spanish word for ‘holidays” is ‘vacaciones’. So they did not go to house where the sign outside said ‘VACANCLES’, which in English means there are free rooms. Then my friends went to house where the sign said ‘NO VACANCLES’, because they thought this meant the people who owned the house were not away on holiday. But they found that these houses were all full. As a result, they stayed at hotels!
We laughed about this and about mistakes my friends made in reading other signs. In Spanish, the word ‘DIVERSION’ means fun. In English, it means that workmen are repairing the road, and that you must take a different road. When my friends saw the word ‘DIVERSION’ on a road sign, they thought they were going to have fun. Instead, the road ended in a large hold.
English people have problems too when they learn foreign languages. Once in Paris. when someone offered me some more. coffee, I said ‘Thank you’ in French. I meant that I would like some more, However , to my surprise the coffee pot was taken away! Later I found out that ‘Thank you’ in French means ‘Mo, thank you.’
1. My Spanish friends wanted advice about ______.
A. learning English B. finding places to stay in England
C. driving their car on English roads D. going to England by car
2. I suggested that they stay at bed and breakfast houses because ______.
A. they would be able to practise their English
B. it would be much cheaper than staying in hotels
C. it would be convenient for them to have dinner
D. there would be no problem about finding accommodation there
3. “NO VACANCIES” in English means ______.
A. no free rooms B. free rooms C. not away on holiday D. holidays
4. If you see a road sign that says ‘Diversion’, you will ______.
A. fall into a hole
B. have a lot of fun and enjoy yourself
C. find that the road is blocked by crowds of people
D. have to take a different road
5. When someone offered me more coffee and I said ‘Thank you’ in French, I ______.
A didn’t really want any more coffee B. wanted them to take the coffee pot away
C. really wanted some more coffee D. wanted to express my politeness
6. I was surprised when the coffee pot was taken away because I ______.
A. hadn’t finished drinking my coffee B. was expecting another cup of coffee
C. meant that I didn’t want any more D. was never misunderstood
參考答案：
1D 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 C
1B 2 C 3 D 4 D
1B 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 B
;3. 中考英語閱讀理解考點分析
中考英語閱讀理解部分所彎唯缺選文章題材多樣，近年來出題比較多的有人物故事、民族風情、科普知識，以及一些社會熱點話題。試題形式也日益靈活多變，圖表類試題有所增加。
一、人物故事
人物故事類的短文通常包括故事情節、人物或事物之間的關系、作者的態度和意圖、故事的起因或結局等幾個主要方面。閱讀時要盡快把握文章可能涉及到的五個 W（Who, Where, When, What, Why) 和一個H (How)。只要抓住了這些關鍵環節，就可以很好地把握整篇文章的主要內容，做題時就會達到事半功倍的效果。
二、民族風情
《英語課程標准》中提到要培養我們的文化意識。近幾年，在閱讀理解題的選材方面出現了多樣化的趨勢。例如介紹某個國家或地區的河流、山脈以及社會生活、政治經濟、文化習俗等方面的情況。這要求考生注重語言的文化特徵，不僅要了解其表層意思，還要了解其滲透的文化背景。因此，考生平時應拓寬知識面，對世界各國的民族文化有更多的了解。
三、科普知識
科普知識類文章的特點是科技詞彙較多，文章常使用一般現在時，句子長且結構復雜，理論性和邏輯性較強。考生往往對文章所介紹的內容感到陌生，使得這類試題難度較大。考生要根據文章的上下文來猜測詞義，理解難句，以達到理解全篇，把握主旨大意的目的。科普類說明文一般對事物的特點、特徵進行表述，幫助人們更好的認識事物。因此，閱讀這山拿類文章重在把握被說明事物各因素之間的聯系，如因果、條件、種屬、並列等；以及說明方法，如定義、例釋、類比等。考生應加強此類文章的閱讀訓練，不斷提高判斷、歸納、分析和解決問題的能力。
四、熱點話題
閱讀理解題的選材特點埋辯是：內容時尚，緊緊圍繞社會熱點、校園生活等選材；題材新穎，體裁多樣，命題巧妙，不僅要理解一般性的何時、何地、何人、何事等方面的要點，而且要從深層挖掘，理解話外之意，弦外之音，領會作者的寫作意圖以及文章對讀者、社會產生的諸多影響；要求學生能迅速理解文章主旨大意，段落細節，並能准確選出正確答案。考生除擴大閱讀量外，並關還應隨時關注社會新聞和身邊發生的事情。
五、圖表
近幾年閱讀理解題命題更加體現實用性。有一類試題，圖表占很大比重，只有少量的文字說明，例如，廣告、海報、圖書目錄、電視節目表、菜單、統計表、旅遊須知、火車和飛機的時刻表等等。這類試題主要考查學生獲取信息和搜索信息的能力。在進行閱讀理解的過程中可採用兩種方法：先通讀全文，再答題；先看文章後的問題，再從文章中找答案。第二種方法對解決事實細節題比較有效，考生可帶著問題在文中尋找答案。在做圖表類閱讀題時，可以針對題目的要求在文章中進行有目的的識讀
4. 2018高考英語閱讀理解北京卷D篇淺析
首先，文本選自洛杉磯時報http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html 2018年3月9日發表的名為If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。
看原標題可以得出幾個信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是關鍵問題3.even worse，也就是有前提條件，然後才可能出現某種預期。
這篇閱讀理解試題選文的特點是，1.文章是國外主流媒體新近更新的文章，相對於高考日期來說是比較新的。2.題材相對比較前沿——關於無人駕駛汽車。相對來說的新科技話題，具有一定的信息引領性。同時，無人駕駛也是目前比較有爭論的話題，所以任何一篇文章都不會完全從某一個角度獨立來分析闡述這一現象，除非絕對的專業測評或者技術等視角，普通評論或者描述文章一定都會有或多或少的利弊分析，因為這是未知因素會有所影響的一個話題。本文也不例外，但是本文經過改編後明顯把話題傾向性定位在positive 上，整體看不出明顯的問題，但是會有對客觀事實的微小不尊重。這是從閱讀理解試題選文的真實性信息來考慮的。本文讀者受眾沒有刻意的區分和歸類以及傾向性，文章也不算純粹的科普文，屬於普通的說事文吧，依然是側重introce and describe ，因為沒有明顯的正反觀點的對比，文中對比主要體現在現象的比較，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基於此，本文的行文，正常來說要圍繞提出問題——分析問題——解決問題來進行。
試卷文本和原文比較有大量刪減改編。
首先看改編後的標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars關鍵信息定位在preparing cities。但是我們在正文當中是否能夠找到關鍵信息來支持標題核心信息，我認真閱讀後，還是不明朗。但是原選文標題比較符合原選文的核心內容。而且此標題從語言角度來說也不好理解，所以標題不做更多解釋。
（2018•北京）閱讀理解D
標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
試題文章第一段
原本想和原文比較一下改動部分，但是改動太大，就省略了吧，很明顯感覺改動得不是很好。比如prospect被替換為possibility 這個在理解文本含義上可以理解，但是假如作為精讀去點對點分析，就會不如原詞彙那麼妥帖，我只能用這個詞來形容。看prospects詞彙解釋：
以此例來說明改編的可能的不準確性，文本下面部分的改編的類似問題不再重復說明。
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 開篇點「題」，把無人駕駛汽車的現存狀態通過一個語義對比句展示出來。告知讀者本文是圍繞無人駕駛汽車現狀的某個問題闡述的。接下來的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有測試環節，二是有相關輔助環節。
California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 這是本文中圍繞標題而出現的最重要的關鍵信息。暗示cities在無人駕駛領域所可能做出的貢獻。
But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
此處有本文的一個題點關鍵詞regulated，提示regulation 對於無人駕駛未來走向的重要性。看48題：
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
題幹部分有關鍵信息詞author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重點的……關注點，所以需要透徹理解本文所傳遞的信息是什麼，還要結合選項內容來看。同時結合原文看，本文是把safety 部分內容刪除掉了，而我們看四個選項事實上都可以，四個選項和客觀真實性是保持一致的，至於本試題當中認為限制答案為D，從做題角度會有很多解釋，但是這樣的試題不嚴密，且，好的試題不會用major來限定。
第二段
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一個暗含轉折，實際上是語義的一個側重「確定」的句子，使用了while …also表達，前後兩者都存在，但是此處側重強調後者的意思。那麼也就是說safety 問題是現存的一個相關焦點，但是這里作者想要強調also後面的內容。所以，從全文角度看，經過改編的文本有了作者或者文章態度上的些許不同，本段和原文比較有部分詞彙改編刪減，但是基本符合要求，沒有大的變化。
接下來的內容作者具體描述無人駕駛汽車的優勢和特色，包括停車管理，環境保護，以及和計程車公司等相比較的更多的便利，原文提到了優步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但試題文本有刪減，所以個別信息在理解上會覺得有模糊的感覺，不透徹。本段結束。
在此，我們就可以暫停，看試題：
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
題干中使用了pay attention to ，而這個題干是完全可以修改成一個更地道的句子的，也可以是問答方式，不是填空式。重點又在author 和attention 來限定信息，也就是可以推測，題目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表達的觀點，那麼根據文本內容，c項是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a項更符合出題人的思路，所以答案是A。
接下來看下一段內容，
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
段首一句屬於段落銜接句，用設問的形式引出來。一方面提示讀者思考，給出自己的思維判斷，同時引出下面作者想要陳述的內容，此句看關鍵詞worsen ，也就是說，作者暗示的觀點是現有的交通的諸多不利因素，對於無人駕駛汽車來說會是什麼樣的一種對比分析結果呢？而通過上文中作者的情感態度，大致可以判斷，下文作者想要闡述的是如何規避現有交通的不利因素。通過閱讀試卷上的文本，我感覺此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查閱原文，因為在手機上編輯，順便簡單截圖一下，如下：
通過閱讀原文，可以了解，此處被命題人刪除掉了，但是此舉就完全改變了文章的行文思路和意義的正常表達。因為在提到了無人駕駛汽車的優勢以後，作者做了一個imagine ，也就是假想內容，而此假設導致的結果就是滿街的無人駕駛汽車，而此句也被命題人刪除了，但是這些信息是非常關鍵的信息，是管理者要解決無人駕駛汽車所要面對的關鍵問題，刪除後，就不能體現初衷含義了，而且閱讀時會晦澀，不能夠真正表達真實場景。具體語言不做分析解釋，接下來看下一段，
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因為刪除掉的信息，而會覺得沒有自然的過度和銜接。在介紹了環保和降低使用成本等優勢以後，作者把話題引到了首批無人駕駛汽車的試用上，
commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，這些詞是屬於此處的主要信息詞，提示下面舉措的原因，命題人沒有在此處命題，而是避開，命制了一個所謂猜測詞義題目。來看試題：
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
根據field所在原文語境，提示，鑒於一些考量首先要把無人駕駛技術應用於叫車服務領域。field在此處取其名詞「領域」的動詞含義「應用於某一領域」，在此，也就是把車輛服務劃分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽車，叫車服務等等。所以在理解此詞的時候需要理解原語境的微妙提示，而不是簡單來隨意根據主觀判斷下結論，盡管結論可能也不是太離譜，至少我查了很多詞典，沒有查到field的英英解釋為employ。細節不做分析。繼續下一段，
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
最後一段，我們看它的情感態度，一個對未來的期待和展望，是建立在對現有一些問題和技術的解決和確認的基礎上的，也就是說，作者的觀點態度中規中矩，但最後一句還是表達了對未來無人駕駛汽車的正面期待。結尾段，對整個上文信息做了概括總結，綜合了上文信息點。看最後一題：
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
答案是B。這個不多說，假如發散開來還有很多內容能夠闡述。
總結一下：
本題目選自主流外刊，時間比較新，話題比較新。命題人對文本進行了一定量的改動刪減，個人認為已經影響了准確和地道信息的傳遞，這是不太看好的地方。文本語言和結構沒有特殊難點，試題命制也沒有深度思維理解的題目，所以考慮試題安排難度，應該不是難題范疇。解讀本文本相當於外刊解讀的一個過程了。所以說高考題目文本精良，和外刊解讀和運用分割開來不是一個真命題。我記得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命題人做了一些刪減改編，而使得整個行文不達意，試題缺少信息支持。這是一個不可忽視的命題問題。
沒有時間和精力做更精細的分析。
下面是試題原文：
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs
48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
5. 小學四年級英語閱讀理解【6篇】
【 #小學英語# 導語】閱讀理解的題材非常廣泛，包括有小故事、日常生活事件、報刊雜志內容、文化習俗、名人軼事等等。文章的體裁也比較廣泛，可以是記敘文、議論文或說明文。以下是 考 網整理的《小學四年級英語閱讀理解【6篇】》相關資料，希望幫助到您。1.小學四年級英語閱檔蘆者讀理解 篇一
My father has a farm.There are many animals and fruit.He has seven cows，two horses，ten pigs and one hundred cks.And there are many hens at the farm.Look，there are some fruit trees.Every year，my brother and I can eat many fruit.I like peaches best.My brother likes oranges best.
()1.My friend has a farm.
()2.There are many animals and fruit at the farm.
()3.My father has seven cows.
()4.I have a sister.
嘩瞎()5.I like bananas best.
2.小學四年級英語閱讀理解 篇二
Mary is a little girl. She is only five years old. She is not at school. She doesn』t know how to read or write. But her sister Joan is a schoolgirl. She is ten. She knows how to read and write.
One day, Joan sees her little sister in the room. She is at the table. There is a pencil in her hand. She is writing. 「What are you writing, Mary?」 She asks. 「I』m writing to my friend, Rose.」 「But how can you? You don』t know how to write.」 Says her sister. 「Well,」 says Mary, 「It doesn』t matter. Rose doesn』t know how to read, either.」
1. Is Mary a schoolgirl?
A. Yes, she is. B. No, she isn』t. C. We don』t know.
2. Who can read and write?
A. Mary B. Rose C. Joan
行薯3. What』s in Mary』s hand?
A. There』s a pen. B. There』s a pencil. C. There』s a crayon.
4. What』s Mary doing?
A. She』s drawing. B. She』s writing to her friend. C. She』s singing.
5. Can Rose read and write?
A. No, she can』t. B. Yes, she can. C. We don』t know.
3.小學四年級英語閱讀理解 篇三
Look, this is a photo of Jill』s family. You can see Jill』s grandpa. He』s an old man. He can swim fast. Jill』s grandma is fat, but she is beautiful. Jill』s father is a firefighter. He』s cool! Jill』s mother is thin and she can dance well. Jill has a sister. Her name is Tracy. She』s only three years old. She can』t read, but she can play with her toys. Jill loves her family very much.
( ) 1．Jill』s grandfather is not old and he can swim fast.
( ) 2．Jill』s mother can dance.
( ) 3．Tracy is Jill』s cousin.
( ) 4．Jill』s father is a cool driver.
( ) 5．Jill loves her family.
4.小學四年級英語閱讀理解 篇四
Susan is my good friend. She』s a Chinese girl. She』s eleven. She has long hair and a small mouth. Her brother Jim is twelve. He has two big eyes and he』s not tall . They like storybooks and puzzles very much.
Every morning , they have breakfast together. Susan likes a carton of milk and some biscuits for breakfast. But Jim likes eggs and some orange juice in the morning. Today Susan can』t find her milk. Look! Their cat Mimi is drinking it near the table. Perhaps she wants to have a nice breakfast, too!
( ) 1. Susan is my friend.
( ) 2. Jim is a short boy with big eyes.
( ) 3. They like storybooks and puppets very much.
( ) 4. Susan would like some orange juice and biscuits for her breakfast.
( ) 5. Mimi is drinking some milk on the table.
5.小學四年級英語閱讀理解 篇五
I』m Tom. I』m eleven years old. I live near the school. I go to school every day. In my family there are three people. My mother, my father and I. My father is a bus driver. He is friendly(友好).He has a lot of friends. My mother is a teacher. She works at my school. She does housework every day. I love them.
( )1.Tom is ten years old.
( )2.There are three people in his family.
( )3.His father is a teacher.
( )4.Tom does housework every day.
( )5.Tom』s father has a lot of friends.
6.小學四年級英語閱讀理解 篇六
It』s 11:30. I』m in the school canteen. I have rice, beef and potatoes for lunch. It』s cold today. I wear my new sweater. It』s 25 yuan. It』s cheap. But it』s very nice. I like it very much.
（ ）1、It』s eleven thirteen.
（ ）2、I have rice, beef and tomatoes for lunch.
（ ）3、It』s not hot today.
（ ）4、My sweater is twenty-four yuan.
（ ）5、The sweater is very expensive.
6. 英語閱讀理解策略與技巧
英語閱讀理解策略與技巧
英語閱讀是英語學習重要的一部分，無論是中考高考、還是更高一級的英語測試，英語閱讀都是重頭戲。下面是英語閱讀理解的策略與技巧，供大家參考與學習！
英語閱讀理解策略與技巧 篇1
英語閱讀既是英語學習者的學習目的，也是英語學習的重要手段。許多專家、教師等教育工作者都從不同的角度研討過英語閱讀方法、技巧，但很多都是從教師的角度談如何培養學生的英語閱讀能力、技巧，他們精心設計課堂來激發學生頭腦中的圖式（圖式理論觀點）。但是，在生活實際閱讀中，在中考、高考中，學生都得依靠自己完成這些重要的活動。因此，筆者嘗試換位思考，以學生為中心，站在學生的角度來考慮，如何培養、提高學生的英語閱讀能力，我認為：應該讓學生自己學會如何激活、運用、構建、豐富大腦中的圖式，提高閱讀能力，完善閱讀技巧。
一、圖式理論與閱讀理解
圖式（schema）一詞最早出現在德國哲學家康德（Kant,1781）的著作中。德國現代心理學家巴特利特（F·Burtlett,1923）應用並發展了圖式概念。20 世紀70 年代美國的人工智慧專家魯梅爾哈特Rumelhart 指出：圖式理論基本上是一種關於人的知識的理論，它是關於知識是怎樣被表徵出來的，以及關於這種對於知識的表徵如何以其特有的方式有利於知識的應用之理論。該理論強調人已經具有的知識及知識結構對當前的認知活動起決定作用。按照圖式理論，人腦中所貯存的知識都組成單元，這種單元就是圖式。對閱讀而言，圖式一般分為三種類型：語言圖式（linguistic schema）、內容圖式（content schema）和修辭圖式（rhetorical schema）。語言圖式指讀者已有的語言知識，即關於語音、詞彙和語法等方面的知識，它是閱讀的前提條件。內容圖式指讀者對閱讀材料所討論主題（內容範疇）的了解程度。修辭圖式指讀者對閱讀材料文章體裁、篇章結構的熟悉程度。
圖式理論認為：任何語言信息，無論是口頭的，還是書面的，本身都無意義。它只指導聽者或讀者根據自己的已有知識及知識結構恢復或構成意思。根據該理論，閱讀理解首先是文字信息輸入，然後讀者在自己頭腦貯存的信息中尋找能夠說明所輸入信息的圖式。當這些圖式被找到以後，讀者就產生了理解，否則就不能理解，或不能完全理解。從上文分析可以看出，閱讀時，需要 Reader 和 Writer擁有共享的一部分 schemata。
顯然，如果Reader 和Writer 各自的原有圖式沒有共享的交集，那麼Reader 的閱讀理解就會失敗。另外根據圖式理論，讀者接受文字信息進行閱讀理解的過程是一種主動的「猜測——證實」過程，即文字元號輸入人的大腦之後，人就不斷地在頭腦中尋找有關的圖式，直至找到能說明輸入信息的圖式，即形成閱讀理解。
現代圖式理論還認為，圖式是「大腦為了便於信息儲存和處理，而將新事物與已有的知識、經歷有機組織起來的一種知識表徵形式，是互相關聯的知識構成的完整的信息系統。」人民對新事物的理解和認識在一定程度上很依賴大腦已經形成的圖式。根據圖式理論，閱讀理解歸根結底是結合適合的圖式填充新信息而使圖式具體化的過程，填充的內容可以是直接連接或推論出的新信息。
由以上分析我們可以明確，如果Reader 和Writer 共享的圖式越多，閱讀理解就會越多，但是Reader 和Writer之間除了擁有共享的圖式之外，還是會有大量的圖式差異，即他們之間有不同的個性信息，這樣就會導致一個結果：閱讀者不能完全理解，只能部分理解文章。要完成閱讀理解，閱讀者只有在原有共享的圖式基礎上展開聯想、猜測，不斷激活相關的圖式，並經過推理、判斷、選擇適合Writer意圖的圖式。在Reader 和Writer的圖式逐漸同化、具體化的過程中，Reader 和Writer之間的信息不斷地交流，即「猜測——推理——證實」，相同則被選擇、儲存，不同的被舍棄，在該過程中「Area of shared schema」之交集不斷變大，最後完成閱讀理解。藉助圖式理論，我們可以引導、幫助學生培養、完善自己的英語閱讀方法和技巧，並逐漸形成有效的圖式閱讀策略。
二、英語閱讀的策略
（一）整體閱讀，預測主旨
通過預測文章的主旨，學生能迅速有效地整體理解全文，教學中我們要幫助學生學會運用不同的策略預測文章主旨。學生可以藉助修辭圖式來順利地完成預測主旨的任務，因為一般閱讀材料文章體裁、篇章結構都有一定的規律可循。例如有標題文章，學生要學會從標題入手進行預測。新聞報道文章大多有標題，標題又常常是全文的中心、主題，是文章內容的高度濃縮的精華，學生可通過閱讀標題得到啟發，能准確預測出文章的大概內容和作者的寫作意圖，為徹底理解全文做好鋪墊。如果沒有標題，讀者可快速瀏覽全文，從整體入手了解內容大概，尤其關注文章首尾句，以便迅速抓住文章主旨，有時文章段落較多內容復雜，學生可跳讀每段首句或找到中心句（有一些文章的中心句或主題句在文章的中間），聯系文章的首尾段，也可很快獲得文章主旨。如一些記敘文、議論文就可通過該方法快速預測文章主旨。有些文章附有圖表，此類文章多半可從說明、標注著手，按以上方法進行預測文意，要處理具體細節時再結合圖表。
（二） 把握文章脈絡，掌握主要信息
根據圖式理論，閱讀能力取決於三種圖式，即語言圖式，內容圖式和修辭圖式。因此，閱讀理解文章就是經過讀的行為，主動的「猜測——證實」，來激活、同化、具體自己已有的各類圖式。要把握文章脈絡，必須做到通過快速通讀全文激活自己記憶中適合該文的修辭圖式。例如，學生閱讀一篇新聞報道，經過對該文的預測——閱讀——證實——再預測——再閱讀——再證實，學生就可逐漸激活自己大腦中已有的修辭圖式，這篇文章符合「線性原則」，結合相關的內容圖式，可以明確該文是新聞報道，其脈絡是標題——精要——事件過程。再如學生閱讀議論性文章，可通過閱讀——預測——證實，再閱讀——再預測——再證實，很快就能激活他們已知的修辭圖式，文章脈絡也清晰可見，即提出觀點——論證、說明——重申觀點，或是提出問題——分析問題——結論，同時也激活、具體了相關的內容圖式，獲得了證明、說明的主要材料信息，能夠大體上理解文章。又如，許多敘述性文章，可一邊讀一邊畫出時間、地點、人物、事件、起因（when, where, who, what, why）等要素或做一些必要的簡易的筆記，學生很容易就能回憶起已有的某些圖式，把握住文章的脈絡，並抓住文章的重要信息,即明確事件的起因、發展、高潮、結局，基本能夠理解文章的重要內容。較為復雜的文章會有時間、地點變化，學生激活這樣的圖式，（時間1/事件1）——（時間2/事件2）——（時間3/事件3），或（地點1/事件1）——（地點2/事件2）——（地點3/事件3），當然文中的主要內容也就一目瞭然。如有很多人物傳記，脈絡是（現在/事件1）——（過去/幾件事）——（現在/感受）。學生要想准確把握文章脈絡，捕捉住重要信息，關鍵是平時閱讀實踐時要不斷豐富、儲存足夠多的相關圖式在大腦中。
（三）弄清結局、明確結論
很多文章結尾非常精彩，目的是為了讓閱讀者留下深刻的印象，這也是非常重要的修辭圖式的一種。如有的文章結尾幽默；有的文章結局發人深思、給人啟迪；有的文章令人意外卻又在情理中；有的文章得出一些結論，或有一點點感受。總而言之，文章的結尾也很重要，有時起到畫龍點睛的作用，弄清結局或結論對於理解全文當然也具有關鍵性的功效。弄清了文脈（修辭圖式），把握住了主要信息（內容圖式）之後，結合細節進行分析、推理、歸納，緊密聯系結尾的語句提示，可徹底理解文章的內涵和外延。
（四）讀懂題意，選擇答案
做了以上的准備工作，可以開始讀題答題。但是無論是哪一個題目，學生選擇時必須以確定的主旨為統率。選擇前一定確保理解出題的意圖。表層的問題可迅速選定，對於那些較深層次的題目，選擇一定要有根據，一定要將相關原文找到，並結合上下文語境進行分析、推理，然後再確定。
三、閱讀時應注意一些小技巧
1．學生自己應注意養成良好的閱讀習慣，只用眼和腦閱讀，整體閱讀，整體理解，這樣閱讀速度將更快。
2．要注意猜詞、句技巧的培養。閱讀時學生常常會遇到一些不解的詞、短語，有的可跳過，而對進行整體理解無大礙；有的可根據上下文語境來猜測、推理得知；有的可根據構詞法推理，可明確它們的含義。
3．學會運用關聯詞。文章中有些復合句較長且結構復雜，晦澀不易理解，學生可根據關聯詞、引導詞的邏輯關系迅速分清主幹和重句，從而明確句意。在段落中或段落之間也有一些關聯詞，如but, however, although, ever though, as, because, so等等，在這些詞的幫助下，學生可明確句與句，段落與段落之間的內在本質聯系，因而能盡快把握住段落中心或文章中心。
最後，值得注意的是學生平時閱讀要有選擇性和針對性。學生可選擇一些難度適當、語言鮮活地道、時代感強的文章閱讀；畢業年級的學生更應該針對中考、高考選材閱讀，以便積累豐富的語言圖式、內容圖式、修辭圖式，逐漸構建新的各類圖式，在閱讀時能夠激活、運用圖式，成功理解有一定長度和難度的英語文章，在閱讀理解方面取得優勢，為考試和實際生活中的閱讀打下堅實的基礎。
英語閱讀理解策略與技巧 篇2
第一，考生應該學會瀏覽全文。
英文的文章與中文略有不同，這是由中西方思維方式不同而決定的。英文總喜歡採取總分結構，即作者傾向於將比較重要的信息放在文章首段、段落首句等。基於這一規律，考生要學會瀏覽。在考試中有兩種不同用處的瀏覽方式。一是在解題前略讀全文。在略讀時，不需要詳盡的理解，知識了解基本內容、作者的立場、文章的篇章結構，可以跳過細節或例子。另一種瀏覽方式相當於檢索性的閱讀，用於階梯式尋找需要的特定信息，如主題句、有關細節、難句等。在考試過程中，要想縮短解題時間，就應該根據需要對閱讀速度進行適當調節，該快時則快，該慢時則慢。瀏覽時要求盡快掌握全文大意，速度就要快些。檢索信息、尋找答案時，速度也要快;找到有關句子或段落，需要仔細研究理解時就要適當放慢速度。
第二，學會調節閱讀速度。
為了確保在所給時間內達到最佳的理解准確度，學會在瀏覽中選擇重要信息顯得格外重要。選擇信息的要點在於「准確」。應注意以下幾點
(1)注意出現頻率最高的詞或短語。
(2)善於判斷文章各段的主題句。一般出現在段落開頭或結尾最常見。
(3)瀏覽中善於總結全文的主題。第三，掌握常見行文方式，了解作者意圖，預測內容。在正式做題之前，做到文章結構，大概主旨在心中有數，這就能幫助各位考生很好的解決題目，不偏離文章中心主旨。
英語閱讀理解策略與技巧 篇3
一、強化基本技巧訓練
1、讀懂文章細節的訓練
對文章細節的理解，是學生基本理解能力的體現。學生讀不懂文章細節的主要原因在於：第一，不會分析長句、難句；第二，不理解代詞的指代內容：第三，不懂詞性、詞義的變化。針對這些因素，教師在上閱讀課時就必須有的放矢。進行有效的針對性訓練：
(1)長句、難句分析。學生在閱讀中經常會遇到長句和難句，大多數學生對這類句子存在恐懼感溶易造成閱讀障礙，針對這一情況，教師可以要求學生閱讀時先找出這類句子，抄寫在本子上，然後分析句中的主語、謂語、賓語及非謂語、從句等成分，最後將該句譯成漢語。日積月累，學生就養成了分析長句和難句的習慣並掌握了分析這類句子的技巧。
(2)代詞的指代分析。學生在閱讀中往往會遇到一些含有代詞的句子，如果學生明白代詞的指代內容，那麼，句中之意就顯而易見了。所以，在指導學生進行閱讀時，教師應該教會他們如何分析代詞的指代內容，養成敏捷的思維習慣，掌握閱讀技巧。
(3)詞性、詞義轉化猜測。英語單詞的詞性、詞義變化多端，需要根據不同的語境進行判斷、猜測。因此，在指導學生進行閱讀時，應該訓練學生根據句子成分判斷詞性，根據語境判斷詞義的能力。堅持長久的訓練，定會大有收獲。
2、讀懂文章主旨大意的訓練
在閱讀一些說明文、議論文時，經常會遇到一些關於判斷文章標題、中心思想或段落大意的試題。讀記敘文時，有時也會遇到排列順序的試題。主旨大意題主要測試學生的全面理解與概括能力，提問的內容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中找到答案。
常見以下幾種設問方式：
The main idea of this pasage is that.
The passage ismainly about.
The best title for the passage is.
From the passagewe can learn conclude that.
這些試題測試學生是否抓住文章主旨大意，領會文章中心思想。這要求學生要有很強的歸納、概括能力，這種能力的培養也離不開經常的訓練。
(1)加標題訓練。閱讀題大多沒有標題，在指導閱讀時，教師應要求學生在閱讀完文章後，給文章加標題。加標題訓練，其實就是找出文章的中心主題句，所以加標題訓練也就是找中心主題句的訓練。
(2)劃分層次訓練。找出主題句後，並不等於完全讀懂文章大意。還應該讀懂該文章談到的多層意思，這就要求閱讀者首先要讀懂各自然段的中心意思，然後再進行歸納。這樣就能夠清楚地分出文章的層次，完全領會文章大意。
(3)辨認重要事實的訓練。在記敘文和某些說明文、議論文的閱讀中，我們需要弄清一些主要事實，以達到明確文章大意的目的。這種訓練是閱讀中必不可少的。訓練可分兩步進行：第一步，在閱讀中以句子的形式寫下重要事實：第二步。以時間或以步驟等順序排列這些事實。
3、讀懂深層含義的訓練
深層含義是指文中一些需要想像的`抽象概念：作者的態度和意圖：全文的邏輯關系。這是一種難度比較大的訓練。根據學生的實際水平，教師可以分以下幾方面進行訓練。
(1)換句訓練。對於需要發揮想像力才能讀懂的抽象概念，教師可以把有關句子抽出，進行改寫。這種換句訓練，能有效提高學生的想像力和抽象思維能力。
(2)作者意圖猜測訓練。讀完文章後，教師可以設置以下問題：
What's the purpose of the passage?
Whom does the authorwrite for?
What's the background of the passage?
通過學生回答問題的情況來了解學生對文章的理解程度，訓練他們判斷語境，猜測有關事實的能力。
(3)邏輯推測訓練邏輯推測訓練包括四種內容：數量推測、年月推測、故事結局推測、人物關系推測。前兩種屬於數字推測後兩種屬於邏輯推理。進行邏輯推理訓練的最好方法就是讓學生分組討論。
4、進行快速閱讀的訓練
衡量閱讀能力的一個重要尺度是閱讀速度。如果一個學生閱讀速度太慢，即使理解正確，也不能說明他閱讀能力強。《英語教學大綱》明確規定：高中學生的閱讀速度是每分鍾60～70個單詞。因此，教師可以按大綱要求，進行限時訓練。可精選5篇文章，讓學生在40分鍾內完成。每周至少進行兩次限時閱讀訓練。閱讀旨在提高閱讀速度。閱讀速度的提高取決於一定的閱讀技巧。所以，教師要在限時閱讀中培養學生以下快速閱讀技巧：
(1)視讀。用眼睛掃描文章內容，按意群理解句子的意思。看文章時。禁止學生朗讀、默讀、逐詞讀或用手、筆指著讀，因為看文章比讀文章的速度快。
(2)猜測詞義。學生看文章時，經常會因遇到生詞而緊張，影響閱讀情緒。其實，可以採用「戰略上藐視，戰術上重視」的策略，放鬆心情，根據上下文或語法知識猜測詞義。
(3)抓整體。閱讀時，應把注意力放在整篇文章上，不要過多地考慮每個單詞、短語或單句的意思，否則很難在短時間內把握文章的主旨。
二、豐富文化背景知識
學生對世界的認識。對人文、歷史、地理、科技、體育、衛生、環境、生活、習俗和風土人情等方面知識的多寡直接影響對文章理解的水平。學生的非語言信息也是提高閱讀理解能力的重要因素之一。因此每個學生都必須有意識地排除非語言障礙，利用各種途徑充實自己的背景知識。現有的教材為學生提供了較為豐富的閱讀材料，題材多樣，主要涉及科學技術、天文地理、環境保護、人文歷史、自然災害、醫療保護和飲食文化等。在使用教材時，學生不僅要注意語言基礎知識的學習，還要注意文章所提供的信息。了解和掌握相關的常識，還應鼓勵學生泛讀各類有助於增長見識的課外讀物。
三、注意閱讀篇目題材形式特徵
文章的題材主要有：科技小品、說理小品、新聞報道、人物傳記、短篇故事、史地文化、幽默小品和圖形表格。不同題材往往有各自的寫作方法和語言表達方式。學生若不了解題材，閱讀就會帶有盲目性。在學習和閱讀時。教師要引導學生注意文章的題材特徵，掌握不同題材的閱讀方法，從而提高閱讀速度和理解的准確性。以新聞報道的題材為例，這類文章有非常明顯的特點：
(1)主題突出。文章的第一句話或第一段即是對整篇文章的高度概括。
(2)要點明顯。寫作即要求五個「W」(when，where，who，whathow)的表述一目瞭然。但命題時往往不會幾點俱全，而需要考生根據已提供的幾個「W」，以及各「W」之間的聯系去推出未知的「W」，同時也不會排除對細節的理解。學生可根據這兩個特點，較快地把握文章的主旨和細節，從而較快地作出正確判斷。
總之，提高閱讀能力需要日積月累的訓練，但是如果學生講究閱讀策略，閱讀方法得當，快速的提高也是可能的。
;7. 中考英語語法:09屆中考英語單項突破閱讀12
《09屆中考英語單項突破閱讀12》由英語我攔巧整理嫌銷,更多請訪問:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/。本內容整理時間為05月12日，如有任何問題請聯系我們。
09屆中考英語單項突破閱讀12
Part Three
Passage A
Four men who would become fathers were in a hospital waiting room while their wives were in labor (分娩). The nurse arrived and proudly said to the first man, "Congratulations, sir. You're the father of twins!"
"What a coincidence (巧合)! I work for the Minnesota Twins Baseball teams!"
Later the nurse returned and congratulated the second father on the birth of his triplets (三胞胎).
"Wow! That's unbelievable! I work for the 3M Company."
An hour later, the nurse returned to congratulate the third man on the birth of his quadruplets (四胞胎). Surprised, he only could answer, "I don't believe it! I work for the Four Seasons Hotel!"
After this, everyone turned to the fourth man who had just fainted (暈). The nurse ran fast to his side. As he slowly came to himself, they could hear him speak in a very low voice over and over, "I should never have taken that job at 7-Eleven. I should never have taken that job at 7-Eleven. I should never have taken that job at 7-Eleven."
1.Why were the fathers there?
A. They were waiting for their wives. B. They were seeing doctors.
C. They were waiting for their babies to be born.
D. They were working at men nurses there.
2.Which of the following is true about the third man?
A. He thought the nurse made a mistake.
B. He was very surprised at the nurse's words.
C. He didn'簡者鍵t want to have these babies.
D. He should never have worked at 7-Eleven.
3.Why did the fourth man faint when he heard what the nurse told the third man?
A. Hew was afraid of having so many babies. B. He was seriously ill.
C. He was too excited. D. He was very glad to have 7 babies.
4.At least how many babies would be born according to the story?
參考答案:CBAB
(選自2003年湖北省黃石市試題)
Passage B
I was sleeping soundly last night when I was awakened by someone's groans(呻吟).I listened,and heard it was from Sam,a student from Africa. I really wanted to go on sleeping, as I had insomnia(失眠)and had just fallen asleep, but I couldn't because Sam groaned louder and louder,showing he was seriously ill.
At that time,Robbie,a student from China,also got up to help. We found some pills,got some water,and helped him sit up to take them, hoping this would make his pain go down a little and get over the difficult time. If only daytime would come soon, everything would become easier.
Things went contrary相反)to our wishes. Sam's condition developed from bad to worse. We telephoned the emergency service,and in no time an ambulance stopped in front of our gate. We helped the medical(醫療)workers carry Sam to the vehicle,and then both Robbie and I got in and took Sam to the hospital.
We helped him go through many medical examinations. After all kinds of tests,we were told that the final diagnosis(診斷)was appendicitis(盲腸炎).Luckily,Sam didn't need an operation because we brought him to the hospital in time. He got timely treatment.
After Sam felt much better,we rushed back to prepare ourselves for the class. We were a little tired,but we had certainly done something good,something right.
1. Why couldn't the writer go on sleeping that night?
A. Because he was too excited that day.
B. Because his roommates were watching football games on TV.
C. Because one of his roommates was sick and groaning.
D. Because he was sick.
2. What does "vehicle" in the third paragraph refer to?
A. Car. B. Ambulance.
C. Taxi. D. Bus
3. Why didn't Sam need an operation?
A. Because Sam didn't have enough money for an operation.
B. Because Sam was sent to the hospital in time.
C. Because Sam was much afraid of having an operation.
D. This article doesn't tell us the reason.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Sam,Robbie and the writer lived in the same room.
B. Sam was feeling very well after taking some pills.
C. Robbie and the writer also went to the hospital.
D. Robbie and the writer didn't sleep after they came back from the hospital.
參考答案:CBBB
Passage C
From the time we were babies we have been taught manners. We are taught how to hold a knife and fork and not to talk with our mouths full. We are taught how to shake hands and when to stand and when to sit and the way to introce people.
Sometimes good manners in one place are very bad manners somewhere else. Almost everywhere eating together means that people are very friendly to each other. But in parts of Polynesia(波利尼西亞)it is bad manners to be seen eating beside each other. So they politely turn their backs to each other when they are taking food.
Some East Africans spit four times as a kind of blessing(祝福).They do it to show that
they want a sick person to get well,or to bless a new-born baby. In most other places,spitting means something completely different. It usually shows an unhealthy habit. In many
countries,it may mean that you hate someone.
When we go to visit someone we say"Hello!"Or"How are you?" or things like that.
But if you are visiting an East African village,everyone will be very careful not to pay attention to you, The polite thing there will be for you to go quietly,without speaking to anyone, and sit beside your friend. You should wait until he has finished what he is doing and then he will begin talking to you.
In a village in Arab,a visitor will walk behind all the tents until he gets to the one he wants to visit. If he passes in front,he will be invited into each tent and asked to eat. It is rude to refuse.
1. From this passage we know .
A. it's good manners to use a knife and fork to eat
B. it's bad manners to stand and talk
C. it's good manners not to talk with our mouths full
D. how to shake hands when we introce people
2. In many places,spitting may mean .
A. you give a new-born baby the blessing
B. you want a sick person to get well
C. you hate someone
D. you show your love to your relatives or friends
3. If you visit an East African village,you .
A. should say"Hello!"or"How are you?"to others
B. should talk to the villagers quietly
C. should be very careful and not to pay any attention to others
D. must wait until your friend has finished his work and then begin to talk to him
參考答案:CCD
Part Four 總結
《九年義務教育全日制初級中學英語教學大綱》對"讀"的要求如下:①能預習課文,初步理解課文大意。②學會查詞典,能藉助詞典閱讀難度相當於課文的材料,並理解其大意。③能獨立閱讀所學語言知識范圍內的材料,生詞率不超過3%。三年制和四年制的閱讀速度分別是每分鍾40-50和50-60個單詞,理解正確率達到70%。
閱讀能力強的標志不僅指閱讀速度快,而且還要求理解率高。具體體現在如下幾個方面:①掌握所讀材料的大意,以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細節。②既能理解具體的事實,也能理解抽象的概念。③既能理解字面意思,也能理解深層含義(包括作者的態度、意圖及傾向等)。④既能理解某一句話、某一段落的意義,也能理解全篇的邏輯關系,並能據此進行推理和判斷。⑤既能根據材料所提供的信息解決問題,也能結合必備的常識(包括生活常識和相關的其他學科知識等)去理解和處理題目設置的疑難問題。
中考閱讀復習建議:
1.背單詞相結合,由於考試過程中不允許考生查字典,因此,要想解答好閱讀理解題必須做到掌握相當的詞彙量。詞彙不過關,處處是難關。平常要多背誦一些基礎詞彙、片語、習慣短語等。教材中出現的重要句型也必須牢記。這樣就能為順利閱讀提供強有力的保障。同時在記憶詞彙時,要注意單詞的詞性及一詞多義現象,這樣對閱讀中碰到的生詞的推斷會有一定的幫助。
2.平時多看一些英文書籍做積累,加強"聽、說、讀、寫、譯"五項基本技能的訓練,創造良好的語境。通過多聽、多說、多讀、多寫、多譯,逐步培養語感,提高綜合運用語言知識的能力,為閱讀能力的提高奠定堅實的基礎。
3.歷年的中考真題拿來仔細研究, 研究近幾年全國各省市中考英語試題,我們發現"閱讀理解"題呈現出這樣幾個特點:①題材新穎,原汁原味,趣味性強;②貼近生活實際,極具可讀性;③反映社會熱點,富於時代氣息;④題目設計巧妙,匠心獨運;⑤考查能力綜合化;⑥選材廣泛,信息量大。所涉及內容包羅萬象,不僅涉及生活網路,自然科學,而且也觸及天文地理,異域風情等。
4.制定月計劃、周計劃、日計劃
5.課本為依據
最後我送給大家一個典故,一個天使angel曾經問過上帝這樣一個問題,你們要聽好:"when did Noah build the Ark? 這句話的中文意思就是:"諾亞什麼時候建的方舟?"上帝聽了轉頭微微一笑回答說:"Before the rain." 在雨前建的。這句話蘊涵了很深的道理對不對?你們現在初三,中考對於你們越來越近。我打個比方,大家現在好比站在平原上面快樂地跳舞、快樂地奔跑、快樂地嬉戲。。。。但是你有沒有想到在一年之後,有一場暴雨肯定要來臨,席捲每個人,所有人都不能倖免。當洪水漫過你的口鼻,抑制住你的呼吸時,你就會想我的方舟在哪裡?到那時你只能潸然淚下,帶著遺憾變成一具死屍了。所以同學們趁著現在我們還在平原上,陽光還燦爛,讓我們拿起筆,作為我們的斧頭,砍下屬於我們的第一根樹枝,從這第一根樹枝起構建我們自己的方舟。希望大家在中考時都能擁有自己的方舟。 《09屆中考英語單項突破閱讀12》由英語我整理,更多請訪問:https://www.liuxue86.com/english/
8. 長篇閱讀Raising Bilingual Children答案
閱讀理解的答案：abcddcbdac；
The purpose of reading is only to understand the situation. We read newspapers, advertisements, brochures and so on, which belong to this reading method. For most of this kind of materials, readers should use the quick reading method of quick reading。
閱讀的目的只是為了了解情況。我們閱讀報紙、廣告、說明書等屬於這種閱讀方法。對於大多數這類資料，讀者應該使用一目十行的速讀法。
and quickly browse between words like electronic scanning, so as to capture the contents they need in time and discard the irrelevant parts. If anyone wants to know the current situation or study a certain period of history in time。
眼睛像電子掃描一樣地在文字間快速瀏覽，及時捕捉自己所需的內容，舍棄無關的部分。任何人想及時了解當前形勢或者研究某一段歷史；
speed reading is indispensable. However, whether it is necessary to interrupt, read intensively or pause for a little thinking depends on the materials read.
速讀法是不可少的，然而，是否需要中斷、精讀或停頓下來稍加思考，視所讀的材料而定。
(8)題材新穎的英語閱讀理解擴展閱讀：
《英語閱讀(9年級)(上)》特色：緊貼國家最新英語課程標准關於強化學生分級閱讀的要求；專為中國學生量身訂做，跟蹤國家考試取向；組織海外和國內知名專家擔任主編和作者，合作編寫；
英語地道標准，真實自然；題材新穎廣泛，內容切合現代實際，使學生在快樂閱讀中提高學習效率；練習形式多樣，設計嚴謹，有利於提高自我評價和應試能力。
英語閱讀這種「眼腦直映」式的閱讀的方法省略了語言中樞和聽覺中樞這兩個可有可無的中間環節，即文字信號直接映入大腦記憶中樞進行理解和記憶。這是一種單純運用視覺的閱讀方式。所以說「眼腦直映」式的快速閱讀，才是真正的「看書」。
9. 中考英語閱讀理解體裁
閱讀理解在英語考試里所佔的分值比較大，但是卻有存在較大的難度。下面，針對中考，我們來看看中考的英語閱讀理解題材都有哪些，為中考加油。
閱讀理解題對學生提出了較高的能力要求，主要是考查學生通過閱讀獲取信息、分析信息和處理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住細節;既要理解具體事實，又要理解抽象概念;既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意圖，揣摩隱藏在字里行間的內涵既要理解全篇的邏輯關系又要理解某些細節的意思，並且在讀懂句子和文章的基礎上，將所讀文章進行判斷、分析和推理。概括的說就是這類題注重考查閱讀技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具體細節、通過上下文猜測詞義、歸納篇章大意，以及推斷或理解作者的態度和意圖等。考生不僅要具有準確獲得信息的能力，還要具有透過文章表層意思理解文章隱含意義的能力。這樣才能抓住中心思想，作出正確的判斷。試題涉及掌握語篇主旨，事實細節、深層含義、推理判斷、猜測詞義等多方面的閱讀能力考查。設題通常考慮以下四個方面。
1. 直觀性問題 。直接引用原文中的語句或根據短文中原語句稍加改動而編成。
2. 常識性問題。 考查學生依據短文信息，並根據自己所具備的一般常識作出判斷的題型.
3. 理解性問題。 考查學生對文章的中心思想，某段的段落大意，某一事實的細節及作者意圖等的理解程度。
4. 推理性問題。 這類題需在深刻理解短文後，再經過推理判斷才能選出正確答案。
閱讀是一個復雜的心理過程，語言學家古德曼(Groodman)認為，閱讀就是讀者通過其心理和語言活動理解來接受作者的思想和觀點。如果學生能讀懂一篇文章，則表明作者寫作時的思維過程與該生在閱讀時的思維活動趨於吻合，這就是說學生的閱讀理解必須實於原文，不可脫離文章憑空想像。
對學生進行閱讀技巧訓練還應該從文體角度來訓練，因為一篇文章的設題是受其文體限制的。下面我們分析幾個不同體裁文章的特點，供大家參考。
a. 故事類。
初中生接觸到的閱讀材料大都是故事類。閱讀故事類的材料，應該抓住人物線索、地點線索、時間線索和情節發展線索。特別注意的是，以上線索往往是並存的。因為情節的發展總是涉及到人物的變化、時間的推移、場景的變換等。而閱讀材料後的閱讀理解題往往會圍繞這些內容設計一些事實類的理解題。凡事實類的理解題都可以從閱讀材料的表層文字中找到答案。在閱讀故事類短文時，應指導學生理解文章的深層含義，也就是它的主題。在此需要注意的'是，現在的閱讀理解題在測試事實類的理解題的同時，往往有一道推理類理解測試題.
b.科普類。
這里所指的科普類是廣義的。它包含有介紹科學知識、社會知識的短文。閱讀這類短文時，要以事實為中心進行思考，抓住事物的特徵、用途、相互關系等.如果是介紹社會現象的文章，要掌握所談現象的內涵。
c.圖表類。
這類短文是通過看圖或表格等來了解某方面的情況。指導學生閱讀這類材料時，主要從兩方面入手;一是了解圖表的主題，確定圖表的主要內容，二是推敲圖畫語盲或數字，找出它們之間的關聯或試圖表達的含義。
d.新聞類。
報刊閱讀應逐步成為中學生閱讀的一個重要內容。由於新聞報道強調遵循 5 個 w 和 1 個 H，所以，我們在閱讀時也要抓住這一點去理解把握。
10. 【實施高中英語任務型教學提高學生英語閱讀能力】 英語閱讀理解100篇
一、高中英語閱讀教學的現狀分判頌析 通過對高中英語閱讀教學的現狀進行分析,我們可以知道目前高中英語閱讀教學仍然存在各種不足之處,其具體表現如下:
(一)閱讀教學模式單一。閱讀教學拘泥於學生對所讀材料的表層理解,許多學生不能對所讀文章的要點進行有效的推斷,也不能正確把握文章的脈絡,從而影響了理解的准確性和全面性。許多教師仍採用師生一問一答式的教學方法,學生學習被動,不利於培養學生的發散性思維。而高中階段的閱讀文章應當是題材豐富,體裁多樣,閱讀的目的也應有不同的側重,而千篇一律的閱讀教學模式難以實現不同的閱讀目的。
(二)閱讀教學中忽略了語法分析。不少教師在閱讀教學中「談語法色變」,未能引導學生藉助語法正確理解句子,尤其是缺乏對長句、難句、省略句及意思晦澀句的理解與分析,影響了學生對閱讀材料全面、正確的理解,阻礙了學生獲取文章的內含信息。
(三)閱讀教學中生詞處理不當。如何處理閱讀材料中出現的生詞和歧義詞使許多教師感到十分棘手和困惑。許多教師片面追求閱讀時的「整體理解」,舍棄了對詞彙的教學,只是在閱讀前將有關詞彙匆匆略講而過,而且只涉及詞彙的一般含義,忽視了詞彙在語篇中的特定含義。
(四)閱讀教學中濫用多媒體。雖然閱讀教學以多媒體來輔助詞彙教學有利於活躍課堂氣氛,但是把本應通過文字解讀和推理歸納才能獲得的信息以直觀形式展示給學生,致使直觀教學替代了學生的形象思維和抽象思維,抹殺了學生的好
奇心,不利於提高學生的推理能力和文字解碼能力。
二、高中英語閱讀教學的目標定位分析及啟示
⒈新頒布的《普通高中英語課程標准(實驗)》對高中英語閱讀教學的目標作了分級定位,即「能根據閱讀目的使用不同閱讀策略」(六級),「能通過分析句子結構理解難遲祥句和長句」(八級),「能通過上下文和句子結構猜測詞義」(六級),「能通過文章中的線索進行推理」(七級)等,從而提高學生獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力。因此,閱讀教學的過程既是對詞彙語篇進行理解的過程,又是對句子進行系統歸納和概括的過程,又是培養學生發掘閱讀材料內涵和正確使用閱讀策略能力的過程,更是培養學生發散思維和推理能力的過程。
⒉近年來的英語高考閱讀理解文章和試題也充分體現了高中英語閱讀教學的目標和導向。高考閱讀文章的取材到問題的設置有以下特點:①文章體裁多樣,題材各異文章難度呈現一定梯度。②閱讀文章中出現的難句和長句等復雜句逐年增多。③根據語境推測生詞意義和對代詞指代意義的考查題增多。
⒊《全日制普通高級中學英語課程標准》倡導任務型教學,以學生「能做某事」的描述方式設定目標要求。教師應避免單純傳授語言知識的教學方法,教師應依據課程的總體目標並結合教學內容,創造性地設計貼近學生實際的教學活動,吸引和組織他們積極參與。學生通過思考、調查、討論、交流和合作等方式,學習和使用英語,完成學習任務,感受成掘旦鄭功,從而提高學生綜合語言運用能力。
⒋語言學習的規律告訴我們:新的語言知識從輸入到運用有一個處理消化的過程,完成這個過程需要一定的理解語言的機會。
因此,我們在高中英語閱讀教學中要努力實施任務型教學。高中英語任務型閱讀教學研究目的在於:通過完成閱讀過程中的環節相扣的小任務,指導學生圓滿完成各項任務,從而提高學生的閱讀理解能力,訓練學生的閱讀技巧,培養學生的閱讀能力,兼顧培養學生的聽、說、寫的能力,從而培養學生綜合語言運用能力。
三、高中英語閱讀教學中任務的設計
所謂「任務」,簡而言之就是「做事」。在「做事」的過程中,學習始終處於一種積極的、主動的學習心理狀態,任務參與者之間的交際過程也是一種互動過程。
新編高中英語閱讀教材中的課文具有話題廣泛、信息密度高、語言知識豐富等特點,它是各單元教學的核心。鑒於此,高中英語閱讀課的任務設計應遵循以下原則:
1.趣味性原則:教師就根據學生的年齡特點,以學生的生活經驗和興趣為出發點,盡量採用真實的內容和方式,採取多變的教學活動形式和不同的教學方法去激發學生的學習積極性,增強教學效果。
2.啟發性原則:在設計閱讀課任務時,教師要在深入鑽研教材、把握教材的基礎上,抓住學生認識事物的規律和心理特徵,力爭做到設計的任務能激勵學生開動腦筋、積極思維、參加語言實踐。
3.階梯性原則:閱讀課中任務的設計要注重由簡到繁、由易到難、層層深入,並形成由初級任務向高級任務過渡再由高級任務涵蓋初級任務的循環。在語言技能方面,應遵循先聽讀、後說寫的設計順序,使教學呈階梯式層層遞進。
4.滲透性原則:任務的設計不應該局限於課本教學,而要滲透到學習和生活中,以培養學生思維想像力、審美情趣藝術感受、協作精神和創新精神等綜合素質。
5.學生的主體性原則:在任務實踐過程中,學生應始終是主體,教師應努力做好教學中的鋪墊工作,通過引導、啟發和輔導等形式,使學生不斷思考、歸納和總結,最終獲取新的知識,學生的閱讀理解能力才能得以提高。
四、高中英語任務型閱讀教學模式探索
根據任務型教學的基本理念和閱讀教學的基本規律,高中英語閱讀課可分為以下三個階段:
第一階段:任務前(Pre-task/Task before reading)。任務前活動包括教的活動、意識提升活動和計劃。教的活動與介紹新的語言知識和語言結構密切相關;意識提升活動只在提高學生對語言結構的意識;計劃就是讓學生在規定的時間里完成任務。這一段我們應完成以下任務:
1.了解背景知識,預測活動內容:學生課前通過各種媒體了解背景知識,教師適當補充,背景知識又稱非直觀信息,它儲存於學生的長時記憶中,是直接影響閱讀分析和理解的一個重要因素。適當了解背景知識,可以幫助掃除可能出現的障礙,激發其閱讀的慾望。同時,也可讓學生根據文中圖片及標題等對閱讀內容進行預測,從而激發學生進一步閱讀課文的興趣。
2.掃除語言障礙:要使閱讀有意義,不但需要非直觀信息,還需要直觀信息等。因此,掃除閱讀中可能出現的語言障礙是必要的,但是要控制好生詞釋義的量,有的生詞詞義要讓學生通過上下文猜測。
3.明確閱讀目的:閱讀目的決定了閱讀的方式及速度。目前在我國中學英語教學中,閱讀教學的目的旨在通過規范的課堂教學,提高學生的英語閱讀能力,其中包括獲得課文大意的掃讀技能、獲得課文具體內容的跳讀、精讀技能以及培養語感、獲取樂趣的泛讀技能。教師應在閱讀教學前確定第一教學階段的閱讀目的及閱讀方法,呈現本課所要解決的問題,並提出具體任務,比如,讓學生閱讀後填圖或表格等。
第二階段:任務環(Task-cycle/Task while reading)。任務環包括符號辨認和內容理解。教師不但要幫助學生弄清課文的結構和具體內容,還要幫助學生弄清楚作者的寫作意圖。教師可以設計數個微型任務,構成任務鏈,要求學生以個人或小組形式,採用下面四個環節來完成任務:
1.聽力理解:學生聽錄音,了解課文大意,完成1-2個聽力題,從而提高學生整體把握課文有關信息的能力。
2.掃讀理解:該環節要求學生快速通讀課文,從整體上把握課文脈絡,理解課文大意,找出主題句、關鍵詞,使學生對文章的內容、結構和作者的寫作意圖有一個整體印象。教師可用以下方法來檢測學生的任務完成情況:
(1)課文主要信息正誤判斷;
(2)選出與課文內容相對應的標題或圖片;
(3)要求學生回答一些有關課文內容綜合性問題。
3.略讀質疑:在該環節中,教師引導學生圍繞問題的有關信息重點地進行略讀,找出問題的范圍,提高學生的閱讀速度。
4.細讀賞析:在該環節中,教師要引導學生帶著審美的觀點認真閱讀全文,了解文章的細節、段落大意及段落之間的聯系,促進對篇章結構的理解。教師可設計以下任務來檢測學生的閱讀效果:
(1)要求學生回答一些關於課文的細節問題;
(2)要求學生討論歸納各段大意;
(3)要求學生根據課文內容填寫各類圖表;
(4)要求學生藉助語法分析文章中句子與句子之間、句子中事與事或人與人之間的關系,才能正確地理解閱讀材料,獲取作者所傳遞的信息,達成閱讀目標的有效方法;反之,脫離句法分析的閱讀往往是膚淺的,理解的偏差也往往是不可避免的。
教師可以引導學生對長句和難句進行語法分析,既要提高學生的閱讀速度,又要增強學生的理解深度。
(5)要求學生正確理解特定語境中的詞彙,它是有效推敲作者意圖的關鍵和理解全文的前提。
在語境中學習詞彙,擴充詞彙,了解新詞,正確把握語篇的意義,發掘文章的內涵,也是閱讀理解的重要任務之一。例如,在一篇介紹數碼相機的文章中有這樣一段話:They are very hot this year. The prices have come down and the quality has gone up. Who wants to travel with 30 rolls of film? With a large memory card to store pictures, you can shoot and shoot and never to worry about changing a roll.句中劃線詞彙均為多義詞,在上述特定的語境中才產生了它們的特定語意;學生只有了解了整篇文章的真實意義,才可能讀懂這段話的內容。
當然,在各環節的任務完成過程中,教師要隨時提醒學生注意閱讀速度,並根據不同的閱讀方法和任務,向學生提出不同的閱讀速度。
第三階段:任務後(post-task/task after reading)
任務後活動包括討論、評價和操練。教師可設計以下任務:
1.展示:要求學生以個人或小組形式通過表演、報告、復述、背誦、聽寫、默寫等方式向全班展示任務完成情況。
2.討論與評價:要求學生利用已有的知識、興趣或觀點,完成一些交際任務。引導學生以討論的形式表達個人的觀點,例如:同意或不同意,喜歡或不喜歡,提出建議或解決問題,評論課文中的人物,想像故事的多種結局,等等。然後教師對學生完成任務的情況作出評價,評價要具有激勵性。
3.布置作業:要求學生做相關內容的作業,如:課文的改寫、縮寫或續寫,采訪,報道,或做同樣題材的短文填空、閱讀理解、書面表達,等等。
五、結束語
在任務型閱讀教學中,學生的活動具有明確的目標指向和具體的操作要求,學生在任務的驅動下學習語言知識和進行技能訓練,學生大腦始終處於一種激活狀態,貼近學生生活的任務可激發學生學習興趣,增強學生學習動力。學習任務的不斷深化,有利於學生語言能力的培養,有助於培養學生的合作精神和解決問題的能力,任務完成的結果為學生提供了自我評價的標准,並使學生產生成就感。
總之,任務型閱讀教學強調了對學生語言運用能力的培養,注重培養學生獲取知識的能力,有利於學生創新精神和實踐能力的提高。當然,我們全體師生還須共同努力,不斷探索和完善任務型閱讀教學的基本操作模式。
(責任編輯:鄭 衛)