考研英語歷年經典閱讀
A. 2010考研英語閱讀理解精讀200篇的目錄
第一部分 基礎80篇
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第二部分 模擬60篇
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第三部分 沖刺40篇
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第四部分 新題型20篇
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B. 歷年考研英語真題與答案(完美列印)
2021年考研英語(電子書)(獨家提供)
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C. 2007考研英語時文閱讀(5)
印度向外資有限開放零售市場
India sets out its stall for global retailers
銳步(Reebok)、諾基亞(Nokia)、路易威登(Louis Vuitton)和古姿(Gucci)等全球品牌,將首姿塵次得以在印度擁有並經營自己的店鋪,因為共產黨支持的印度政府昨晚批准放寬外國直接投資法規。
Global brands such as Reebok, Nokia, Louis Vuitton and Gucci will for the first time be able to own and operate their own stores in India after the country』s communist-backed government last night approved a liberalisation of foreign direct investment rules.
印度政府同意外資在單一品牌零售企業中占據51%的股權,這是一攬子措施中最為引人注目的一點。這些措施旨在表明,印度政府決心啟動停滯的經濟改革計劃。
Consent to permit 51 per cent foreign investment in single brand retail operations was the most striking among a package of measures aimed at signalling the Indian government』s determination to kick-start a stalled programme of economic reforms.
然而,此次政策的有限放鬆,並沒有將印度的零售業全面開放。全球大的一些零售集團一直在私下要求這種全面開放。包括沃爾瑪(Wal-Mart)和特易購(Tesco)在內的公司大力游說,試圖獲准進入印度市場。目前,印度市場上占據支配地位的是900萬家「夫妻老婆」店。
However, the limited relaxation fell short of the wholesale opening of India』s retail sector that has been privately demanded by the world's most powerful retail groups. Companies including Wal-Mart and Tesco lobbied hard to be allowed into a market dominated by 9m 「mom and pop」 corner stores.
盡管如此,在達沃斯世界經濟論壇前夕,昨晚的一攬子改革措施將被視為一種強有力的推動。在該論壇上,一個龐大的印度代表團將大力推介印度經濟。這個代表團的成員包括印度私企信跡指禪心工業(Reliance Instries)的董事長穆克什·安巴尼(Mukesh Ambani),以及印度第二大高科技公司信息系統公司(Infosys)的逗轎首席執行官南丹·尼勒卡尼(Nandan Nilekani)。
Last night's package of reforms will nonetheless be seen as a notable boost on the eve of the World Economic Forum at Davos, where a large Indian delegation, including Mukesh Ambani, chairman of Reliance Instries, India』s largest private sector company, and Nandan Nilekani, head of Infosys, the country's second biggest technology company, will be cheerleading for the Indian economy.
「這是15年來外國直接投資首次得到通盤考慮,以消除反常與前後不一致的情況,」印度工商部長卡邁勒·納特(Kamal Nath)對《金融時報》表示。「各公司將被允許在單一品牌下,出售在世界各地銷售的商品。擁有多個品牌的零售商將不會被允許這么做,即便這些品牌商品是同一家公司生產的,」他補充說。
「This is the first time in 15 years that FDI has been reviewed in an integrated manner to remove anomalies and inconsistencies,」 Kamal Nath, India's commerce minister, told the Financial Times. 「Companies will be allowed to sell goods sold internationally under a single brand. Retailers of multiple brands, even if they are made by the same company, will not be allowed,」 he added.
迄今為止,在印度市場,海外零售商只有與本土夥伴進行合作,通過專賣安排才能經營,這與中國形成了對比。中國已向外國投資者開放零售業。【您現在閱讀的文章來自「中國學習考試網」,請記住我們的永久域名:www.stu88.com 】
International retailers have until now been able to operate in India only through franchise arrangements with local partners, in contrast to China, which has thrown open its high streets to foreign investors.
目前,印度商務部還未清楚說明,它將如何實施上述謹慎的新政策。盡管印度產業機構進行了許多努力,以維持零售業在盡可能長的時間里不對外國競爭開放,但政府還是出台了這些新政策。
India』s commerce ministry has yet to spell out how it will apply the cautious new policy, which has emerged despite an intense campaign by Indian instrial houses to keep the retail sector closed to foreign competition for as long as possible.
2006年1月26日 星期四
知名企業擬推「紅色」品牌 幫助抗擊艾滋
Bono sees Red as way to fight Aids scourge
美國運通(American Express)、匡威(Converse)、Gap和喬治·阿瑪尼(Giorgio Armani)公司正與搖滾歌星波諾(Bono)聯手,創立一個名為「紅色」的新品牌,並推出一系列「紅色」商品,其部分營收將用於幫助非洲抗擊艾滋病。
American Express, Converse, Gap and Giorgio Armani are joining Bono, the rock star, to sell procts under a new brand – 「Red」 – that would dedicate some of its revenues to the fight against Aids in Africa.
其中,美國運通將推出一種「美國運通紅色」(Amex Red)信用卡 ,首發地選在英國。這種信用卡的發行對象是預估數量達150萬的「良知消費者」(conscience consumers),這些人被視為最有可能購買與社會公益相關的產品。
The effort will include the creation of an Amex Red credit card that will be marketed first in the UK, aimed at an estimated 1.5m 「conscience consumers」 who are seen as more likely to buy procts that are associated with a social benefit.
其它將於今年春季上市的「紅色」品牌產品,包括由非洲泥布製作的匡威運動鞋,一系列包括紅色和其它顏色的經典風格新款Gap T恤衫,以及帶有「紅色」壓紋標識的面罩型Emporio Armani太陽鏡。
Other Red procts to be sold this spring will include Converse sports shoes made with African mud-cloth, a new line of Gap vintage-style T-shirts – in red and other colours – and wraparound Emporio Armani sun glasses embossed with a Red logo.
「紅色」品牌的擁有者波諾表示:「『紅色』是一個21世紀的創意。我認為,從事『紅色』事業,做善事,將成為企業的優質業務。」
Bono, the owner of the brand, said: 「Red is a 21st century idea. I think doing the Red thing, doing good, will turn out to be good business for them.」
有關各方計劃今日在瑞士達沃斯世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)上公布「紅色」項目。此舉是那些擔心電視廣告正在失效的大公司發起的一系列激進營銷實驗中最新的舉措。
The venture, scheled to be announced today at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, is the latest in a series of radical marketing experiments by big companies worried that television advertising is losing its punch.
這些大公司採取這些措施,例如寶潔公司(Procter & Gamble)推出Pampers.com信息網站,很多是利用公益事業來吸引顧客關注,這就是一些人所稱的「企業社會機遇」(corporate social opportunity)。
Many of these efforts, such as Procter & Gamble』s Pampers.com information web site, are based on the idea of using good works or services to gain consumer attention – a notion some people are calling 「corporate social opportunity」.
「紅色」項目的部分收入將捐給全球基金(Global Fund)。後者作為一家政府、民間社會、私營部門和相關社區的合作聯盟,自2002年創建起,已向艾滋病、肺結核和瘧疾項目提供了45億美元的資金。「紅色」項目的捐贈,將主要針對為婦女和兒童服務的抗艾滋病項目。
The money from Red will go to the Global Fund, a public-private partnership that has committed $4.5bn for Aids, tuberculosis and malaria programmes since it was creating in 2002. The focus of the Red donations will be on Aids programmes for women and children.
美國運通已同意捐出「紅色」信用卡交易額的1%。此外,對於年消費額超過5000英鎊的帳戶,美國運通還將捐出超額部分的1.25%。
Amex has agreed to contribute 1 per cent of Red card transactions, plus 1.25 per cent of any spending above £5,000 a year.
以「紅色」為品牌,是因為這種顏色代表緊急情況。波諾有一句的歌詞:艾滋病不是事業、而是危機。
Red was picked as the brand name because it is the colour of emergencies, echoing Bono』s well-known refrain that Aids is not a cause, but an emergency.
2006年1月27日 星期五
美國擬改革針對外資的審查程序
US plans reform of scrutiny panel to reassure investors
美國政府將在全球范圍發起一輪宣傳攻勢,說服外國投資者相信:美國一直致力於「開放的投資政策」。而僅在數月前,由於美國國會的巨大政治壓力,中國石油公司中海油(CNOOC)被迫放棄了對美國能源集團優尼科(Unocal)接近200億美元的競購。優尼科總部位於加利福尼亞州。
The US administration is launching an international campaign to persuade foreign investors that it is committed to an 「open investment policy」, just months after intense political pressure in Congress forced CNOOC, the Chinese oil company, to abandon its multi-billion dollar bid for California-based Unocal.
美國財政部副部長羅伯特·金米特(Robert Kimmitt)在今日的《金融時報》上撰文稱,政府將對美國外國投資委員會(CFIUS)進行改革。這是一個由美國財政部領導的跨部門小組,行事隱秘。它以國家安全為宗旨,對外國收購美國資產的交易進行審核。改革的目的是提高審查過程的確定性和透明度。
Robert Kimmitt, the deputy Treasury secretary, writes in today』s FT that the administration will implement reforms to the Committee on Foreign Investments in the US, the secretive inter-agency panel chaired by the Treasury department that vets foreign takeovers of assets on national security grounds. The reforms are aimed at bringing greater certainty and transparency to the process.
金米特今天還將在達沃斯召開的世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)上,就這一問題發表講話。
Mr Kimmitt will also speak on the issue today at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
盡管美國國會壓力是迫使中海油放棄競購優尼科的主要原因,但此次華盛頓的反華風暴,引發了對於美國外國投資委員會角色的新疑問。該委員會有權阻止其認為可能危及國家安全的外國收購。
Although pressure from Congress was largely responsible for forcing CNOOC to withdraw its bid for Unocal, the anti-China storm in Washington prompted new questions about the role of CFIUS, which has the power to block foreign takeovers deemed a risk to US security.
擔心中海油的競標可能招致美國外國投資委員會的審查,是優尼科決定接受美國石油公司雪佛龍(Chevron)出價的重要原因。
Fears that the CNOOC bid would be tied up in the CFIUS review were a significant factor in Unocal』s decision to accept a competing offer from Chevron, the US oil company.
一位美國財政部高級官員表示,行政方面的改革包括:指派更多資深政策人士監督美國外國投資委員會的審核,增強國會對審核過程的了解程度,並要求相關企業在過程早期,與美國外國投資委員會就擬議中的交易進行非正式接觸,以便盡早就潛在問題展開討論。
A senior Treasury official said the administrative changes involve dedicating more senior policy staff to oversee CFIUS reviews, enhancing transparency to Congress about the process, and asking companies to approach CFIUS informally with their proposed deals earlier in the process in order to begin talks about potential issues as soon as possible.
但這些舉措似乎無法限制美國外國投資委員會在審查外國收購方面所擁有的廣泛權力,而且在某些方面還有可能擴大這種權利。
But the moves do not appear to curb the broad powers that CFIUS has to review foreign takeovers, and may expand them in some ways.
例如,這位官員表示,美國對涉及外國政府補貼貸款的外國交易進行額外審核是合理的。在優尼科之爭中,雪佛龍就提出了這個問題,稱中海油存在不公平的競爭優勢,因為該公司能夠獲得國家提供的資金。
The official said, for instance, that it was legitimate for the US to subject foreign deals that involve subsidised loans by a foreign state to extra scrutiny. Chevron raised the issue ring the Unocal debate, saying that the CNOOC approach had an unfair advantage because of its access to state financing.
D. 新編考研英語閱讀理解150篇的目錄
UniT 1
TexT 1 英國鐵路現狀
TexT 2 藝術批評家的品質
TexT 3 有意識的夢境
TexT 4 膳食指南金字塔
UniT 2
TexT 1 新聞如何吸引讀者
TexT 2 電信業的變革
TexT 3 教師資格認證新方法
TexT 4 食物里程和環境保護
UniT 3
TexT 1 基因檢測用於案件偵破
TexT 2 企業綠色外衣現象
TexT 3 美國擬解除飛機上的手機禁令
TexT 4 進階數學的復興
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TexT 1 鳥的預警信號
TexT 2 美國現行校歷已經過時
TexT 3 索尼公司的管理
TexT 4 貧富與健康
UniT 5
TexT 1 手機引起爆炸的傳說
TexT 2 社交網站的商務用途
TexT 3 女性較少出現在游戲領域
TexT 4 美國小學的綠色教育UniT 6
TexT 1 經濟行為是進化的結果
TexT 2 開放存取科學出版的興起
TexT 3 搭便車文化行將消失
TexT 4 中產階級消費新趨勢
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TexT 1 美國專利制度的弊端
TexT 2 美國子女的回巢現象
TexT 3 性格的可變性及影響因素
TexT 4 編輯應學會接受困惑
UniT 8
TexT 1 老年人消費群體中大有商機
TexT 2 醫療服務信息利弊
TexT 3 生態恐怖主義
TexT 4 英國的教育制度改革
UniT 9
TexT 1 雞蛋中培養流感疫苗
TexT 2 加拿大的劣質服務
TexT 3 視頻游戲不應遭禁
TexT 4 美國大學進入資本市場
UniT 10
TexT 1 開源軟體的發展和挑戰
TexT 2 廣告業是經濟晴雨表
TexT 3 預防原則的合理運用
TexT 4 如何管理知識工人
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TexT 1 報紙走向低俗的原因
TexT 2 學業間斷期
TexT 3 英國擬推出全新身份證
TexT 4 資本主義無需為幸福負責
UniT 12
TexT 1 美國名校成特權堡壘
TexT 2 生活方式管理的利弊
TexT 3 「無紙化」辦公
TexT 4 道德准則的進化
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TexT 1 青少年積分卡制度的缺點
TexT 2 新聞通訊社經營模式改變
TexT 3 隔離產生新物種
TexT 4 賠償文化
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TexT 1 飛機上的碳排放
TexT 2 美國的社會保障私有化
TexT 3 英國大學擴招
TexT 4 全球化影響工人收入份額
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TexT 1 平等社會中女性的絕對優勢增強
TexT 2 美國廣播公司開拓網路業務
TexT 3 飲食性疾患
TexT 4 「基因組大戰」的結束
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TexT 1 英國人為何缺乏工作積極性
TexT 2 轉基因作物不被接受
TexT 3 報紙的社會責任
TexT 4 數據安全問題亟待解決
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TexT 1 美國福利改革取得成功
TexT 2 經濟鞭策手段是備用的制裁手段
TexT 3 在線醫療遭到質疑
TexT 4 未來電腦智能化發展的預測
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TexT 1 未來網路——語義萬維網
TexT 2 理工科人才的需求現狀
TexT 3 美國經濟形勢與債券市場現狀
TexT 4 美國教師績效付酬制度
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TexT 1 經濟危機故事的自我應驗
TexT 2 傳媒利潤與公眾利益
TexT 3 阿拉斯加湖擴張之謎
TexT 4 對比歐美的社會流動性
UniT 20
TexT 1 氣候變化影響農業
TexT 2 解決器官捐贈短缺問題的方案
TexT 3 英國道路收費系統
TexT 4 人才短缺現象
UniT 21
TexT 1 食物影響情緒和思維
TexT 2 「黑天鵝」事件
TexT 3 美國的養老金制度
TexT 4 質疑美國的國家課程計劃
UniT 22
TexT 1 悲傷有益
TexT 2 科學研究與公共安全
TexT 3 報紙的前途
TexT 4 對待維多利亞人的正確態度
E. 求,歷年考研英語一真題閱讀mp3音頻發,給百度網盤地址,或其他方式也可以,謝謝
家裡網速不給力明早去公司給你發2001—2010考研英語真題全文朗讀MP3壓縮後有310兆用 郵箱重新發了一遍給你注意查收記得先轉存到中轉站在文件中轉站里下載還可以保存30天
F. 考研英語閱讀出自哪
一般源自於兩個途徑的:
一、文章來源
考研英語閱讀理解A部分的四篇文章一般都是來自英美國家一些享有較高聲譽的權威報刊雜志,如Newsweek(《新聞周刊》), Now York Times(《紐約時報》), U.S. News and World Report(《美國新聞與世界報道》), The Economist(《經濟學家》), Times(《時代周刊》)等等。
文章內容既包羅萬象又具有相當的時效性,大多涉及當年的熱門話題,包括了社會科學、自然科學、人文科學等各個領域。其中,社會科學領域的題材囊括了經濟、心理、教育、傳播、家庭、人口、交通、環境、能源、法律、體育等各個方面,自然科學則包括了醫學、生物、大氣、地質、海洋、遺傳、空間、信息、工程、農業等,而人文科學包括了語言學、哲學、文化、歷史、藝術、文學評論、散文等。
從體裁上看,大綱要求考生能夠順利讀懂四類文章,分別為議論文、說明文、記敘文和應用文。不過,考研閱讀理解的文章大多為說明文或者議論文。正對這兩類文章,考生應該有不同的閱讀重點和策略。對於說明文來說,最重要的是抓住文章的說明對象、事實和數據;對於議論文來說,最重要的是總結作者的觀點和結論、抓住作者的態度,以及作者的觀點和態度與其他人的觀點和態度之間的關系等等。由歷年真題可見,社會科學是考研英語閱讀的主要和重點選材,自然科學一直保持在1篇文章左右的分量,人文科學的重要性則有上升的趨勢。
考生在准備考研的過程中,應該充分重視上述的一些英美報紙雜志,平時要多看這些刊物,尤其是其中的議論、評論、報道和分析文章等。現在在國內買到英美國家原版報刊雜志的過刊還是比較容易的。如果考生想掌握最新文章,可以登陸這些刊物的官方網站去閱讀,通常這些文章都是免費的,但有的需要交費訂閱才可以,考生可以靈活把握。筆者在這里主要推薦The Economist(《經濟學家》)的網站,不僅因為The Economist是考研選材的重點刊物之一,同時,考生在上面可以免費閱讀近一兩年的印刷版文章,非常方便實用。如果考生有著廣泛閱讀的興趣和習慣,能緊跟時代步伐、了解全球的重大事件、信息和資訊,就能夠為考研閱讀准備豐富厚實的背景材料,因而在閱讀時可以充分利用自己的相關知識來幫助理解原文。考生應特別重視加強對於美國文化背景知識的了解,因為美國報紙雜志以及關於美國的報道是近幾年考研閱讀文章選材的重點。
二、部分英美權威報刊雜志的網站地址:
The Economist(《經濟學家》):www.economist.com
Newsweek(《新聞周刊》):www.newsweek.com,id
Times(《時代周刊》):www.timesonline.co.uk,tol,news
U.S. News and World Report《美國新聞與世界報道》):www.usnews.com
New York Times(《紐約時報》):www.nytimes.com
G. 08年考研英語閱讀理解第三篇翻譯
08年考研英語閱讀理解第三篇翻譯:
在20世紀60年代早期,Wilt Chamberlain是美國國家籃球協會中僅有的身高超過7英尺的三個人之一。可是如果他參加了上個賽季的話,他就變成了42分之一了。這些年來在較大的職業體育運動中的運動員的身體狀況發生了很大的改變,而他們的經理人也更願意調整隊員的運動服來適應隊員們更大,更高的身材。
雖然體育界的這種趨勢可能蒙蔽了一個沒有被承認的現實:美國人基本上停止生長了。雖然現在人們比140年前高了2英寸,特別是那些出生在已移民美國很多代的那些人,但是明顯的,在二十世紀60年代早期,已經到達了他們的身高的極限。他們已經不可能再長得更高了。「在這個基因和環境的條件下,現在整體的人們已經長到我們能夠達到的范圍了,」Wright州大學的人類學家William Cameron Chumlea說道。拿NBA球員來說,他們身高的增加主要由於從世界各地招募到了球員。
身高的增長一般在20歲以後就停止了,而發育是需要能量和營養的,其中的蛋白質用來供給組織的生長。在20世紀初,營養不良和兒童疾病妨礙了整體的發育。但是當飲食和健康的促進,兒童和青少年平均每20年都增長了大概1.5英寸,這就是長高的趨勢。根據疾病防治中心,從1960年開始,人們的平均身高,男性5英尺9英寸,女性5英尺4英寸,就沒有怎麼改變了。
總的說來,避免太高的身高是有很多優點的。在生產時,較大的嬰兒通過產道是有更多的問題的。而且,就算人類已經直立行走已經幾百萬年了,我們的腳和背部繼續對抗著巨大的壓力,這些壓力來源於雙足直立的姿勢和巨大的肢體。「有一些限制是個體器官的基因結構導致的。」西北大學的人類學家William Leonard說道。
基因的最大化可以改變,但是不要期待它會馬上就能發生。Mass州的Natick的軍隊研究中心的高級人類學家Claire C. Gordon確信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更換新的制服和工作站。她說,不像那些籃球制服,軍隊的制服長度很長時間都沒有改變了。如果你需要在不遠的將來預測人類的身高而去設計一款新的設備,Gordon說基本上,「你都能夠使用現在的數據並且覺得非常地自信。」
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today』s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren』t likely to get any taller. 「In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we』ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,」 says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn』t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. 「There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the indivial organism,」 says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don』t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, 「you could use today』s data and feel fairly confident.」
H. 考研英語一閱讀歷年難度
考研英語一閱讀歷年難度講解如下:
考研英語介紹:
碩士研究生教育按照培養目標的不同,分為學術型研究生和專業學位研究生。學術型研究生的培養目標是高層次學術研究型專門人才,專業學位研究生的培養目標是具有扎實理論基礎,並適應特定行業或職業實際工作需要的應用型高層次專門人才。
具有較強的解決實際問題的能力,能夠承擔專業技術或管理工作,具有良好的職業素養的高層次應用型專門人才。
從2010年開始,全國碩士研究生入學考試的英語試卷分為了英語(一)和英語(二)。
英語(一)即原研究生入學統考「英語」,所有學術型碩士研究生(英語專業選考其他語種)(十三大門類,110個一級學科)和部分專業型碩士(法律碩士、臨床醫學碩士、口腔醫學碩士、建築學碩士、護理碩士、漢語國際教育碩士、公共衛生碩士等)必考英語(一)。
英語(二)主要是為高等院校和科研院所招收不考英語(一)的專業學位碩士研究生而設置的具有選拔性質的統考科目。
I. 考研英語閱讀理解翻譯全文
考研英語閱讀是考研英語的關鍵,所以平時要多做並總結考研英語閱讀技巧。下面就是我給大家整理的考研英語閱讀理解翻譯全文,希望對你有用!
考研英語閱讀原文
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely——though by no means uniformly——glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have enred for millions of years —— so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
考研英語閱讀翻譯
幾十年前,我們對於未來的看法盡管並不一致,但總的來說頗為樂觀。我們相信科學和技術將會治癒人類的一切疾病,使所有人都過上充滿機會和成就感的生活。
如今,隨著我們對自己所面臨的一系列威脅有了更深刻的認識,比如從小行星撞擊,到流感,再到氣候變化,烏托邦式已經不合時宜。你甚至可能會禁不住要想:人類幾乎前途渺茫。
然而,這種擔憂不合時宜。化石記錄表明,許多物種已經存活了數百萬年之久,那麼人類為何就不可以呢?從一個更宏觀的視角來看一看人類在宇宙中的地位,就會清楚明白,即使人類生存不了幾十萬年,至少再存活幾萬年的機會還是很大。在國際自然保護聯盟的瀕危物種 "紅色名錄"上查閱"智人"這一條目,你會讀到:"由於該物種分布非常廣泛,適應性強,目前數量持續上升,且不存在導致其整體數量下降的重大威脅,故被列為最無危物種"。
那麼,我們的遙遠未來會是什麼景象呢?越來越多的研究者和組織機構正在認真思考這個問題。比如,今日不朽基金會的旗艦項目是一台機械時鍾,該時鍾的設計目標是能夠在幾千幾萬年後保持計時功能。
這樣做或許有些一意孤行,但推想久遠的未來要比思考即將發生的未來更為容易。當今技術的可能發展及它的社會影響結果非常復雜,或許最好的辦法是讓科幻小說家和未來學家去探索我們能想像到的種種可能。這正是我們發行《弧》的原因之一,該新刊物旨在探索不遠的未來。
但是,如果採用一個更為長遠的視角,我們便能對驚人數量的事情做出很有把握的預測。通常,過去掌握著通向未來的鑰匙:目前,我們已經充分了解有關地球歷史和人類歷史的長期發展模式,這使我們能對子孫後代的生存環境做出有根據的預測。
這種長遠的視角使我們對未來的悲觀態度更像是一股短暫的風潮。誠然,未來絕非一片光明。不過,我們已經有足夠的知識去降低許多曾經威脅前人生存的危險,以及去改善後人的命運。
考研英語閱讀詞語解析
dedicated['dedi.keitid]adj. 專注的,獻身的,專用的
overall[əuvə'rɔ:l]adj. 全部的,全體的,一切在內的
strike[straik]n. 罷工,打擊,毆打 v. 打,撞,罷工,劃
adaptable[ə'dæptəbl]adj. 能適應的,適應性強的,可改編的
planet['plænit]n. 行星
immediate[i'mi:djət]adj. 立即的,即刻的,直接的,最接近的
pessimistic[.pesi'mistik]adj. 悲觀的,悲觀主義的
population[.pɔpju'leiʃən]n. 人口 ,(全體)居民,人數
opportunity[.ɔpə'tju:niti]n. 機會,時機
evolution[.i:və'lu:ʃən]n. 進化,發展,演變
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J. 05——07年考研英語閱讀及譯文
回答字數在10000字以內,所以就放了2005年希望對你有用。
2005 Passage 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of 「goods and services」 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introces his topic by
[A]. posing a contrast.
[B]. justifying an assumption.
[C]. making a comparison.
[D]. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement 「it is all too monkey」 (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D]. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]. can be taught to exchange things.
[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
重點詞彙:
assumption (假定;承擔;呈現)是assume的名詞形式;見1997年Text 2。.參consumption,2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆斷——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潛在的假定。
grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申訴人提出不滿意見交付仲裁者。悲痛傷心事不幸憂傷。因為有冤情()而滿懷悲痛()向申訴人申訴。
tardily adv.緩慢。形容詞形式拖拉的。(諧音記憶:他地,工作是他的,所以我可以拖拉)
counterpart (相似或對應的人或物)即counter+part,counter-前綴「對等」,part部分,「對等的部分」。見2000年 Passage 4 。
token n. 表示, 向征, 記號, 代幣 adj. 象徵的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼淚是快樂的一種奇怪的表示。
reluctant (不願的,勉強的)即re+luct+ant,re-看作「反復」,luct可看作詞根lect「選擇」,-ant形容詞後綴,人們都不願反反復復地作選擇,所以「反復選擇」→不願的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建議制度是有效的——不要不願使用它們。
indignation n. 憤慨, 義憤。 記憶:in-dig挖(坑)-nation,挖坑藏在裡面的民族,能不憤慨嗎?比如老薩,呵呵。形容詞形式 indignant adj. 憤怒的, 憤慨的
難句分析:
①Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
前一分句是句子的主句,其中使用了短語regard…as…的被動形式;with加名詞作狀語,即「帶有潛在的假定」,其中assumption後接有that引導的同位語從句解釋說明假定的內容。
翻譯:這種行為被看作是「人之長情」,他潛在的假定就是其他動物不可能有這種高度發達的不公平意識。
②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
該句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引導的時間狀語從句,其中包含了so that引導的目的狀語從句。
翻譯:當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里,能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時,猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
試題解析:
這篇文章是講猴子有一種天然的公平意識,文章本身難度不是太大,一開始做了一個類比,講人的公平意識。然後根據這個類比,文章重點談猴子們的公平意識。這篇對比性的文章兩個方面要理解,第一,人類和猴子之間都有一種近似的表現,當受到不公正待遇的時候,都有義憤填膺的感覺,如果把握這個邏輯,就是類比的邏輯。第二, 最後兩段關於選擇的實驗的對象以及實驗的結果。
21題,我們應該選擇C,考察第一段的寫作手法,明顯用的是猴和人之間的相似形的比較關系。
22題答案是B,也是在把猴子和人做類比,指出猴子與人一樣都抱怨不公平
23題答案選A,這個是事實細節題,答案是根據文章第三段第一句話得到的,雌性的猴子被選擇做研究,是因為她們更加註重她們獲得的東西。
24題答案選擇C,他們最終的發現是什麼,篇章最後兩段反復重復,如果沒有受到公平的話,
25題選擇B.這篇文章第一段和最後一段都出現一個詞,"假設"為什麼猴和人都有這種心理反應,這個問題沒有得以解決。
全文翻譯:
人人都喜歡大幅加薪,但是當你知道一個同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候,那麼加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話,你甚至會變得怒不可遏。這種行為被看作是「人之長情」,其潛在的假定其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的不公平意識。但是由喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進行的一項研究表明,它也是「猴之常情」。這項研究成果剛剛發表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進行了研究。它們看起來很可愛,性格溫順,合作,樂於分享食物。最重要的是,就象女人們一樣,它們往往比雄性更關注「商品和服務」價值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下,猴子很願意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是,當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里,能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時,猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界裡,葡萄是奢侈品(比黃瓜受歡迎得多)。所以當一隻猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時,第二隻猴子就不願意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一隻猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話,那麼另外一隻就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外,或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上,只要在另一房間里出現了葡萄(不管有沒有猴子吃它),都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出,正如人類一樣,卷尾猴也受社會情感的影響。在野外,它們是相互合作的群居動物。只有當每隻猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時,這種合作才可能穩定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒准確無誤地傳達給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成,還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先,這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
2005 Passage 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report 「Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of 「paralysis by analysis」.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A]. a protector.
[B]. a judge.
[C]. a critic.
[D]. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by 「paralysis by analysis」 (Last line, paragraph 4)
[A]. Endless studies kill action.
[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C]. prudent planning hinders.
[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C]. Press for further scientific research.
[D]. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.
重點詞彙:
prudent adj. 謹慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天氣下外出時帶上件厚外套是謹慎的。名詞形式prudence n. 審慎。記憶:rude 粗魯的,無禮的,p不-rude粗魯的-ent形容詞後綴
paralysis n. 癱瘓, 麻痹。 para-側面。參見2003年Text 2。
paraphrase (n.v.釋意)即para+phrase,para-前綴表「在旁邊、輔助」,phrase即「短語;用短語表達」,故「用短語輔助表達」→釋意。以para-為前綴的單詞還有paragraph(文章的段、節;短評)←para+graph寫;parameter(參數)←para+meter計量;parasite(寄生蟲)←para+site地點。
analysis n. 分析, 分解。記憶:an-a-lysis,後綴同上,分析成一個an,a。聯想:反義詞synthesis n. 綜合, 合成
take the legislative initiative
take the initiative 帶頭,開始著手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.開始著手試圖解決這個問題
initiative n. 主動。 名詞形式initiate vt. 開始, 發動, 傳授 v. 開始, 發起
legislative adj. 立法的, 立法機關的 n. 立法機關。參見1999 Passage 4 。legislation (立法;法規)看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion,leg詞根「法律」(參allegation宣稱,2003年Text 2),is是,late遲的,-ion名詞後綴,「法律是遲的」→舊法律難以適應新事物→所以要不斷「立法」→「立法」之產物即「法規」。
難句解析:
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
主幹部分是The latest was a panel,表語panel後接有兩個定語成分:from的介詞短語和含enlisted的過去分詞,即「白宮召集的、來自國家科學院的專家團」,其中第二個定語成分中又包含一個不定式結構,表目的,即「為了告訴我們……而召集的(專家團)」。
翻譯:最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團,他們告訴我們,地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖,而這個問題主要是人為造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
該句子的主幹是由and連接的兩個並列從句,前一分句的主幹是science…provide us with…guide;後一分句的主幹是it is critical,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語是that引導的主語從句。從句的主幹是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments,judgments後接有兩個定語結構,一是that引導的定語從句,一是concerning分詞結構。
翻譯:但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導,關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時,應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
該句子的主幹是voices now come from many quarters;句首Just as結構做比較狀語,意為「正如…一樣」;insisting 引導的分詞結構做定語修飾主語voice,分詞結構中含有兩個並列的由that引導的賓語從句,第二個賓語從句的真實主語是不定式結構to keep…
翻譯:就象吸煙問題一樣,來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。
試題解析:
第二篇文章是一篇一般的時事性文章,這也是一篇類比,考完了以後很多考生說這篇文章講抽煙,其實不是的,作者講抽煙是想說明現在的溫室效應,也是一種類比,許多人抽煙沒有人去管,因為缺乏足夠的證據,咱們各國政府也不管溫室效應, 也是同樣的原因。中心講的是世界各個政府對溫室效應的解決的態度,篇章的關鍵詞圍繞這樣三個問題展開,第一個就是證據不充足。第二是科學的意義。第三是制定法律,尤其最後三段大量出現立法和法規的現象,
26題選C,
27應該選D,科學應該作為一個指導性,是答案是根據文章第2段的最後兩句話。
28題是猜單詞題,單詞所在的句子的意思是有些人總要科學證據,結果抹殺了行動。所以選A。29答案選擇D,採取某種法律措施,法律在最後的段落重復的最多。
30題作者談的抽煙的教訓對我們溫室處理也是一樣的,選B。
全文翻譯:
還記得科學家們認為吸煙會致人死亡,而那些懷疑者們卻堅持認為我們無法對此得出定論的時候嗎?還記得懷疑者們堅持認為缺乏決定性的證據,科學也不確定的時候嗎?還記得懷疑者們堅持認為反對吸煙的游說是為了毀掉我們的生活方式,而政府應該置身事外的時候嗎?許多美國人相信了這些胡言亂語,在三十多年中,差不多有一千萬煙民早早的進了墳墓。
現在出現了與吸煙類似的令人感到難過的事情。科學家們前仆後繼,試圖使我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴重的威脅。最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團,他們告訴我們,地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖,而這個問題主要是人為造成的。明確的信息表明是我們應該立刻著手保護自己。國家科學院院長Bruce Alberts在專家團報告的前言中加上了這一重要觀點:「科學解答不了所有問題。但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導,關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時,應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
就象吸煙問題一樣,來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷的排放氣體。這是一個危險的游戲;到了有百分之百的證據的時候,可能就太晚了。隨著風險越來越明顯,並且不斷增加,一個謹慎的民族現在應該准備一份保單了。
幸運的是,白宮開始關注這件事了。但是顯然大多數總統顧問並沒有認真看待全球氣候變暖這個問題。他們沒有出台行動計劃,相反只是繼續迫切要求進行更多的研究――這是一個經典的「分析導致麻痹案例」。
為了成為地球上有責任心的一員,我們必須積極