未來農業英語閱讀

㈠ 有沒有知道的《農業科技英語綜合教程unit8Agriculture Economy翻譯全文

第八單元 農業經濟
A課
農業前景一片大好
盡管最近有諸多不確定性，但是「上升」則完完全全代表向上。一位來自愛荷華州的研究員認為，農業至少在未來十年都會呈現增長態勢。
農業經濟學教授Wally Huffman和農業與生命科學領域的知名教授Charles F. Curtiss
判斷，農業生產的供應量將走高，需求也會上漲，穀物和油料種子的實際價格也將走高。
Huffman說：「我對下一個十年充滿信心」。
Huffman已於上個月將他的報告遞交給了位於法國巴黎的世界經濟合作組織。世界經合組織和愛荷華農業研究站對他的研究結果表示贊同。
Huffman研究的重點之一就是農產品產量的長期走勢，具體包括愛荷華的穀物和大豆、堪薩斯州和法國的小麥、日本的稻米以及荷蘭的土豆。Huffman對這些農產品的趨勢做了仔細的研究並對下一個十年做出預測。
首先，自信來自於農業生產者。
他表示：「目前，穀物和大豆的價格大約比兩年前上漲了一半， 所以目前算是相對比較好的價格了。這對於生產穀物的農民而言是利好。」
市場對生物燃油不斷增長的需求對於農產品市場的影響目前並不十分明朗。但是，可以肯定的是，如果沒有生物燃油，穀物和油料籽的價格肯定沒有過去高。
「總體而言，對於農民而言，生物燃油很可能是一大利好」，Huffman表示。
內容太多了，只翻譯了第一頁。
後續如果有大文件要翻譯，可以嘗試問一下上海譯銳翻譯。

㈡ 有人能用英語幫我翻譯一下嗎農業方面的！

Symptoms:
1. Pedicle initially dark brown, ll, ill health at the junction of obvious disease soon became dark brown to black Department of brown rot of the pulp liquefaction, skin cracking, a juice outflow.

2. In the early stages to generate dark brown at the stem end spots were changed to dark brown, pulp liquefaction, flow juice, sour taste.

3. Pedicle in the early stages, was dark yellow, Shuizi Zhuang, Department of skin disease shrinkage, no juice drain, later turned into light brown disease to the Department of brown.
Major damage mango fruit rot, storage and transportation of disease.
Diseases of the original:
Mango black rot pathogen was ball two sp (Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat,, different name Diplodia natalensis Evans), a semi-known fungus door. Immature conidia colorless, single cells, wall thickness, oval; mature conidia brown for the rugby, twin, surface with vertical lines.
Diseases of the original:
Brown rot of mango for the mango pathogen Phomopsis (Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad), is a semi-known fungus door, A-type conidia most oval, transparent, single cell; sometimes appear in the medium hook filamentous B-type conidia.
Occurrence:
City rot pathogen pathways from flowering invasion, hidden inside the young fruit, the fruit ripening stage presenting symptoms. In addition, the bacteria can result from mining and rhizoma wounds when invaded, and it is more important pathogenic pathways.
Fruit rot occurred in the main mode of transmission is the spread of spores by rain and airflow. In the post-harvest transport period, mainly through disease and healthy fruit fruit contact with each other, spread by the mycelium.
Purple Mount, cinnamon fern, string Mountain, west of Guangdong on the 1st, autumn Mountain and other species more susceptible.
Control methods:
1. Adopt comprehensive measures to prevent diseases before planting:
(1) high yield of high quality planting more resistant varieties.
(2) proper dense
(3) pruning
(4) clear health park
(5) in the preharvest and postharvest fruit storage and transportation process to minimize the damage.
(6) Chemical control
2. Postharvest treatment measures, including
(1) cut fruit
(2) washing fruits
(3) election results
(4) treated with preservatives
(5), grading and packaging

㈢ 2018高考英語閱讀理解北京卷D篇淺析

首先，文本選自洛杉磯時報http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html  2018年3月9日發表的名為If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。

看原標題可以得出幾個信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是關鍵問題3.even worse，也就是有前提條件，然後才可能出現某種預期。

這篇閱讀理解試題選文的特點是，1.文章是國外主流媒體新近更新的文章，相對於高考日期來說是比較新的。2.題材相對比較前沿——關於無人駕駛汽車。相對來說的新科技話題，具有一定的信息引領性。同時，無人駕駛也是目前比較有爭論的話題，所以任何一篇文章都不會完全從某一個角度獨立來分析闡述這一現象，除非絕對的專業測評或者技術等視角，普通評論或者描述文章一定都會有或多或少的利弊分析，因為這是未知因素會有所影響的一個話題。本文也不例外，但是本文經過改編後明顯把話題傾向性定位在positive 上，整體看不出明顯的問題，但是會有對客觀事實的微小不尊重。這是從閱讀理解試題選文的真實性信息來考慮的。本文讀者受眾沒有刻意的區分和歸類以及傾向性，文章也不算純粹的科普文，屬於普通的說事文吧，依然是側重introce and describe ，因為沒有明顯的正反觀點的對比，文中對比主要體現在現象的比較，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基於此，本文的行文，正常來說要圍繞提出問題——分析問題——解決問題來進行。

試卷文本和原文比較有大量刪減改編。

首先看改編後的標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars關鍵信息定位在preparing cities。但是我們在正文當中是否能夠找到關鍵信息來支持標題核心信息，我認真閱讀後，還是不明朗。但是原選文標題比較符合原選文的核心內容。而且此標題從語言角度來說也不好理解，所以標題不做更多解釋。

（2018•北京）閱讀理解D

標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

試題文章第一段

原本想和原文比較一下改動部分，但是改動太大，就省略了吧，很明顯感覺改動得不是很好。比如prospect被替換為possibility 這個在理解文本含義上可以理解，但是假如作為精讀去點對點分析，就會不如原詞彙那麼妥帖，我只能用這個詞來形容。看prospects詞彙解釋：

以此例來說明改編的可能的不準確性，文本下面部分的改編的類似問題不再重復說明。

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 開篇點「題」，把無人駕駛汽車的現存狀態通過一個語義對比句展示出來。告知讀者本文是圍繞無人駕駛汽車現狀的某個問題闡述的。接下來的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有測試環節，二是有相關輔助環節。

California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 這是本文中圍繞標題而出現的最重要的關鍵信息。暗示cities在無人駕駛領域所可能做出的貢獻。

But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.

此處有本文的一個題點關鍵詞regulated，提示regulation 對於無人駕駛未來走向的重要性。看48題：

As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?         

A. Safety.             

B. Side effects.                   

C. Affordability.           

D. Management.

題幹部分有關鍵信息詞author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重點的……關注點，所以需要透徹理解本文所傳遞的信息是什麼，還要結合選項內容來看。同時結合原文看，本文是把safety 部分內容刪除掉了，而我們看四個選項事實上都可以，四個選項和客觀真實性是保持一致的，至於本試題當中認為限制答案為D，從做題角度會有很多解釋，但是這樣的試題不嚴密，且，好的試題不會用major來限定。

第二段

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一個暗含轉折，實際上是語義的一個側重「確定」的句子，使用了while …also表達，前後兩者都存在，但是此處側重強調後者的意思。那麼也就是說safety 問題是現存的一個相關焦點，但是這里作者想要強調also後面的內容。所以，從全文角度看，經過改編的文本有了作者或者文章態度上的些許不同，本段和原文比較有部分詞彙改編刪減，但是基本符合要求，沒有大的變化。

接下來的內容作者具體描述無人駕駛汽車的優勢和特色，包括停車管理，環境保護，以及和計程車公司等相比較的更多的便利，原文提到了優步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但試題文本有刪減，所以個別信息在理解上會覺得有模糊的感覺，不透徹。本段結束。

在此，我們就可以暫停，看試題：

47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.         

A. help deal with transportation-related problems     

B. provide better services to customers

C. cause damage to our environment                   

D. make some people lose jobs

題干中使用了pay attention to ，而這個題干是完全可以修改成一個更地道的句子的，也可以是問答方式，不是填空式。重點又在author 和attention 來限定信息，也就是可以推測，題目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表達的觀點，那麼根據文本內容，c項是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a項更符合出題人的思路，所以答案是A。

接下來看下一段內容，

Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.

段首一句屬於段落銜接句，用設問的形式引出來。一方面提示讀者思考，給出自己的思維判斷，同時引出下面作者想要陳述的內容，此句看關鍵詞worsen ，也就是說，作者暗示的觀點是現有的交通的諸多不利因素，對於無人駕駛汽車來說會是什麼樣的一種對比分析結果呢？而通過上文中作者的情感態度，大致可以判斷，下文作者想要闡述的是如何規避現有交通的不利因素。通過閱讀試卷上的文本，我感覺此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查閱原文，因為在手機上編輯，順便簡單截圖一下，如下：

通過閱讀原文，可以了解，此處被命題人刪除掉了，但是此舉就完全改變了文章的行文思路和意義的正常表達。因為在提到了無人駕駛汽車的優勢以後，作者做了一個imagine ，也就是假想內容，而此假設導致的結果就是滿街的無人駕駛汽車，而此句也被命題人刪除了，但是這些信息是非常關鍵的信息，是管理者要解決無人駕駛汽車所要面對的關鍵問題，刪除後，就不能體現初衷含義了，而且閱讀時會晦澀，不能夠真正表達真實場景。具體語言不做分析解釋，接下來看下一段，

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first  commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因為刪除掉的信息，而會覺得沒有自然的過度和銜接。在介紹了環保和降低使用成本等優勢以後，作者把話題引到了首批無人駕駛汽車的試用上，

commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，這些詞是屬於此處的主要信息詞，提示下面舉措的原因，命題人沒有在此處命題，而是避開，命制了一個所謂猜測詞義題目。來看試題：

49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?         

A. Employed.                       

B. Replaced.                     

C. Shared.                       

D. Reced.

根據field所在原文語境，提示，鑒於一些考量首先要把無人駕駛技術應用於叫車服務領域。field在此處取其名詞「領域」的動詞含義「應用於某一領域」，在此，也就是把車輛服務劃分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽車，叫車服務等等。所以在理解此詞的時候需要理解原語境的微妙提示，而不是簡單來隨意根據主觀判斷下結論，盡管結論可能也不是太離譜，至少我查了很多詞典，沒有查到field的英英解釋為employ。細節不做分析。繼續下一段，

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 

最後一段，我們看它的情感態度，一個對未來的期待和展望，是建立在對現有一些問題和技術的解決和確認的基礎上的，也就是說，作者的觀點態度中規中矩，但最後一句還是表達了對未來無人駕駛汽車的正面期待。結尾段，對整個上文信息做了概括總結，綜合了上文信息點。看最後一題：

50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?         

A. Doubtful.                     

B. Positive.                     

C. Disapproving.                     

D. Sympathetic.

答案是B。這個不多說，假如發散開來還有很多內容能夠闡述。

總結一下：

本題目選自主流外刊，時間比較新，話題比較新。命題人對文本進行了一定量的改動刪減，個人認為已經影響了准確和地道信息的傳遞，這是不太看好的地方。文本語言和結構沒有特殊難點，試題命制也沒有深度思維理解的題目，所以考慮試題安排難度，應該不是難題范疇。解讀本文本相當於外刊解讀的一個過程了。所以說高考題目文本精良，和外刊解讀和運用分割開來不是一個真命題。我記得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命題人做了一些刪減改編，而使得整個行文不達意，試題缺少信息支持。這是一個不可忽視的命題問題。

沒有時間和精力做更精細的分析。

下面是試題原文：

Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.

While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.

Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.

A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 

47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.         

A. help deal with transportation-related problems     

B. provide better services to customers

C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs

48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?         

A. Safety.                   

B. Side effects.                 

C. Affordability.           

D. Management.

49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?      A. Employed.                     

B. Replaced.                     

C. Shared.                       

D. Reced.

50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?         

A. Doubtful.                     

B. Positive.                   

C. Disapproving.                   

D. Sympathetic.

㈣ 請用英語簡單地介紹一下我國著名的農業科學家袁隆平。短文應包括以下：1.1930年出生於北京；從小對農業感