大學英語閱讀理解無人車
① 2018高考英語閱讀理解北京卷D篇淺析
首先，文本選自洛杉磯時報http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html 2018年3月9日發表的名為If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。
看原標題可以得出幾個信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是關鍵問題3.even worse，也就是有前提條件，然後才可能出現某種預期。
這篇閱讀理解試題選文的特點是，1.文章是國外主流媒體新近更新的文章，相對於高考日期來說是比較新的。2.題材相對比較前沿——關於無人駕駛汽車。相對來說的新科技話題，具有一定的信息引領性。同時，無人駕駛也是目前比較有爭論的話題，所以任何一篇文章都不會完全從某一個角度獨立來分析闡述這一現象，除非絕對的專業測評或者技術等視角，普通評論或者描述文章一定都會有或多或少的利弊分析，因為這是未知因素會有所影響的一個話題。本文也不例外，但是本文經過改編後明顯把話題傾向性定位在positive 上，整體看不出明顯的問題，但是會有對客觀事實的微小不尊重。這是從閱讀理解試題選文的真實性信息來考慮的。本文讀者受眾沒有刻意的區分和歸類以及傾向性，文章也不算純粹的科普文，屬於普通的說事文吧，依然是側重introce and describe ，因為沒有明顯的正反觀點的對比，文中對比主要體現在現象的比較，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基於此，本文的行文，正常來說要圍繞提出問題——分析問題——解決問題來進行。
試卷文本和原文比較有大量刪減改編。
首先看改編後的標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars關鍵信息定位在preparing cities。但是我們在正文當中是否能夠找到關鍵信息來支持標題核心信息，我認真閱讀後，還是不明朗。但是原選文標題比較符合原選文的核心內容。而且此標題從語言角度來說也不好理解，所以標題不做更多解釋。
（2018•北京）閱讀理解D
標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
試題文章第一段
原本想和原文比較一下改動部分，但是改動太大，就省略了吧，很明顯感覺改動得不是很好。比如prospect被替換為possibility 這個在理解文本含義上可以理解，但是假如作為精讀去點對點分析，就會不如原詞彙那麼妥帖，我只能用這個詞來形容。看prospects詞彙解釋：
以此例來說明改編的可能的不準確性，文本下面部分的改編的類似問題不再重復說明。
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 開篇點「題」，把無人駕駛汽車的現存狀態通過一個語義對比句展示出來。告知讀者本文是圍繞無人駕駛汽車現狀的某個問題闡述的。接下來的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有測試環節，二是有相關輔助環節。
California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 這是本文中圍繞標題而出現的最重要的關鍵信息。暗示cities在無人駕駛領域所可能做出的貢獻。
But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
此處有本文的一個題點關鍵詞regulated，提示regulation 對於無人駕駛未來走向的重要性。看48題：
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
題幹部分有關鍵信息詞author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重點的……關注點，所以需要透徹理解本文所傳遞的信息是什麼，還要結合選項內容來看。同時結合原文看，本文是把safety 部分內容刪除掉了，而我們看四個選項事實上都可以，四個選項和客觀真實性是保持一致的，至於本試題當中認為限制答案為D，從做題角度會有很多解釋，但是這樣的試題不嚴密，且，好的試題不會用major來限定。
第二段
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一個暗含轉折，實際上是語義的一個側重「確定」的句子，使用了while …also表達，前後兩者都存在，但是此處側重強調後者的意思。那麼也就是說safety 問題是現存的一個相關焦點，但是這里作者想要強調also後面的內容。所以，從全文角度看，經過改編的文本有了作者或者文章態度上的些許不同，本段和原文比較有部分詞彙改編刪減，但是基本符合要求，沒有大的變化。
接下來的內容作者具體描述無人駕駛汽車的優勢和特色，包括停車管理，環境保護，以及和計程車公司等相比較的更多的便利，原文提到了優步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但試題文本有刪減，所以個別信息在理解上會覺得有模糊的感覺，不透徹。本段結束。
在此，我們就可以暫停，看試題：
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
題干中使用了pay attention to ，而這個題干是完全可以修改成一個更地道的句子的，也可以是問答方式，不是填空式。重點又在author 和attention 來限定信息，也就是可以推測，題目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表達的觀點，那麼根據文本內容，c項是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a項更符合出題人的思路，所以答案是A。
接下來看下一段內容，
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
段首一句屬於段落銜接句，用設問的形式引出來。一方面提示讀者思考，給出自己的思維判斷，同時引出下面作者想要陳述的內容，此句看關鍵詞worsen ，也就是說，作者暗示的觀點是現有的交通的諸多不利因素，對於無人駕駛汽車來說會是什麼樣的一種對比分析結果呢？而通過上文中作者的情感態度，大致可以判斷，下文作者想要闡述的是如何規避現有交通的不利因素。通過閱讀試卷上的文本，我感覺此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查閱原文，因為在手機上編輯，順便簡單截圖一下，如下：
通過閱讀原文，可以了解，此處被命題人刪除掉了，但是此舉就完全改變了文章的行文思路和意義的正常表達。因為在提到了無人駕駛汽車的優勢以後，作者做了一個imagine ，也就是假想內容，而此假設導致的結果就是滿街的無人駕駛汽車，而此句也被命題人刪除了，但是這些信息是非常關鍵的信息，是管理者要解決無人駕駛汽車所要面對的關鍵問題，刪除後，就不能體現初衷含義了，而且閱讀時會晦澀，不能夠真正表達真實場景。具體語言不做分析解釋，接下來看下一段，
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因為刪除掉的信息，而會覺得沒有自然的過度和銜接。在介紹了環保和降低使用成本等優勢以後，作者把話題引到了首批無人駕駛汽車的試用上，
commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，這些詞是屬於此處的主要信息詞，提示下面舉措的原因，命題人沒有在此處命題，而是避開，命制了一個所謂猜測詞義題目。來看試題：
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
根據field所在原文語境，提示，鑒於一些考量首先要把無人駕駛技術應用於叫車服務領域。field在此處取其名詞「領域」的動詞含義「應用於某一領域」，在此，也就是把車輛服務劃分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽車，叫車服務等等。所以在理解此詞的時候需要理解原語境的微妙提示，而不是簡單來隨意根據主觀判斷下結論，盡管結論可能也不是太離譜，至少我查了很多詞典，沒有查到field的英英解釋為employ。細節不做分析。繼續下一段，
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
最後一段，我們看它的情感態度，一個對未來的期待和展望，是建立在對現有一些問題和技術的解決和確認的基礎上的，也就是說，作者的觀點態度中規中矩，但最後一句還是表達了對未來無人駕駛汽車的正面期待。結尾段，對整個上文信息做了概括總結，綜合了上文信息點。看最後一題：
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
答案是B。這個不多說，假如發散開來還有很多內容能夠闡述。
總結一下：
本題目選自主流外刊，時間比較新，話題比較新。命題人對文本進行了一定量的改動刪減，個人認為已經影響了准確和地道信息的傳遞，這是不太看好的地方。文本語言和結構沒有特殊難點，試題命制也沒有深度思維理解的題目，所以考慮試題安排難度，應該不是難題范疇。解讀本文本相當於外刊解讀的一個過程了。所以說高考題目文本精良，和外刊解讀和運用分割開來不是一個真命題。我記得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命題人做了一些刪減改編，而使得整個行文不達意，試題缺少信息支持。這是一個不可忽視的命題問題。
沒有時間和精力做更精細的分析。
下面是試題原文：
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs
48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
② 關於無人機的英語閱讀理解
雙語閱讀之送快遞的無人機
VA 14-year-old scientist took home $25,000 from a national science competition for inventing aliquid bandage that could replace antibiotics.
一個14歲的科學家發明了一種可替代抗生素的液體綳帶，在全國科學競賽上贏得了25,000美元獎金。
Kara Fan from San Diego, CA was won the 3M Young Scientist Challenge in St. Paul, Minnesota. Fan came up with a nano particle liquid bandage that could replace the overuse ofantibiotics and potentially rece the development of superbugs.
來自加利福尼亞州聖地亞哥的Kara Fan贏得了明尼蘇達州聖保羅市的3M青年科學家挑戰賽。Fan發明了納米顆粒液體綳帶，能解決抗生素濫用問題，可能會減緩超 級細菌的發展。
Each contestant is judged on their invention's creativity, scientific knowledge, persuasiveness and communication, and overall presentation.
要對每位選手的發明創意、科學知識、說服力和溝通力，以及綜合闡述進行評判。
Other finalists included Jaya Choudray, who invented an airflow control robot that works torece energy consumption in a home, and Caroline Crouchley, who invented a climate-friendlytransportation system that would eliminate the need for a diesel engine or electric motors.
其他決賽選手有Jaya Choudray，發明了一個可以減少家庭能源消耗的氣流控制機器人；CarolineCrouchley發明了一種氣候友好型交通系統，可以省去對柴油機或電動機的需求。
3M holds the competition for students in grades 5-8 because research has shown that theirinterest in science fades after these years.
3M公司舉辦這場針對5-8年級學生的競賽是因為研究表明近些年他們對科學的興趣有所減退。
2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：跡運前宇宙
A scientist once said: 「I have concluded that the earth is being visited by intelligently controlled vehicles from outer space.」
If we take this as a reasonable explanation for UFOs (unidentified flying objects), questions immediately come up.
姿清「Why don』t they get in touch with us, then? Why don』t they land right on the White House lawn and declare themselves?」 people asked.
悄租In reply, scientists say that, while this may be what we want, it may not necessarily be what they want.
「The most likely explanation, it seems to me,」 said Dr. Mead, 「is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don』t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.」
Opinions from other scientists might go like this: 「Why should they want to get in touch with us? We may feel we』re more important than we really are! They may want to observe us only and not interfere with the development of our civilization. They may not care if we see them but they also may not care to say 『hello』.」
①Some scientists have also suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife reserve. ②Just as we set aside wilderness areas and wildlife reserves to allow animals and growing things to develop naturally while we observe them, so perhaps Earth was set aside ages ago for the same purpose.
①Are we being observed by intelligent beings from other civilizations in the universe? ②Are they watching our progress in space travel? ③Do we live in a gigantic 「zoo」 observed by our 「keepers,」 but having no communication with them?
①Never before in our history have we had to confront ideas like these. ②The simple fact is that we, who have always regarded ourselves as supreme in the universe, may not be so. ③Now we have to recognize that, among the stars in the heavens, there may very well be worlds inhabited by beings who are to us as we are to ants.
一、詞彙
1.conclude v. 作結論，推斷
2.vehicle n. 交通工具
3.be up to sth= be doing sth正在做
4.keep an eye on sb監視某人
5.set in motion使某物運轉
6.reserve n. 貯存，預備舍
7.set aside 保留
8.supreme a. 最高的
9.inhabit v. 居住於，占據
二、長難句
1. The most likely explanation, it seems to me,」 said Dr. Mead, 「is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don』t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.
該句的賓語由直接引語構成。該直接引語的主幹為The most likely explanation is that …，破折號的部分對that引導的表語從句進行解釋說明。該部分的主幹為responsible society … is keeping an eye on us，不定式結構to see that …做目的狀語。其中第一個that引導的從句做see的賓語，第二個that引導的從句做後置定語，修飾先行詞chain reaction。
翻譯：米德博士稱「在我看來，最可能的解釋是他們只不過是看看我們在做什麼——我們太陽系之外有責任心的社會正留意著我們，以確保我們不會觸發某種連鎖反應，從而給太陽系之外的星系造成意想不到的影響。」
2. Just as we set aside wilderness areas and wildlife reserves to allow animals and growing things to develop naturally while we observe them, so perhaps Earth was set aside ages ago for the same purpose.
該句為主從復合句，just as引導方式狀語從句，其中還嵌套了while引導的時間狀語從句。主句部分的主幹為perhaps Earth was set aside。
翻譯：就像我們劃出野生動物活動區和保護區以便我們可以在自然狀態觀察動植物的生長情況一樣，或許地球就是很早以前為達到相同的目的而被劃出的保護區。
3. Now we have to recognize that, among the stars in the heavens, there may very well be worlds inhabited by beings who are to us as we are to ants.
該句的主幹為we have to recognize that …，that引導的從句做賓語。該從句的主幹為there may very well be worlds，過去分詞短語inhabited by beings …做後置定語，修飾名詞worlds，who引導的定語從句也做後置定語，修飾beings。
翻譯：現在我們必須認識到在茫茫星海中，也許就有這樣的星體，那上面居住的生物看待我們就如同我們看待螞蟻一樣。
三、文章結構分析
本文是一篇探討外星生物是否存的時文。
第一至三段：通過一位科學家的話引出爭論的焦點：外星生物是否存在?
第四至八段：羅列了科學家們對此問題而產生的四種猜測—不願同人類接觸、在暗中留意人類的行動、只出於觀察目的而不想同人類接觸、地球是外星人劃立的「動物」保護區。
第九段：總結全文，肯定外星生物的存在，並提醒人們宇宙中存在著更強大生物的可能性。
四、試題具體分析
11. People who ask the question 「Why don』t they get in touch with us... and declare themselves?」 think that ________.11. 提出「那麼他們為什麼不和我們聯系呢?為什麼他們不正好降落到白宮的草坪上然後自我介紹一下呢?」這些問題的人認為________.
[A] there are no such things as UFOs[A] 不明飛行物這種東西是不存在的
[B] UFOs are visitors from solar system[B] 不明飛行物是來自太陽系的探訪者
[C] there』s no reason for UFOs sooner or later[C] 對於不明飛行物的說法遲早會理屈詞窮的
[D] we are bound to see UFOs sooner or later[D] 人類遲早會看見不明飛行物的
[分析]本題考查的知識點是：推理引申。
根據第一、二段可知，題干中的問題是「如果將來自外太空的智能飛船正在造訪地球作為對不明飛行物的合理解釋」就會出現的問題。第四到七段引用科學家的話對這一問題給予了回復：對為什麼人類同外星人之間沒有聯系進行了推測。可見，問這些問題的人並不相信外星生物或不明飛行物是存在的，而科學家的推測卻在證明它們可能是存在的。故[A]選項正確。
[B]選項是根據UFOs和solar system編造的干擾項，且[B]選項本身表達亦不正確。文中指出如果外星人是存在的，那他們一定存在於太陽系之外的某個星系之中。[C]選項錯在no reasons。文章第四到七段給出針對這些問題的解答，所以並非是理屈詞窮。[D]選項反向干擾，從上面的分析可知提出問題的人是不相信UFOs是存在的，所以他們也不會認為遲早會見到不明飛行物。
12. According to Dr. Mead, the attitude of beings from outer space toward us is one of ________.12.米德博士認為來自外太空的生物對人類的看法會是_______。
[A] unfriendliness[A] 不友善的
[B] suspicion[B] 猜疑的
[C] superiority[C] 盛氣凌人的
[D] hostility[D] 敵意的
[分析]本題考查的知識點是：推理引申。
根據題中人物關鍵詞Dr. Mead定位到文章第五段。針對一些人提出的外星人為何不同人類接觸的問題，米德博士認為最可能的解釋就是他們只是負責留意我們，確保我們的行動不會觸發能夠危害到他們的連鎖反應。由此可知，米德博士的觀點是外星人對人類的態度應該是猜疑的，故[B]選項正確。
[A]、[C]選項都是其他猜測認為來外星生物會對人類所持的態度。[D]選項從文中無從推知。
13. The tone of the writer is that of ________.13. 作者的語氣是________。
[A] doubt[A] 懷疑的
[B] warning[B] 警告的
[C] indifference[C] 冷漠的
[D] criticism[D] 批判的
[分析]本題考查的知識點是：作者態度。
文章第八段是作者觀點的闡述。第八段第二句指出人類從未有過外星生物是否存在的想法正是人類自身的盲目優越感所致。作者認為也許正是這種盲目自大，使我們否定了外星生物的存在，但是外星生物一定是存在於茫茫宇宙的某個星體上，他們看待我們就如同我們看待螞蟻一般。可見本文作者所持的是批判的態度，故[D]選項正確。
[A]選項反向干擾。第八段第三句話明確指出，我們必須認識到茫茫星海中也許真的有外星生物的存在。從文中無法得出作者對否定外星人存在的人所給的警示之語，故排除[B]選項。第八段中always, supreme, have to, who are to us as we are to ants等表明了作者並不是漠然的，故[C]選項錯誤。
五、全文翻譯
一位科學家曾說過「我斷定來自外太空的智能飛船正在造訪地球。」
如果我們將其作為對不明飛行物的合理解釋，那麼問題馬上就來了。
人們會問：「那麼他們為什麼不和我們聯系呢?為什麼他們不正好降落到白宮的草坪上然後自我介紹一下呢?」
對於這些問題，科學家們的回答是：雖然這也許是我們想要的，但這也許並不是他們想要的啊。
米德博士稱「在我看來，最可能的解釋是他們只不過是看看我們在做什麼——我們太陽系之外有責任心的社會正留意著我們，以確保我們不會觸發某種連鎖反應，從而給太陽系之外的星系造成意想不到的影響。」
其他科學家的觀點是這樣的：「他們為什麼要聯系我們?我們也許把自己想的過於重要了!他們也許就是想觀察我們而不想介入人類文明的發展。他們也許並不關心我們是否看到了他們，也不關心是否打個招呼。」
還有一些科學家認為，地球就是一個動物園或是野生動物保護區。就像我們劃出野生動物活動區和保護區以便我們可以在自然狀態觀察動植物的生長情況一樣，或許地球就是很早以前為達到相同的目的而被劃出的保護區。
宇宙中其他文明的智能生物正在觀察我們么?他們正留意我們在太空航行上的進展么?我們是生活在一個只能被「飼養員」觀察卻無法與其溝通的巨型「動物園」里么?
在人類的歷史上，我們從未遇到過類似的想法。真相很簡單，那就是我們總認為在整個宇宙中我們是至高無上的，可事實也許並非如此。現在我們必須認識到在茫茫星海中，也許就有這樣的星體，那上面居住的生物看待我們就如同我們看待螞蟻一樣。
2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：汽車
①The use of the motor is becoming more and more widespread in the twentieth century; as an increasing number of countries develop both technically and economically, so a larger proportion of the world』s population is able to buy and use a car. ②Possessing a car gives a much greater degree of mobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. ③The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport and is, therefore, not compelled to work locally. ④He can choose from different jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted to a choice within a small radius. ⑤Travelling to work by car is also more comfortable than having to use public transport; the driver can adjust the heating in winter and the air conditioning in the summer to suit his own needs and preference. ⑥There is no irritation caused by waiting for trains, buses or underground trains, standing in long patient queues, or sitting on windy platforms, for as long as half an hour sometimes. ⑦With the building of good, fast motorways long distances can be covered rapidly and pleasantly. ⑧For the first time in this century also, many people are now able to enjoy their leisure time to the full by making trips to the country or seaside at the weekends, instead of being confined to their immediate neighbourhood. ⑨This feeling of independence, and the freedom to go where you please, is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car.
①When considering the drawbacks, perhaps pollution is of prime importance. ②As more and more cars are proced and used, so the emission from their exhaust-pipes contains an ever larger volume of poisonous gas. ③Some of the contents of this gas, such as lead, not only pollute the atmosphere but cause actual harm to the health of people. ④Many of the minor illnesses of modern instrial society, headaches, tiredness, and stomach upsets are thought to arise from breathing polluted air; doctors』 surgeries are full of people suffering from illnesses caused by pollution. ⑤It is also becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns; most of the important cities of the world suffer from traffic congestion. ⑥In fact any advantage gained in comfort is often cancelled out in city driving by the frustration caused by traffic jams: endless queues of cars crawling one after another through all the main streets. ⑦As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised, the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they are supposed to prevent. ⑧The mounting cost of petrol and the increased license fees and road tax all add to the driver』s worries. ⑨In fact, he must sometimes wonder if the motor car is such a blessing and not just a menace.
一、詞彙
1.Mobility n. 可動性,變動性
2.Radius n. 半徑
3.Preference n. 偏愛
4.irritation n. 煩惱
5.queue n. 長隊
6.cover v. 行走(距離)
7.confine v. 限制
8.prime a. 首要的,最好的
9.bewildered a. 困惑的
10.divert v. 轉移
11.blessing n. 祝福
12.menace n. 威脅
二、長難句
As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised, the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they are supposed to prevent.
該句為主從復合句。句首為as引導的時間狀語從句，主幹為the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted and forced …，其中包含「find oneself +過去分詞」結構，意為「發現自己(處於某狀態)」。Which引導的定語從句做後置定語，修飾先行詞one-way systems。
翻譯：當越來越多的交通管理方案出台時，暈頭轉向的司機發現可憐的自己被迫轉進了一條單行道，這樣耽誤的時間超過了他們所避免的交通擁堵時間。
三、文章結構分析
文章主要探討了汽車廣泛使用的利弊問題。
第一段：指出了汽車廣泛使用的原因並論述汽車給人類帶來的好處：靈活、舒適、快捷、自主。
第二段：主要論述了由於汽車的廣泛使用給人類帶來的困擾：大氣污染、健康威脅、交通堵塞、費用負擔。
四、試題具體分析
14. More and more people can afford to buy and use cars because ________.14. 越來越多的人能夠購買並使用汽車是因為________。
[A] an increasing number of cars are being proced[A] 生產的汽車越來越多
[B] the cost of cars is getting cheaper with the development of technology[B] 隨著技術的進步，汽車的成本也越來越低了
[C] lots of countries have become more developed[C] 許多國家都步入了發達國家之列
[D] the use of cars has proved to be more economical[D] 已經證實使用汽車是較經濟的
[分析]本題考查的知識點是：因果細節。
文章第一段①句指出，因為越來越多的國家在技術和經濟領域都取得了進步，所以世界上大部分人都能購買並使用汽車了。[C]選項正是對此句話的概括，故正確。
[A]選項張冠李戴。將「汽車的尾氣管里排出了更多含有有毒物質的廢氣的原因，即人們生產的汽車越來越多了」，當成是「越來越來人購買並使用汽車的原因」。[B]選項無中生有，是利用原文詞彙develop technically和the cost 編造的干擾項。第二段⑧句指出，飆升的油價和日益上漲的駕駛執照費和養路費使駕車人變得更加憂心忡忡。可見，使用汽車並不會為其所有者節省錢，故排除[D]選項。
15. The advantages of having a car are best experienced in the driver』s ________.15. 擁有汽車最大的好處是駕車人能夠體驗________。
[A] freedom in choosing his job[A] 選擇工作的自由
[B] comfort ring the travels[B] 旅行中舒適的感覺
[C] enjoyment of his leisure time[C] 閑暇時光的享受
[D] feeling of self-reliance[D] 自立的感覺
[分析]本題考查的知識點是：具體細節。
第一段末句明確指出，自主的感覺以及去任何想去的地方的那種自由或許是汽車最大的優點了，故[D]選項正確。
[A]、[B]、[C]選項都是文中談到的擁有汽車的好處，但並非最大優點，故排除。
16. What is considered by the writer as the greatest menace to the people caused by the widespread use of motor cars?16. 作者認為汽車的廣泛使用對人們造成的最大威脅是什麼?
[A] air pollution[A]空氣污染
[B] traffic jams[B]交通堵塞
[C] fatal diseases[C]致命疾病
[D] high cost[D]高額成本
[分析]本題考查的知識點是：具體細節。
文章第二段①句即明確指出，對於汽車使用的最大弊端可能就是汽車造成的污染問題。故[A]選項正確。
[B]、[D]選項雖然都是汽車使用對人們生活和健康的威脅，但並不是最大的威脅，故排除。[C]選項本身即錯誤。第二段第四句指出，現代工業社會中許多小病都是由於吸入被汽車尾氣污染了的空氣而引起的。可知，汽車的使用並不會引發致命的疾病。
五、全文翻譯
二十世紀，汽車的用途變得越來越廣泛了，因為越來越多的國家在技術和經濟領域都取得了進步，所以世界上大部分人都能購買並使用汽車了。擁有一輛汽車就相當於具有更大的靈活性，開車的人可以自由活動。有汽車的人不必再依靠公共交通工具，因此也不必在工作所在地居住了。他可以選擇不同的工作，也可能更頻繁地跳槽，他不必在離家很近的范圍內選擇工作了。同乘坐公共汽車相比，開車上班也更加舒適些，人們可以按自己的需要和喜好隨著季節來調節車內供暖和空調系統。有時人們要花半個小時站在長長的隊伍里或坐在當風的站台內等火車、公交或地鐵，由這種情況導致的惱怒也會隨著汽車的使用而消失。隨著寬敞快捷的高速公路的修建，長途旅行變得快捷且愉快了。許多人能夠在周末的時候開車去鄉村或海邊，好好地享受他們的閑暇時光，而不用限制在住家附近的地方活動，這在本世紀也屬首次了。自主的感覺以及去任何想去的地方的那種自由或許是汽車最大的優點了。
考慮到不好的方面，汽車造成的污染或許是其最大的缺點。因為人們生產和使用的汽車越來越多，所以汽車的尾氣管里會排出更多含有有毒物質的廢氣。這種氣體中一些成分的，例如鉛，不僅污染了大氣還對人們健康造成了實際傷害。人們認為現代工業社會中許多小病，例如，頭痛、疲勞以及胃不適，都是由於吸入污濁的空氣而引起的，醫生的診室裡面充滿了受其累的病患。處理城市裡交通問題也變得越來越棘手了，世界上大多數重要城市都飽受交通堵塞之苦。事實上，在城市中駕車而行，從這種舒適中獲取的任何好處都被由交通堵塞造成的沮喪感給抵消了：一眼望不到邊際的汽車長龍，一輛跟著一輛慢慢爬過每一條主街道。當越來越多的交通管理方案出台時，暈頭轉向的司機發現可憐的自己被迫轉進了一條單行道，這樣耽誤的時間超過了他們所避免的交通擁堵時間。飆升的油價和日益上漲的駕駛執照費和養路費使駕車人變得更憂心忡忡。事實上，他肯定有時候會想弄清楚汽車真的只會帶來幸福而不會對我們造成威脅么。
④ 大學英語精讀第二冊翻譯題答案
大學英語精讀第二冊翻譯題答案
引導語：下文內容是大學英語精讀第三版(上海外語教育出版社 董亞芬主編)第二冊Book2Unit1~Unit10 翻譯答案，希望能夠幫助到您，謝謝您的閱讀。
Book2 Unit1 翻譯
1.她砰地關上門，一聲不吭地走了，他們之間那場爭執就此結束。
Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.
2. 出席晚宴的客人對那個美國人威嚴的語氣感到有點意外。
The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.
3. 約翰尼已長大成熟，不再害怕獨自呆在家裡了。
Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.
4. 當全部乘客都向出口處 (exit) 走去時，他卻獨自留在座位上，好像不願意離開這架飛機似的。
While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane.
5. 這封信必須交給威爾遜博士本人。
The letter is to be handed to Dr. Wilson himself.
6. 南希雖然很想參加辯論，但靦腆得不敢開口。
While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.
7. 你覺得什麼時候最有可能在家裡找到他?
What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home?
8. 獵人一看見有隻狐狸從樹叢中出現並向他設下 (lay) 的陷阱 (trap) 方向跑去，臉上頓時閃出了興奮的表情。
The hunter』s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid.
Book2 Unit2 翻譯
1) 會上有人建議任命一個十一人委員會來制定新章程。
It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.
2) 這些青年科學家通過現場觀察，獲得了研究工作所需的第一手資料。
By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work.
3) 他很可能會因視力不好而被拒收入伍。
It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight.
4) 委員會成員在新機場最佳選址 (location) 這一問題上持有不同意見。
The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.
5) 亨利創作的藝術品在許多方面比他兄弟的要好。
Henrys works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brothers.
6) 我們產品質量的穩步提高在很大程度上是由於設備有所改進。
The steady rise in the quality of our procts owes much to the improvement of our equipment.
7) 吉姆本想按照自己的判斷行事，但他沒有這樣做，因為作為軍人他得服從命令。
Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didnt because as a soldier he had to obey the order.
8) 如果讓我來決定我們是要一個沒有自行車的城市呢，還是要一個沒有汽車的城市，我會毫不猶豫地選擇後者。
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a city without bikes or one without cars, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
Book2 Unit3 翻譯
1. She got a post as a cashier at a local bank. But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.
她在當地一家銀行找到一份出納員的工作，但不久因不稱職而被解僱了。
2. It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.
很明顯是他的年輕助手在經營這家書店。
3. No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.
這項建議在會上一宣布，她就站起來提出異議。
4. Bill has applied to Harvard University for a teaching assistantship, but his chances of getting it are slim.
比爾已向哈佛大學申請助教職位，但他得到它的可能性很小。
5. Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.
由於缺乏資金，他們正在想辦法吸引外資。
6. The room smells of stale air. It must have been vacant for a long time.
這個房間有股霉味，一定是好久沒人住了。
7. As far as hobbies are concerned, Jane and her sister have little in common.
就業余愛好而言，珍妮和她妹妹幾乎沒有什麼共同之處。
8. It is self-evident that the ecation of the young is vital to the future of a country.
不言而喻，青年人的教育對於一個國家的未來是至關重要的。
Book2 Unit4 翻譯
1) 那小女孩跑得太快，身體一下失去平衡，跌倒了。
The little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell over / down.
2) 他致力於研究工作的精神 (devotion to research) 給我留下了很深印象，但我對他那些深奧的理論絲毫不感興趣。
I was impressed by his devotion to research but I did not have the slightest interest in his profound theories.
3) 千萬別說可能會被人誤解的話。
Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood.
⑤ 2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練三篇
2019年6月大學英語四級閱配殲讀理解培猛沖訓練：夢
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by thelate 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byprocts of the neural repair work that goes on ring sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychologyat Chicago's Medical Center, "if you don't like it, change it."
he link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated ring the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
知脊And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualizehow you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
練習題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.By saying that 「dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat," (Lines 4-5, Para. 1) the researchers mean that _______.
A.we can think logically in the dreams too
B.dreams can be brought under conscious control
C.dreams represent our unconscious desires and fears
D.dreams can help us keep our mood comparatively stable
2.What did Cartwright find in her clinic?
A.Most bad dreams were followed by happier ones.
B.Divorced couples usually have more bad dreams.
C.One』s dreaming process is related to his emotion.
D.People having negative feelings dream more often.
3.Cartwright believed with much practice，we can learn to _____.
A.control what dreams to dream
B.sleep well without any dreams
C.wake up in time to stop the bad dreams
D.identify what is upsetting about the dreams
4.The author points out that a person who has constant bad dreams should ______
A.learn to control his dreams
B.consult a doctor
C.sleep and dream on it
D.get rid of anxiety first
5.The author most probably thinks that controlling dreams is ______.
A.a good practice
B.a new discovery
C.helpful for everyone
D.not essential for everyone
參考答案及解析
1.[D] 詞義理解題。在第1段第4句中，逗號後面的regulating moods是對emotional thermostat的功能進行解釋說明，因此可以推斷出選項D正確。
2.[C] 事實細節題。最具干擾的是選項A，因為其陳述與第2段第2句的陳述有點相似,但是，此長句說的是大多數人上半夜做噩夢，之後都會做好夢，而不是像選項A中所說大多數噩夢之後是好夢。而且，根據本段第1 句，很明顯，選項C是這一句的近義替換。
3 [C] 推理判斷題。本題考査對代詞的理解。在第3段的最後一句中，代詞it應指上文說到的控制噩夢，及時醒來等做法，因此只有選項C涉及了其中一個做法。選項A太泛了，選項B和D在文中並無提及。
4.[B] 事實細節題。本題考查根據構詞法猜測詞義的能力。解題關鍵是推斷最後一段第3句中therapist的意義，在考綱詞彙表中，therapy是「治療」的意思，因此，therapist應該是專門負責某種治療的醫生，由此可見，選項B是對原文seek help from a therapist的近義替換。
5.[D] 觀點態度題。根據最後一句可以推斷作者認為如無必要，夢還是不要控制的好。做夢會讓你早上感覺舒服一些，因此本題應選D。
2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：機器人跳舞
The dancers stand motionless at their position and the room grows silent. But as the music starts, they began to move, bending, turning and waving their fans gracefully as they perform. a traditional Japanese dance. Yoshihiro Kuroki watches in silence, occasionally making notes. But as the dance ends, he beams with happiness. The performance has been flawless.
There have been many performances of traditional Japanese dances over the centuries, but this one is unique,because it is performed not by human dancers but by robots. And the performance takes place not in a dance studio but in a laboratory of Sony Corp.'s Entertainment Robot Co. in Shinagawa, Japan, where Kuroki isgeneral manager. He is the mastermind behind a series of even more capable humanoid entertainment robots,starting with the Sony Dream Robot, or SDR, in 1997, up to the current QRIO in 2003.
These delightful machines are only 58 cm tall, about the size of a newborn infant, weigh about 7 kg, and move with 38 degrees of freedom, each with its own servomotor(輔助馬達).
QRIO's predecessor, the SDR4X, announced in 2002, can walk, dance, sing, speak, recognize faces, and understand continuous speech. Each robot has two charge-coupled-device cameras to detect color and position andcan locate a colored ball, move toward it, and kick it into a goal. It also has contact sensors in severaljoints to avoid pinching real human fingers. Seeing the robot perform, it is difficult to remember that there is no sentience(知覺)behind those glass eyes.
練習題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.Which of the following is the most suitable title of this passage?
A.New Entertainment Robots Proced in Japan.
B.QRIO the Robot Dancers.
C.Robots Man's Best Friend.
D.An Extraordinary Performance in Sony's Lab.
2.Yoshihiro Kuroki ______.
A.is excited when the robots are performing a traditional Japanese dance
B.keeps silent because he is a little unsatisfied with the new proct
C.witnesses the creation of a series of entertainment robots
D.is an executive manager of Sony Corp.
3.Which aspect of the robots is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A.The vividness of their motion.
B.Their pleasant appearance.
C.Their smart designing principles.
D.Their communicative ability.
4.The Sony Dream Robot was___
A.the first human-like entertainment robot developed by the Sony Corp
B.as capable as the QRIO of speaking,dancing,singing and walking
C.largest among all the entertainment robot developed by the Sony Corp
D.the first entertainment robot sold at the market by the Sony Corp
5.The robot can locate colored balls by mens of ____
A.a charge-coupled device
B.two cameras
C.two contacts sensors
D.a digital detector
參考答案及解析
1.[A] 主旨大意題。標題需要既全面又突出地概括文章的主題。本文先是描述「舞蹈演員」，然後揭曉這是些「機器人」(第2段第1句)，接著對Sony公司的一些機器人產品進行詳細介紹。選項A比較全面地概括了文章內容。選項B、D只是涉及細節，不能全面地概括本文的內容。而C又過於籠統，不具有針對性。
2.[C] 事實細節題。選項C符合第2段最後一句「He is the mastermind behind a series of... robots...」。仔細閱讀有關的細節信息會發現,第1段第3句可幫助否定選項A。第1段最後兩句可幫助否定選項B。另外，根據第2段倒數第2句可否定選項D。
3.[D] 事實細節題。全文分四段，分別討論機器人三方面的特點：第1段和第2段描述機器人舞蹈演員栩栩如生的表演，即選項A;第3段描寫它們的外表，即選項B;第4段介紹它們巧妙的設計，即選項C;只有選項D是沒有提到的，故為答案。
4.[A] 推理判斷題。該句中的分詞結構「starting with...」表明the Sony Dream Robot是第一個人形娛樂機器人，因此選項A正確。文章在最後一段的第1句提到兩種能說話、跳舞的機器人，但沒有提到SDR是否和它們一樣，由此可否定選項B。在第3段討論機器人大小的時候也沒有提到SDR體型最大，因此選項C不正確。選項D在文中沒有討論到。
5.[B] 事實細節題。該句中「two…cameras to...」的結構表明這兩個攝像頭可以用於定位，所以選項B正確。選項A在該句中也有提到，但它只是攝像機的工作機制，而不是用於定位的裝置。選項C在下一句提到，但與題干提到的定位功能無關。選項D在文中並未提及。
2019年6月大學英語四級閱讀理解訓練：決定嬰兒性別
Henry III didn't know much about biology. He went through six wives back in the 1500s, looking for one whocould bear him a son. Scientists now know that it's the father's sperm, not the mother's egg, which determines whether a baby is a boy or a girl. And last week researchers at the Genetics and IVF Institute, a private fertility(生育能力)center in Virginia, announced a new technique that will allow parents to choose the sex of their baby-to-be, before it has even been conceived. The scientist used a tiny laser detector to measure the DNA in millions of sperm cells as they pass single file through a narrow tube, like cattle being herded through a corral(牲口欄). In a study published last week, "girl sperm," which has more DNA—the genetic material— in each cell, was collected, while "boy sperm" was discarded. And when purified girl sperm was used to impregnate(使受孕)a group of mothers, 15 of 17 resulting babies turned out to be girls.
The researchers say that "sex selection" can also double a mother's chance of having a son and can be usedto avoid genetic diseases that affect only one gender, such as hemophilia(血友病). But some experts, like New York University fertility specialist Dr. Jamie Grifo, worry that sex selection could lead to a kind ofin uteri(子宮)discrimination, especially in cultures where sons are considered superior to daughters. "It's valuing one gender' over another," Grifo says. "I don't think that's something we should be doing." So far, patients at the institute have been asking for both boys and girls, in order to "balance" their families. And some ethics experts say that's fine, as long as parents are just looking for a little gender variety. "If you have three boys, and you want a girl," says University of Texas reproctive-law professor John Robertson, "that's not gender bias at all."
練習題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.The DNA in the sperm cells can be measured ______.
A.in the same way how the cattle are herded
B.when they pass through a tube one behind the other
C.after they pass through a laser tube
D.when they are scanned by a laser detector all at a time
2.The gender of the baby is decided by ______.
A.the father's DNA
B.the mother's DNA
C.the father's sperm
D.the mother's egg
3.According to this passage, the practice of "sex selection" ______.
A.can help to prevent all genetic problems
B.is totally unacceptable to ethics experts
C.was already realized five hundred years ago
D.will benefit families with certain inheritable diseases
4.Girl sperm was preferred to boy sperm in the research most probably because____
A.girl sperm contains more genetic material
B.more mother want to have girl babies
C.girl sperm is healthier and more active
D.girl sperm is more easily purified
5.It can be concluded from the passage that author』s toward」sex selection」is____
A.negative
B.positive
C.neutral
D.favorable
參考答案及解析
1.[B] 推理判斷題。解答本題的關鍵在於推斷single file的意思。該句把精子通過試管的情形與牛群被趕入牲口圈的情形作對比，結合single一詞本身的意思，可以推斷single file是「一個接一個」的意思，只有選項B能表達這個意思，由此也可否定選項D。選項A最具干擾性，原句是把精子通過試管的情形比作牛群被趕人牲口圈的情形，而選項A說的是測定精子內DNA的方法與放牧的方法相同，顯然選項A只是引用了原文的某些詞語，但表達的意思與原文卻截然不同。
2.[C] 事實細節題。第1段第3句which引導的非限制性定語從句修飾的是the father's sperm，而不是插入語the mother』s egg,因此選項C正確。
3.[D] 推理判斷題。第2段第1句中的genetic暗示有些疾病是遺傳的，即如選項D所述。第2段第1句同時表明選項A的說法是不全面的。選項B與第2段最後兩句正好相反。第1段前兩句說明選項C是錯誤的。
4.[A] 事實細節題。第1段倒數第2句中的由which引導的定語從句表明選項A的敘述正確。
5.[C] 觀點態度題。文章第2段中作者給出了一些反對者和贊成者的觀點，但是沒有加以評論，可以看出作者的態度是中立的，故選項C正確。
⑥ 2018年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解D
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
為自動駕駛汽車做准備的城市
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the read world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
自動駕駛汽車的可能性通常看起來是未來主義者的夢想，距離真實世界裡的實現還要好幾年。然而，未來顯然就是現在。今年四月，加州機動車管理局開始發放許可證，允許各公司在公共道路上測試真正的自動駕駛汽車。州政府還為企業出售或出租自動駕駛汽車以及運營無人駕駛計程車服務掃清了障礙。值得注意的是，加州在這方面並沒有走在最前沿。各公司一直在全國各大城市測試他們的汽車。很難預測公路上何時能遍布無人駕駛汽車。但是無論需要多長時間，這項技術都有可能改變我們的交通系統和城市，至於是好還是壞，就取決於如何管理這種轉變。
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
雖然到目前為止大部分的討論都集中在無人駕駛汽車的安全性上（確有道理），決策制定者也應該討論自動駕駛汽車如何幫助減少交通阻塞、減少排放，提供更便捷、更實惠的靈活性選擇。無人駕駛汽車的到來是一個機會，可以確保那些汽車對環境友好，有更多的共享機會。
Do we want to -or even worsen-the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing services.
我們想通過無人駕駛汽車復制甚至惡化現在的交通狀況嗎？想像一下，未來大多數成年人都擁有自己的自動駕駛汽車。這樣他們就能夠忍受在擁擠的高速公路上上下班的漫長而緩慢的旅程了，因為他們可以在路上工作、娛樂或睡覺，這也會鼓勵城市的擴張。他們把無人駕駛汽車帶到約會的地點之後，就讓空車繞著大樓行駛，以此避免付停車費。他們不再步行幾個街區去接孩子或者去乾洗店，只要讓無人駕駛的迷你巴士去就可以了。這種便利甚至會讓越來越少的人乘坐公共交通工具——研究人員已經在叫車服務中發現了這種糟糕的負面效果。
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues. But driveless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
加州大學戴維斯分校的一項研究表明，在全球范圍內，用電動、自動駕駛和共享系統取代了汽油動力的私家車，至2050年，可以減少交通運輸中80%的碳排放，並降低40%的交通基礎設施和運營成本。更少的排放和更便宜的駕駛聽起來很有吸引力。幾乎可以肯定的是，考慮到無人駕駛技術的成本以及責任和維護問題，第一批商業化的無人駕駛汽車將在叫車服務行業誕生。不過隨著價格的下降以及越來越多的人熟練掌握這項技術，無人駕駛汽車的擁有率可能會提高。
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless
vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement present a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
決策制定者應當開始考慮，如何確保無人駕駛汽車的出現不會加劇我們現今這個被汽車主導的交通系統的弊端。即將到來的技術進步為城市和各州提供了發展交通系統的機會，這些交通系統旨在承載更多的人、更加便宜。未來汽車就要來了，我們只需要做好准備。
⑦ 2022年高考英語全國乙卷 - 閱讀理解C
Can a small group of drones guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
一小群無人機扮沖兄可以保證鐵路的安全和可靠性，同時幫助鐵路運營商每年節省數十億歐元嗎？這就是應用當今「空中之眼」技術確保全世界數百萬公里的鐵路軌道和基礎設施全天候安全的廳襲未來。
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.
無人機已經被用來檢查高壓電線。它們可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎設施的其他重要方面，如鐵路軌判虛道和變軌點的正確位置。越是定期檢查，鐵路的安全性、可靠性和准時性就越高。全面削減成本，提高運營效率。
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
這可以節省大量維護成本，更好地保護鐵路人員安全。據計算，僅歐洲鐵路維護每年就要花費約200億歐元，包括派遣維護人員（通常在夜間）檢查和維修鐵路基礎設施。這是件危險的工作，無人機協助工作人員則可以避免。
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
通過使用最新技術，無人機還可以開始為鐵路提供更高價值的服務，在鐵路或道岔出現任何安全問題之前檢測出故障。為了執行這些任務，鐵路無人機不需要在頭頂飛行。工程師們現在正在研究一個新概念：未來的軌道無人機。它們將在列車前方的軌道上移動，編制好程序自動運行。配備先進感測器和人工智慧的微型無人機可以像副駕駛一樣引導列車前行。憑借它們的前瞻能力，它們可以發出任何問題的信號，以便快速行駛的列車能夠及時做出反應。
⑧ 大學英語閱讀理解及答案
大學英語閱讀理解及答案
對於大學英語閱讀，學會速讀和略讀很重要，一個字一個字的去看很花時間。下面是我分享的.大學英語閱讀理解練習題，希望能幫到大家!
大學英語閱讀理解及答案【1】
Swimming is one of those activities that can be learned early in life. Little children can learn to swim as soon as they walk. In fact, you need the same skills in walking as in swimming. However, I believe that five is the best age to learn. By five or six, a child knows fear of water, a very important thing to know. It's wise to be afraid, to recognize true danger. Young ones understand that the water can sometimes be very dangerous.
To really benefit from swimming, every swimmer should learn, as soon as possible, these four basic strokes; butterfly, backstroke, breastroke, and crawl. I feel that one of these-the breaststroke-is different from the others, since some young swimmers use this stroke naturally, without any training.
In swimming there are certain rules every swimmer should follow:
1. Never swim alone! No matter how good you are in the water, don't risk drowning by swimming alone. If you swim by yourself , with no life guards or friends with you, you may get into trouble.
2. Don't go beyond your abilities. Most swimmers know enough not to swim too far from the bank or the beach, Showing off by doing dangerous tricks is no good. Swim safely and you will continue to swim and alive.
3. Don't smoke. Swimming depends on a healthy body; good lungs are part of it.
4. Work at any activity that builds muscles.
9. Little children can learn to swim as soon as _____.【 B 】
A. they can talk
B. they start walking
C. they have no fear of the water
大學英語閱讀理解及答案【2】
Americans spend their free time in various ways.
America is a country of sports—of hunting, fishing and swimming, and of team sports like baseball and football. Millions of Americans watch their favorite sports on television. They also like to play in community orchestras(管弦樂隊),make their own films or recordings, go camping ,visit museums, attend lectures, travel, garden, read, and join in hundreds of other activities. The people also enjoy building things for their homes, sewing their own clothes, even making their own photographs. They do these things for fun as well as for economy.
But as much as Americans enjoy their free time, the country is at the same time a"self-improvement" country. More than 25 million alts continue their ecation, chiefly by going to school in the evening, ring their own free time, at their own expense. Added to the time spent on personal activities, Americans a1so devote a great amount of their time to the varied needs of their communities. Many hospitals, schools, libraries, museums, parks, community centers, and organizations that assist the poor depend on the many hours citizens devote to these activities, often without any pay. Why do they do it?
There are several answers. The idea of cooperating and sharing responsibility with one another for the benefit of all is as old as the country itself.
When the country was first founded in 1776,it was necessary for the settlers to work together to live. They had crossed dangerous seas and risked all they had in their struggle for political and religious freedom. There remains among many Americans a distrust of central government. People still prefer to do things themselves within their communities, rather than give the government more control.
Sometimes people offer their time because they wish to accomplish something for which no money is paid, to do something that will be of benefit to the entire community. It is true that some people use their leisure because they are truly interested in the work; or they are learning from the experience.
No matter what the reason is, hundreds of thousands of so called leisure hours are put into hard, unpaid work on one or another community need.
13. This passage is mainly about ________ . 【 B 】
A. why America is a country of sports
B. how Americans spend their free time
C. why America is a "self-improvement" country
14. The writer mentions the foundation of the country in order to indicate ________.【 C 】
A. the early history of America
B. the American people's determination to live
C. the reason for Americans' willingness to cooperate and share responsibility
15.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the underlined word “leisure"【 C 】
A. work time B. energy C. spare time
16.What can we infer from the text【 A 】
A. The first settlers left their hometown for political and religious reasons.
B. Many Americans don′t trust the central government.
C. American people enjoy building things for their homes just for fun.
大學英語閱讀理解及答案【3】
Early one morning, more than a hundred years ago, an American inventor called Elias Howe finally fell asleep. He had been working all night on the design of a
sewing machine but he had run into a very difficult problem: It seemed impossible to get the thread to run smoothly around the needle.
Though he was tired, Howe slept badly. He turned and turned. Then he had a dream. He dreamt that he had been caught by terrible savages whose king wanted to kill him and eat him unless he could build a perfect sewing machine. When he tried to do so, Howe ran into the same problem as before. The thread kept getting caught around the needle.
The king flew into the cage and ordered his soldiers to kill Howe. They came up towards him with their spears raised. But suddenly the inventor noticed something. There was a hole in the tip of each spear. The inventor awoke from the dream,
realizing that he had just found the answer to the problem. Instead of trying to get the thread to run around the needle, he should make it run through a small hole in the center of the needle. This was the simple idea that finally made Howe design and build the first really practised sewing machine.
Elias Howe was not the only one in finding the answer to his problem in this
way.
Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric light, said his best ideas came into him in dreams. So did the great physicist Albert Einstein. Charlotte Bronte also drew in her dreams in writing Jane Eyre.
To know the value of dreams, you have to understand what happens when you are asleep. Even then, a part of your mind is still working. This unconscious(無意識的), but still active part understands your experiences and goes to work on the problems you have had ring the day. It stores all sorts of information that you may have
forgotten or never have really noticed. It is only when you fall asleep that this part of the brain can send messages to the part you use when you are awake. However, the unconscious part acts in a special way. It uses strange images which the conscious part may not understand at first. This is why dreams are sometimes called “secret messages to ourselves”.
1.According to the passage, Elias Howe was________.【 C 】
A. the first person we know of who solved problems in his sleep
B. much more hard-working than other inventors
C. the first person to design a sewing machine that really worked
2.The problem Howe was trying to solve was________.【 A 】
A. how to prevent the thread from getting caught around the needle
B. how to design a needle which would not break
C. where to put the needle
3.Thomas Edison is spoken of because________.【 B 】
A. he also tried to invent a sewing machine
B. he got some of his ideas from dreams
C. he was one of Howe’s best friends
4.Dreams are sometimes called“secret messages to ourselves” because___.【 A 】
A. strange images are used to communicate ideas
B. images which have no meaning are used
C. we can never understand the real meaning
大學英語閱讀理解及答案【4】
The greatest recent changes have been in the lives of women. During the
twentieth century there was an unusual shortening of the time of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman marrying at the end of the 19th century would
probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would
expect to live a further twenty years, ring which custom, chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer
children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of
children ,her work is lightened by household appliances(家用電器)and convenience foods.
This important change in women’s way of life has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’ s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age ,and though
women tend to marry younger ,more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Many more after wads, return to full or part-time work. Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with both husband and wife accepting a greater share of the ties and satisfaction of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each of them.
5.We are told that in an average family about 1990________.【 D 】
A. many children died before they were five
B. the youngest child would be fifteen
C. seven of eight children lived to be more than five
D. four or five children died when they were five
6. When she was over fifty, the late 19th century mother________.【 D 】
A. would expect to work until she died
B. was usually expected to take up paid employment
C. would be healthy enough to take up paid employment
D. was unlikely to find a job even if she is now likely
7. Many girls, the passage says, are now likely to ________.【 D 】
A. marry so that they can get a job
B. leave school as soon as they can
C. give up their jobs for good after they are married
D. continue working until they are going to have a baby
8. According to the passage, it is now quite usual for women to ________.【 C 】
A. stay at home after leaving school
B. marry men younger than themselves
C. start working again later in life
D. marry while still at school
;⑨ 英語作文:無人駕駛汽車的正負面影響
您好Unmanned vehicle is a kind of intelligent vehicle, also known as the wheeled mobile robot, mainly rely on the car to computer system based intelligent autopilot to achieve unmanned. It is commonly perceived around the vehicle using the vehicle sensor environment, and according to the perception of the obtained Road, vehicle position and the obstacle information, control the steering and speed of the vehicle, so the vehicle can safely and reliably running driverless cars on the road in the automatic control system of many technology, architecture, artificial intelligence, visual computing in one, is the proct of computer science, pattern recognition and intelligent control of high technology development,
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