北京高一英語閱讀理解及答案
Ⅰ 一道11年的北京高考英語閱讀理解題，求解
64. The underlined word 「engage」 in Para.4 probably means ______.
答案A. explore 探討
The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversions and truly engage complex ideas.
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the author ______.
答案是D. values technology-free dialogues in his class
I』m not saying that I won』t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change ,I』m sticking to my plan. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.
本文 談的是 不用 電腦等設備 所以是作者 把 在課堂上 不用電腦等設備 的 會話討論 看的很重要 too sweet to give up.太好了以至於 不能放棄
Ⅱ 2020年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解B
Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground.
Baggy已經成為英國乃至全世界第一隻通過記錄地面附近污染物水平來參與對抗空氣污染的狗。
Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.
Baggy在衣領上戴著一個污染監測器，這樣她就可以在地面附近進行數據測量。監測器顯示越接近地面，空氣污染水平越高，這有助於突顯人們的擔憂，即嬰幼兒患肺部疾病的風險可能更高。
Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency.
傳統的空氣污染監測器通常安裝在九英尺高的燈柱上。不過，由於Baggy的身高與嬰兒車里的嬰兒身高差不多, 她記錄的污染水平通常遠高於環境部門所收集的數據。
The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma.
用狗做數據研究是Baggy13歲的主人湯姆·亨特和他的父親馬特的想法。這位英國男孩注意到，接近地面的污染水平比機構記錄高度的空氣污染水平高出約三分之二。湯姆後來向政府報告了這一令人震驚的發現，用來強調嬰兒患哮喘的風險更高。
Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because 「when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma."
馬特·亨特說，他為自己的兒子「感到非常自豪」，因為「當這個男孩有了一個想法時，他會低下頭繼續往下做，他真的想做點好事，阻止小孩子患哮喘。」
「Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. 「He became very interested in gadgets. A bout one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."
「湯姆在很小的時候就對環保產生了熱情，」馬特補充道，「他對小裝置非常感興趣。」大約一年前，他得到了這項新技術產品，看起來像一隻試管。一個星期天下午，我們出去做了一些監測，他說，我們為什麼不把它戴在Baggy的衣領上，讓她來監測污染呢？於是我們就這樣做了。"
Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her."
湯姆說：「大多數時候，Baggy 和其他狗一樣。但在餘下的時間里，她就是一隻超級狗，我們都為她感到驕傲。」
Ⅲ 2020年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解C
For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand.
在過去五年裡，科學歷史學家保拉·史密斯一直致力於重現人們早已遺忘的技術。在為她的新書做研究時，她偶然發現了一本16世紀的法國手稿，包括近1000份說明書，涵蓋范圍從工具製作到如何尋找最佳沙子。
The author's intention remains as mysterious as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says.
作者的意圖如同他的名字一樣神秘；他可能只是在為自己的記錄做筆記。但讓史密斯備受打擊的是，她並沒有真正掌握作者描述的任何技能。「你根本無法通過閱讀來理解手工作品」，她說。
Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that proced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus.
盡管史密斯確實得到了最好的沙子，但用傳統的方法做事情並不只是玩法國泥。重建生活在幾個世紀前的工匠作品可以揭示他們是如何看待世界，他們的家中裝滿的物品，以及這些物品在作坊里如何進行生產。它甚至可以幫助解決當代問題：2015年，科學家發現，一種用於解決女性問題的10世紀英國葯物可以殺死耐葯病毒。
The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how on object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map.
史密斯說，這項工作也為博物館帶來了啟發。為了保存文物，人們必須知道這個物體是如何製作的。更重要的是，重建可能是了解寶藏在時間磨損之前是什麼樣子的唯一途徑。學者們在古希臘和古羅馬雕像的實踐中看到了這種想法，這些雕塑被漆成了鮮艷的彩虹色。如果不看藝術作品最初出現的樣子，我們無法欣賞這些細節——史密斯認為，只有當你有路線圖時，你才能做到這一點。
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving.
史密斯把手稿的想法付諸實踐。她最終的目標是將藝術和科學的世界重新聯系起來：她相信，將古老的食譜帶到生活中有助於發展一種強調實驗、團隊合作和解決問題的學習方式。
Back when science—then called 「the new philosophy」—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light.
當科學——也就是所謂的「新哲學」——初具雛形時，學術界尋求工匠幫助理解自然世界。正如工匠嘗試用玻璃更好地彎曲光線，顯微鏡和望遠鏡因為藝術修補而發明。
If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors.
史密斯說，如果我們能重新發現動手經驗和工藝的價值，我們就能把我們最好的現代洞察力與我們祖先的靈巧結合起來。
Ⅳ 2017年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解D
Hollywood』s theory that machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician NorbertWiener, who founded the field of cybernetics, put it this way: 「If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we can not effectively interfere, we had better be quite sure that the purpose which we really desire.」
好萊塢的理論認為有著邪惡頭腦的機器會成為殺手機器人大軍，這太愚蠢了。這一可能性的真正問題在於，AI（人工智慧）可能會變得非常擅長於實現某些東西，不僅是我們真正想要的。1960年，著名數學家諾伯特維納創立了控制論領域, 提到：「如果我們為了達到我們的目的而使用一種我們無法有效干預其運作的機械裝置，我們最好確定我們真正想要的目的。」
A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine can not achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chess board.
有特定目的的機器還有另一種特性，我們通常把它與生物聯系在一起：希望保留自己的存在。對於機器來說，這種特性不是天生的，也不是由人類引入的；如果機器死了，就無法達到其原始目的，這就是這一簡單事實的邏輯化結果。因此，如果我們給機器人發送一條取咖啡的簡單指令，它就會有強烈的願望，禁止關閉自己的開關，甚至殺死任何可能幹擾其任務的人，來確保成功。如果我們不小心，那麼，我們可能會面臨一場全球象棋比賽，棋盤就是現實世界，對手是異常堅定，其目標與我們的目標沖突的超級智能機器。
The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrating the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.
參加並輸掉這樣一場比賽的可能性應該會引起計算機科學家的注意。一些研究人員認為，我們可以將這些機器密封在一種防火牆內，用它們解決困難的問題，但決不允許它們影響現實世界。不幸的是，這一計劃似乎不太可能實現：我們還沒有發明一種防火牆來保護普通人，更不用說超級智能機器了。
Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just 「switch them off」 as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, 「Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.」 However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-inced nuclear chain reaction.
很好地解決安全問題以推動AI的發展似乎是可能的，但並不容易。幾十年內為超級智能機器的到來做好計劃是可能的，但這個問題不應該像一些AI研究人員所做的那樣，隨意被忽視。有些人認為，人和機器可以共存，只要他們在團隊中工作，但這是不可能的，除非機器與人類的目標相同。也有人說我們可以「關掉它們」，好像超級智能機器很蠢，不會想到這種可能性。還有人認為超級智能AI永遠不會發生。1933年9月11日，著名物理學家歐內斯特·盧瑟福滿懷信心地說，「任何期望這些原子轉化過程成為能量來源的人都在胡說八道。」然而，1933年9月12日，物理學家利奧·西拉德發明了中子誘導鏈式核反應。
Ⅳ 2018高考英語閱讀理解北京卷D篇淺析
首先，文本選自洛杉磯時報http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html 2018年3月9日發表的名為If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。
看原標題可以得出幾個信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是關鍵問題3.even worse，也就是有前提條件，然後才可能出現某種預期。
這篇閱讀理解試題選文的特點是，1.文章是國外主流媒體新近更新的文章，相對於高考日期來說是比較新的。2.題材相對比較前沿——關於無人駕駛汽車。相對來說的新科技話題，具有一定的信息引領性。同時，無人駕駛也是目前比較有爭論的話題，所以任何一篇文章都不會完全從某一個角度獨立來分析闡述這一現象，除非絕對的專業測評或者技術等視角，普通評論或者描述文章一定都會有或多或少的利弊分析，因為這是未知因素會有所影響的一個話題。本文也不例外，但是本文經過改編後明顯把話題傾向性定位在positive 上，整體看不出明顯的問題，但是會有對客觀事實的微小不尊重。這是從閱讀理解試題選文的真實性信息來考慮的。本文讀者受眾沒有刻意的區分和歸類以及傾向性，文章也不算純粹的科普文，屬於普通的說事文吧，依然是側重introce and describe ，因為沒有明顯的正反觀點的對比，文中對比主要體現在現象的比較，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基於此，本文的行文，正常來說要圍繞提出問題——分析問題——解決問題來進行。
試卷文本和原文比較有大量刪減改編。
首先看改編後的標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars關鍵信息定位在preparing cities。但是我們在正文當中是否能夠找到關鍵信息來支持標題核心信息，我認真閱讀後，還是不明朗。但是原選文標題比較符合原選文的核心內容。而且此標題從語言角度來說也不好理解，所以標題不做更多解釋。
（2018•北京）閱讀理解D
標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
試題文章第一段
原本想和原文比較一下改動部分，但是改動太大，就省略了吧，很明顯感覺改動得不是很好。比如prospect被替換為possibility 這個在理解文本含義上可以理解，但是假如作為精讀去點對點分析，就會不如原詞彙那麼妥帖，我只能用這個詞來形容。看prospects詞彙解釋：
以此例來說明改編的可能的不準確性，文本下面部分的改編的類似問題不再重復說明。
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 開篇點「題」，把無人駕駛汽車的現存狀態通過一個語義對比句展示出來。告知讀者本文是圍繞無人駕駛汽車現狀的某個問題闡述的。接下來的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有測試環節，二是有相關輔助環節。
California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 這是本文中圍繞標題而出現的最重要的關鍵信息。暗示cities在無人駕駛領域所可能做出的貢獻。
But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
此處有本文的一個題點關鍵詞regulated，提示regulation 對於無人駕駛未來走向的重要性。看48題：
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
題幹部分有關鍵信息詞author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重點的……關注點，所以需要透徹理解本文所傳遞的信息是什麼，還要結合選項內容來看。同時結合原文看，本文是把safety 部分內容刪除掉了，而我們看四個選項事實上都可以，四個選項和客觀真實性是保持一致的，至於本試題當中認為限制答案為D，從做題角度會有很多解釋，但是這樣的試題不嚴密，且，好的試題不會用major來限定。
第二段
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一個暗含轉折，實際上是語義的一個側重「確定」的句子，使用了while …also表達，前後兩者都存在，但是此處側重強調後者的意思。那麼也就是說safety 問題是現存的一個相關焦點，但是這里作者想要強調also後面的內容。所以，從全文角度看，經過改編的文本有了作者或者文章態度上的些許不同，本段和原文比較有部分詞彙改編刪減，但是基本符合要求，沒有大的變化。
接下來的內容作者具體描述無人駕駛汽車的優勢和特色，包括停車管理，環境保護，以及和計程車公司等相比較的更多的便利，原文提到了優步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但試題文本有刪減，所以個別信息在理解上會覺得有模糊的感覺，不透徹。本段結束。
在此，我們就可以暫停，看試題：
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
題干中使用了pay attention to ，而這個題干是完全可以修改成一個更地道的句子的，也可以是問答方式，不是填空式。重點又在author 和attention 來限定信息，也就是可以推測，題目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表達的觀點，那麼根據文本內容，c項是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a項更符合出題人的思路，所以答案是A。
接下來看下一段內容，
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
段首一句屬於段落銜接句，用設問的形式引出來。一方面提示讀者思考，給出自己的思維判斷，同時引出下面作者想要陳述的內容，此句看關鍵詞worsen ，也就是說，作者暗示的觀點是現有的交通的諸多不利因素，對於無人駕駛汽車來說會是什麼樣的一種對比分析結果呢？而通過上文中作者的情感態度，大致可以判斷，下文作者想要闡述的是如何規避現有交通的不利因素。通過閱讀試卷上的文本，我感覺此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查閱原文，因為在手機上編輯，順便簡單截圖一下，如下：
通過閱讀原文，可以了解，此處被命題人刪除掉了，但是此舉就完全改變了文章的行文思路和意義的正常表達。因為在提到了無人駕駛汽車的優勢以後，作者做了一個imagine ，也就是假想內容，而此假設導致的結果就是滿街的無人駕駛汽車，而此句也被命題人刪除了，但是這些信息是非常關鍵的信息，是管理者要解決無人駕駛汽車所要面對的關鍵問題，刪除後，就不能體現初衷含義了，而且閱讀時會晦澀，不能夠真正表達真實場景。具體語言不做分析解釋，接下來看下一段，
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因為刪除掉的信息，而會覺得沒有自然的過度和銜接。在介紹了環保和降低使用成本等優勢以後，作者把話題引到了首批無人駕駛汽車的試用上，
commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，這些詞是屬於此處的主要信息詞，提示下面舉措的原因，命題人沒有在此處命題，而是避開，命制了一個所謂猜測詞義題目。來看試題：
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
根據field所在原文語境，提示，鑒於一些考量首先要把無人駕駛技術應用於叫車服務領域。field在此處取其名詞「領域」的動詞含義「應用於某一領域」，在此，也就是把車輛服務劃分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽車，叫車服務等等。所以在理解此詞的時候需要理解原語境的微妙提示，而不是簡單來隨意根據主觀判斷下結論，盡管結論可能也不是太離譜，至少我查了很多詞典，沒有查到field的英英解釋為employ。細節不做分析。繼續下一段，
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
最後一段，我們看它的情感態度，一個對未來的期待和展望，是建立在對現有一些問題和技術的解決和確認的基礎上的，也就是說，作者的觀點態度中規中矩，但最後一句還是表達了對未來無人駕駛汽車的正面期待。結尾段，對整個上文信息做了概括總結，綜合了上文信息點。看最後一題：
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
答案是B。這個不多說，假如發散開來還有很多內容能夠闡述。
總結一下：
本題目選自主流外刊，時間比較新，話題比較新。命題人對文本進行了一定量的改動刪減，個人認為已經影響了准確和地道信息的傳遞，這是不太看好的地方。文本語言和結構沒有特殊難點，試題命制也沒有深度思維理解的題目，所以考慮試題安排難度，應該不是難題范疇。解讀本文本相當於外刊解讀的一個過程了。所以說高考題目文本精良，和外刊解讀和運用分割開來不是一個真命題。我記得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命題人做了一些刪減改編，而使得整個行文不達意，試題缺少信息支持。這是一個不可忽視的命題問題。
沒有時間和精力做更精細的分析。
下面是試題原文：
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs
48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
Ⅵ 2019年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解C
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams. We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these 「solutions" become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
自動語音電話的問題已經變得如此嚴重，以至於許多人現在拒絕接聽陌生號碼的電話。到明年,我們收到的電話將有一半是詐騙電話。我們終於意識到問題的嚴重性，支持並開發了一組工具、應用程序和方案，用來阻止騙子打通電話。不幸的是，太少而又太晚。當這些「解決方案」被廣泛使用，騙子就會採用更高明的手段。在不久的將來，不僅在屏幕上看到的電話號碼有疑問，而且很快你會懷疑你聽到的聲音是不是真的。
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new voice technology able to proce such a convincing human–sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
這是因為有很多強大的聲音處理和自動化技術將廣泛投入使用。今年的I/O大會上,一家公司展示了一種新的聲音技術，能夠產生令人信服的人類發出的聲音，可以和接待人員對話，預訂房間而不被察覺。
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to carry out indivially targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller 's, ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that graally.
騙子追逐金錢，因此公司將受到最嚴重的打擊。很多業務仍然是通過電話進行的，其中很多是基於信任和現有關系。語音處理技術可能會逐漸削弱這一點。
這些發展可能會使目前的自動語音電話問題變得更糟。自動語音電話令人頭痛的原因與其說是數量，不如說是准確性。十年來個人信息的數據泄露導致騙子可以很容易地知道你母親的名字，甚至更多。有了這些，他們能夠進行有針對性的活動來欺騙你們。這意味著。例如，一個騙子可以用一個你看起來很熟悉的號碼打電話給你，用一個聽起來很像你銀行出納員的聲音和你說話，讓你「確認」你的地址、母親的名字和卡號。騙子緊跟著就會騙錢，公司將受到最嚴重的打擊。許多業務仍然是通過電話完成的，其中許多是基於信任和現有的關系。語音處理技術可能會逐漸削弱這一點。
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
我們需要解決電信網路的不安全性。電話運營商和消費者需要共同努力，找到方法確認電話內容是真實的並且溝通也是真實的。這可能意味著要開發一種統一的方法來標記視頻和圖像，顯示何時何人所作，或者乾脆放棄電話，轉向基於數據的通信——使用FaceTime或WhatsApp等應用，這些應用可以與你的身份綁定。
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
信用很難獲得，但容易失去，從現在開始，問題只會變得更加嚴重。
Ⅶ 2018年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解C
Plastic-Eating Worms
吃塑料的蠕蟲
Humans proce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
人類每年生產超過3億噸塑料，其中幾乎一半被作為垃圾填埋， 多達1200萬噸污染海洋。目前還沒有有效的方法來消除它，但一項新的研究表明，答案可能在於一些飢餓蠕蟲的胃。
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass--apparently broken down by enzymes from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
西班牙和英國的研究人員最近發現，大蠟螟的蠕蟲可以分解聚乙烯，聚乙烯占塑料的40%。研究小組將100隻蠟蟲蠕蟲放在一個商用聚乙烯購物袋中12小時，這些蠕蟲消耗並分解了約92毫克，約占總量的3%。為了證實蠕蟲的咀嚼並不是聚乙烯分解的原因，研究人員將一些蠕蟲製成糊狀物並將其放置於塑料薄膜。14小時後，這些膠片失去了13%的質量——顯然被蠕蟲胃裡的酶分解了。他們的發現發表在2017年的《當代生物學》上。
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food-beeswax--also allows them to break down plastic. "Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, "she explains. "The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. "
這項研究的合著者費德麗卡·貝爾托基尼說，蠕蟲分解日常食物——蜂蠟的能力，也可以讓它們分解塑料。「蠟是一種復雜的混合物，但聚乙烯中的基本鍵——碳碳鍵——也存在，」她解釋道，「蠟蟲進化出一種方法或系統來破壞這種鍵。」
Jennifer Debruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme proced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes?
田納西大學的微生物學家詹妮弗·德布魯恩沒有參與這項研究，她說，這種蠕蟲可以破壞聚乙烯，這並不奇怪。但與之前的研究相比，她發現這次研究的分解速度令人興奮。德布魯恩說，下一步將是確定分解原因。這種酶是由蠕蟲自身產生還是腸道微生物產生？
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team』s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of instrial process-not simply "millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.」
貝爾托基尼對此表示同意，並希望她的研究小組的發現有朝一日能利用這種酶在垃圾填埋場分解塑料。但她希望在某種工業過程中使用這種化學物質，而不僅僅是將「數百萬只蠕蟲扔在塑料上」。
Ⅷ 2019年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解D
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.
根據一項新的研究，到本世紀末，如果沒有更早的話，由於氣候變暖，世界海洋將變得更藍更綠。
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while recing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
這種現象的核心是被稱為浮游植物的海洋微生物。由於光從生物體反射的方式，這些浮游植物在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍色不等，這取決於浮游植物的種類和濃度。氣候變化將在某些地區助長浮游植物的生長，而在其他地區則會相反，這導致了海洋外觀的變化。
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.
浮游植物生活在海洋表面，在那裡它們將二氧化碳吸入海洋，同時釋放氧氣。當這些生物死亡時，碳就會埋在深海中，這是一個有助於調節全球氣候的重要過程。但浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響。變暖改變了海洋的主要特徵，並可能影響浮游植物的生長，因為它們的生長不僅需要陽光和二氧化碳，還需要營養物質。
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. 「Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. 」she said，「but the type of phytoplankton is changing. 」
麻省理工學院全球變化科學中心的科學家斯蒂芬妮·杜特凱維奇建立了一個氣候模型，預測整個世紀海洋的變化。在一個溫度升高3℃的世界裡，會發現海洋的顏色發生多重變化。該模型預測，目前幾乎沒有浮游植物的藍色區域可能會變得更藍。但在一些水域，如北極水域，變暖將使浮游植物生長條件更加成熟，這些地區將變得更加綠色。」不只是海洋中浮游植物的數量在變化，」她說，「浮游植物的種類也正在改變。」
Ⅸ 2010年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解A - Goldie』s Secret（戈爾迪的秘密）
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. "We』re moving house.」 "No space for her any more with the baby coming." "We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present." People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
她出現在我康沃爾的家門口，我不能把她送走。不能，反正不能是我，也許昨晚有人把她從車里踢了出來。「我們要搬家「，「孩子要來，我們沒地方養她了」，」我們從來沒有真的想養她，但我們能做些什麼呢？她是一份禮物「，人們為遺棄動物尋找各種各樣的借口。她是我見過的最漂亮的狗之一。
I called her Goldie. If I had known what was going to happen I would have given her a more creative name. She was so unsettled ring those first few days. She hardly ate anything and had such an air of sadness about her. There was nothing I could do to make her happy, it seemed. Heaven knows what had happened to her at her previous owner』s. But eventually at the end of the first week she calmed down. Always by my side, whether we were out on one of our long walks or sitting by the fire.
我稱她戈爾迪，如果我能知道會發生什麼，我應該會給她起個更有創意的名字。頭幾天她心神不定，幾乎什麼也沒吃，愁眉苦臉。看來我沒辦法讓她高興，天知道她在前主人家裡發生了什麼事。但終於在第一周結束時，她安靜了下來。無論我們出去長距離散步還是坐在火爐旁，她都會一直在我身邊。
That』s why it was such a shock when she pulled away from me one day when we were out for a walk. We were a long way from home, when she started barking and getting very restless. Eventually I couldn』t hold her any longer and she raced off down the road towards a farmhouse in the distance as fast as she could.
這就是為什麼有一天我們出去散步，她從我身邊走開時，我感到非常震驚的原因。我們離家很遠，這時她開始吠叫，變得非常不安。最後，我再也控制不住她了，她飛快地沿著公路朝遠處的一個農舍跑去。
By the time I reached the farm I was very tired and upset with Goldie. But when I saw her licking the four puppies I started to feel sympathy towards them. "We didn』t know what had happened to her," said the woman at the door. "I took her for a walk one day, soon after the puppies were born, and she just disappeared." "She must have tried to come back to them and got lost," added a boy from behind her.
當我到達農場時，我對戈爾迪感到非常疲倦和不安。但是當我看到她在舔四隻小狗時我開始同情他們了。」我們不知道她發生了什麼事」，門口的女人說，「有一天，小狗剛出生不久，我帶她去散步，她就不見了「。」她肯定是想回到他們身邊，但是迷路了」，身後一個男孩補充道。
I must admit I do miss Goldie, but I』ve got Nugget now, and she looks just like her mother. And I』ve learnt a good lesson: not to judge people.
我必須承認我確實想念戈爾迪，但我現在有了納格，她長得和她媽媽一樣。我也吸取到了一個很好的教訓：不要評判別人。