有關動物實驗英語閱讀理解
“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproctive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.
Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has proced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.
Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy?s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”
The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we?re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” [397 words]
6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous because_____ .
[A] animals are tortured to death in the experiments
[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval
[C] too many lives are wasted for laboratory use
[D] cloning becomes a quest only for profit
7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?
[A] The client holds a suspicious view toward it.
[B] There is a lack of funds to support the research.
[C] The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.
[D] Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.
8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?
[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it
[B]Few people have realized its significance.
[C] An exact of a cat or bull can be made.
[D] It is becoming a prosperous instry.
9. From the passage we can infer that _____.
[A] Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon
[B] scientists are pessimistic about human cloning
[C] human reproctive system has not been understood
[D] rich people are only interested in cloning animals
10. Mr. Westhusin seems to believe that cloning______.
[A] is stupid and should be abandoned [B] has been close to success
[C] should be taken cautiously [D] is now in a dilemma
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
核心詞彙
confines n. limits or borders范圍，界限;邊界 例：the confines of human knowledge 人類的知識范圍 / the confines of family life 家庭生活的范圍
超綱詞彙
aborted a. *① 流產的 ② 出問題的，出故障的
canine a. 犬的，犬科的
cramped a. 狹窄的，擁擠的 例：working in cramped conditions 在擁擠的環境里工作
embryo n. 胚胎
fetus n. 胎，胎兒
Missyplicity n.這是個臨時造的詞，是三個部分的合成：Missy指文中提到的那條狗密斯，
plicate意為“復制”，?ity為名詞後綴
plop vi.&vt.(使)撲通一聲落下 例：Can you plop some ice in my drink? 能在我的飲料中放點冰塊嗎? 文中是比喻用法，指“投入資金”
surrogate n.代理, 代理人,代用品 vt.使代理, 使代替;*surrogate mother 代理母體
veterinary a.獸醫的 例：veterinary medicine/science獸醫學
vexed a.*① 氣惱的，煩惱的 例：the vexed parents of an unruly teenager因孩子難管教而氣惱的父母 ②(問題等)爭論不休的，難於解決的 例：vexed question/issue棘手的問題
viably ad. ① 可實施地，切實可行地 *② 能存活地，能生長發育地
長難句分析
1. That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.
該句主幹是That's an interesting choice of adjective。現在分詞短語coming from... 做後置定語，修飾前面的名詞choice，相當於一個定語從句(which is)coming from... ;在分詞短語中，定語從句who... 也做後置定語，修飾先行詞a man。
2. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.
該句主幹是He knows that... 。that引導的賓語從句是一個主從復合句，且從句位於主句之前，主句是the offspring will face the problems... ;從句是讓步狀語從句：even if he gets a dog viably pregnant;should they survive是個省略了if的條件狀語從句，為插入語，修飾主句。另外，主句的賓語the problems後接有過去分詞短語shown... 做後置定語，相當於一個定義從句(that)are shown... ;冒號後的名詞短語做the problems的同位語。
語篇分析
本文題材涉及生物技術。作者從克隆動物這個角度間接論證克隆人的不可行性，主張應該慎重對待克隆人研究。它是一篇觀點論證型文章，按照“提出觀點—論證觀點—重申觀點”的脈絡展開論述，可分成三部分。
第一段為第一部分，提出觀點：克隆人是不可行的。
引用專家Mark Westhusin和一位試圖克隆其愛犬的富人的話(never met a human worth cloning，a stupid endeavor)表達作者的觀點。接著介紹Mark Westhusin所進行的克隆動物的實驗(two calves，a cat and a dog)，並特別指出對狗的克隆最具難度(one of the mysteries of modern science)。
第二、三段為第二部分，論證觀點。
第二段：指出Mark Westhusin克隆動物的經驗使他極力反對克隆人(vexed by talking of human cloning)。首句是段落主題句。段中詳細介紹了一個克隆狗的項目(the Missyplicity project)中出現的狀況：①從成百上千的卵中只獲得一打左右基因匹配的胚胎;②轉移到母體時沒有一個胚胎存活下來。從這些細節中可以推出，克隆是低效而且危險的。這在末句“Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous”得到了證實。該段最後還給出了Mark Westhusin的觀點：動物實驗中的浪費現象在人的研究中不能被接受。因此，該段將Mark Westhusin反對克隆人的態度表露無疑。
『貳』 05——07年考研英語閱讀及譯文
回答字數在10000字以內，所以就放了2005年希望對你有用。
2005 Passage 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of 「goods and services」 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introces his topic by
[A]. posing a contrast.
[B]. justifying an assumption.
[C]. making a comparison.
[D]. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement 「it is all too monkey」 (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D]. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]. can be taught to exchange things.
[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
重點詞彙：
assumption （假定；承擔；呈現）是assume的名詞形式；見1997年Text 2。.參consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆斷——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潛在的假定。
grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申訴人提出不滿意見交付仲裁者。悲痛傷心事不幸憂傷。因為有冤情（）而滿懷悲痛（）向申訴人申訴。
tardily adv.緩慢。形容詞形式拖拉的。（諧音記憶：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）
counterpart （相似或對應的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前綴「對等」，part部分，「對等的部分」。見2000年 Passage 4 。
token n. 表示, 向征, 記號, 代幣 adj. 象徵的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼淚是快樂的一種奇怪的表示。
reluctant （不願的，勉強的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作「反復」，luct可看作詞根lect「選擇」，-ant形容詞後綴，人們都不願反反復復地作選擇，所以「反復選擇」→不願的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建議制度是有效的——不要不願使用它們。
indignation n. 憤慨, 義憤。 記憶：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在裡面的民族，能不憤慨嗎？比如老薩，呵呵。形容詞形式 indignant adj. 憤怒的, 憤慨的
難句分析：
①Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短語regard…as…的被動形式；with加名詞作狀語，即「帶有潛在的假定」，其中assumption後接有that引導的同位語從句解釋說明假定的內容。
翻譯：這種行為被看作是「人之長情」，他潛在的假定就是其他動物不可能有這種高度發達的不公平意識。
②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
該句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引導的時間狀語從句，其中包含了so that引導的目的狀語從句。
翻譯：當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時，猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
試題解析：
這篇文章是講猴子有一種天然的公平意識，文章本身難度不是太大，一開始做了一個類比，講人的公平意識。然後根據這個類比，文章重點談猴子們的公平意識。這篇對比性的文章兩個方面要理解，第一，人類和猴子之間都有一種近似的表現，當受到不公正待遇的時候，都有義憤填膺的感覺，如果把握這個邏輯，就是類比的邏輯。第二, 最後兩段關於選擇的實驗的對象以及實驗的結果。
21題，我們應該選擇C，考察第一段的寫作手法，明顯用的是猴和人之間的相似形的比較關系。
22題答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做類比，指出猴子與人一樣都抱怨不公平
23題答案選A，這個是事實細節題，答案是根據文章第三段第一句話得到的，雌性的猴子被選擇做研究，是因為她們更加註重她們獲得的東西。
24題答案選擇C，他們最終的發現是什麼，篇章最後兩段反復重復，如果沒有受到公平的話，
25題選擇B.這篇文章第一段和最後一段都出現一個詞，"假設"為什麼猴和人都有這種心理反應，這個問題沒有得以解決。
全文翻譯：
人人都喜歡大幅加薪，但是當你知道一個同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候，那麼加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話，你甚至會變得怒不可遏。這種行為被看作是「人之長情」，其潛在的假定其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的不公平意識。但是由喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進行的一項研究表明，它也是「猴之常情」。這項研究成果剛剛發表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進行了研究。它們看起來很可愛，性格溫順，合作，樂於分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人們一樣，它們往往比雄性更關注「商品和服務」價值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子很願意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是，當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時，猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界裡，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當一隻猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時，第二隻猴子就不願意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一隻猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那麼另外一隻就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上，只要在另一房間里出現了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會情感的影響。在野外，它們是相互合作的群居動物。只有當每隻猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時，這種合作才可能穩定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒准確無誤地傳達給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
2005 Passage 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report 「Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of 「paralysis by analysis」.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A]. a protector.
[B]. a judge.
[C]. a critic.
[D]. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by 「paralysis by analysis」 (Last line, paragraph 4)
[A]. Endless studies kill action.
[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C]. prudent planning hinders.
[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C]. Press for further scientific research.
[D]. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.
重點詞彙：
prudent adj. 謹慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天氣下外出時帶上件厚外套是謹慎的。名詞形式prudence n. 審慎。記憶：rude 粗魯的，無禮的，p不-rude粗魯的-ent形容詞後綴
paralysis n. 癱瘓, 麻痹。 para-側面。參見2003年Text 2。
paraphrase （n.v.釋意）即para+phrase，para-前綴表「在旁邊、輔助」，phrase即「短語；用短語表達」，故「用短語輔助表達」→釋意。以para-為前綴的單詞還有paragraph（文章的段、節；短評）←para+graph寫；parameter（參數）←para+meter計量；parasite（寄生蟲）←para+site地點。
analysis n. 分析, 分解。記憶：an-a-lysis，後綴同上，分析成一個an,a。聯想：反義詞synthesis n. 綜合, 合成
take the legislative initiative
take the initiative 帶頭,開始著手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.開始著手試圖解決這個問題
initiative n. 主動。 名詞形式initiate vt. 開始, 發動, 傳授 v. 開始, 發起
legislative adj. 立法的, 立法機關的 n. 立法機關。參見1999 Passage 4 。legislation （立法；法規）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg詞根「法律」（參allegation宣稱，2003年Text 2），is是，late遲的，-ion名詞後綴，「法律是遲的」→舊法律難以適應新事物→所以要不斷「立法」→「立法」之產物即「法規」。
難句解析：
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
主幹部分是The latest was a panel，表語panel後接有兩個定語成分：from的介詞短語和含enlisted的過去分詞，即「白宮召集的、來自國家科學院的專家團」，其中第二個定語成分中又包含一個不定式結構，表目的，即「為了告訴我們……而召集的（專家團）」。
翻譯：最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團，他們告訴我們，地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖，而這個問題主要是人為造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
該句子的主幹是由and連接的兩個並列從句，前一分句的主幹是science…provide us with…guide；後一分句的主幹是it is critical，其中it為形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的主語從句。從句的主幹是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments後接有兩個定語結構，一是that引導的定語從句，一是concerning分詞結構。
翻譯：但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
該句子的主幹是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as結構做比較狀語，意為「正如…一樣」；insisting 引導的分詞結構做定語修飾主語voice，分詞結構中含有兩個並列的由that引導的賓語從句，第二個賓語從句的真實主語是不定式結構to keep…
翻譯：就象吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。
試題解析：
第二篇文章是一篇一般的時事性文章，這也是一篇類比，考完了以後很多考生說這篇文章講抽煙，其實不是的，作者講抽煙是想說明現在的溫室效應，也是一種類比，許多人抽煙沒有人去管，因為缺乏足夠的證據,咱們各國政府也不管溫室效應, 也是同樣的原因。中心講的是世界各個政府對溫室效應的解決的態度，篇章的關鍵詞圍繞這樣三個問題展開，第一個就是證據不充足。第二是科學的意義。第三是制定法律，尤其最後三段大量出現立法和法規的現象，
26題選C，
27應該選D，科學應該作為一個指導性，是答案是根據文章第2段的最後兩句話。
28題是猜單詞題，單詞所在的句子的意思是有些人總要科學證據，結果抹殺了行動。所以選A。29答案選擇D，採取某種法律措施，法律在最後的段落重復的最多。
30題作者談的抽煙的教訓對我們溫室處理也是一樣的，選B。
全文翻譯：
還記得科學家們認為吸煙會致人死亡，而那些懷疑者們卻堅持認為我們無法對此得出定論的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為缺乏決定性的證據，科學也不確定的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為反對吸煙的游說是為了毀掉我們的生活方式，而政府應該置身事外的時候嗎？許多美國人相信了這些胡言亂語，在三十多年中，差不多有一千萬煙民早早的進了墳墓。
現在出現了與吸煙類似的令人感到難過的事情。科學家們前仆後繼，試圖使我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴重的威脅。最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團，他們告訴我們，地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖，而這個問題主要是人為造成的。明確的信息表明是我們應該立刻著手保護自己。國家科學院院長Bruce Alberts在專家團報告的前言中加上了這一重要觀點：「科學解答不了所有問題。但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
就象吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷的排放氣體。這是一個危險的游戲；到了有百分之百的證據的時候，可能就太晚了。隨著風險越來越明顯，並且不斷增加，一個謹慎的民族現在應該准備一份保單了。
幸運的是，白宮開始關注這件事了。但是顯然大多數總統顧問並沒有認真看待全球氣候變暖這個問題。他們沒有出台行動計劃，相反只是繼續迫切要求進行更多的研究――這是一個經典的「分析導致麻痹案例」。
為了成為地球上有責任心的一員，我們必須積極
『叄』 關於動物實驗的英語作文~
Extinction
Extinction is a natural process. Many species had ceased to exist before humans evolved. However, in the last 400 years, the number of animals and plants becoming extinct has reached crisis point. Human population levels have risen dramatically in the same time period and man's predatory instincts combined with his ruthless consumption of natural resources are directly responsible for the situation.
Dodo
The Dodo is a classic example of how human behavior can cause irreparable damage to the earth's biological diversity. The flightless Dodo was native to the Island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It lived off fruit fallen from the island's trees and lived unthreatened until humans arrived in 1505. The docile bird became a source of food for sailors and lacked the ability to protect itself from animals introced to the island by humans such as pigs, monkeys and rats. The population of Dodos rapidly decreased and the last one was killed in 1681.
Endangered Animals
In 2002 many animals remain threatened with extinction as a result of human activity. The World Wildlife Fund works tirelessly to raise awareness of the predicament facing these animals and find ways to protect them. By focusing on a number of high profile, 'charismatic icons' such as the rhino, panda, whale and tiger, the WWF aims to communicate, 'critically important environmental issues'. The organization's ultimate goal is to, 'stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature'.
Rhinos
The Rhino horn is a highly prized item for practitioners of Asian medicine. This has led to the animal being relentlessly hunted in its natural habitat. Once widespread in Africa and Eurasia, most rhinos now live in protected natural parks and reserves. Their numbers have rapidly decreased in the last 50 years, over half the remaining rhinos disappeared in the 1970s, and the animals remain under constant threat from poachers.
The Giant Panda
The future of the WWF's symbol is far from certain. As few as 1000 remain in the wild, living in small isolated groups. These groups have been cut off from each other as a result of deforestation and human expansion in to their natural habitat. The Chinese government has set up 33 panda reserves to protect these beautiful animals and made poaching them punishable with 20 years in prison. However, the panda's distinct black and white patched coat fetches a high price on the black market and determined poachers still pose one of the most serious threats to the animals continued existence.
Whales
The International Whaling Commission meets every year. The agenda covers ways to ensure the survival of the species and the complex problems arising from countries such as Japan, wishing to hunt certain whales for 'scientific' purposes. Despite the fact that one third the world's oceans have been proclaimed whale sanctuaries, 7 out of 13 whale species remain endangered. The plight of the North Atlantic Right Whale is particularly serious. Hunted for their rich supply of oil, their numbers have dwindled to just 300. Collisions with ships, toxic pollution and becoming entangled in fishing nets are other major causes of whale deaths.
Tigers
The last 100 years has seen a 95% rection in the numbers of remaining tigers to between 5000 and 7000 and The Bali, Javan, and Caspian tigers are already extinct. The South China tiger is precariously close to disappearing, with only 20 to 30 still alive. Like the Rhino horn, tiger bones and organs are sought after for traditional Chinese medicines. These items are traded illegally along with tiger skins.
Take Action
The WWF is actively involved in many areas of the world fighting to protect the natural habitats of endangered animals from further damage and curb the activities of poachers. They also work to influence governments and policy makers to introce laws aimed at recing the threat of pollution and deforestation. Our own indivial efforts at home and in the workplace can also make a difference. By recing waste and pollution, saving water, wood and energy, and reusing and recycling whenever possible, we can rece the possibility of even more animals being lost, never to return.
Your turn
Do you think enough is being done to protect animals? If not, what else could be done? Send us your opinions.
Far out into the ocean to the north and west of Britain are the cold wild islands of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. They make a line of beautiful beaches 150 miles long. Further west is the small group of islands called Saint Kilda. They are cold and wild too, but without beaches. The islands are tall volcanic rocks hundreds of metres high.
For thousands of years, people lived on these islands. In 1930 the last people, there were only 36 of them, had a meeting and decided to leave. The biggest island in the group is called Hirta. Sheep still live there without any people. When you arrive by boat, you see very tall black rocks all around. Some big rocks make their own small islands. This true story happened on the tallest of the rocks – 「Stac An Armin」 in 1840.
In those days, people still lived on the islands of Saint Kilda. Their stone houses were all in one village by the ocean at the bottom of a tall dark hill. The houses only had one room – for people and sheep, which used to live with them in the winter and spring. Two men from the village, McDonald and McKinnon, were on the rock. It was their work to collect birds – some for food, some to make shoes or hats with. Some dead birds they put in the earth to help their vegetables grow. They found one strange big bird. It was sleeping. They decided to bring it home to the village.
I think people in the village were interested in the bird. We now know that this was a Great Auk, a kind of swimming bird that lived in many parts of the North Atlantic. It was big and strong and had a loud cry. They began to talk with the other people in the village about what they should do with it. After two days, the weather got worse and then there was a terrible storm. The people in the village decided that this was because of the bird and they killed it. This was the last example of the Great Auk in Britain. Four years later, the last Great Auk in the world died in Iceland.
We know the Great Auk died out because of people. But where did the people of Saint Kilda go? This is more difficult to explain. Some say that they were bored living on the island so far from modern cities. Other people think that the problem was tourists, who began to visit Saint Kilda at the end of the 19th century. A new theory says that using too many dead birds as fertilizer made their food unhealthy. I think it was a mistake to kill the auk.
mistake that resulted in killing this bird. The day after the people brought the bird home, the weather got worse and worse. At that time, they had less knowledge about nature, they could only believe in God to help them decide what was wrong and what was right. So it was so easy to make mistake about what they didn』t know and it happened by mistake. The article is very clear about that. But at the first they thought they should bring it home and kill it for food. That is not good. Unfortunately, it was the last bird.」
Oswaldo Herrera writes 「This article is very interesting, and we need to think about it. Nowadays we are destroying our world and furthermore, the animals and plants that exist in it. There are a lot of warnings but most of the time we do not care about them - I think that this articles helps us to reflect and to be conscious about all the animals and plants that we are destroying with all the pollution that we generate nowadays.」
『肆』 高中英語閱讀理解及答案
閱讀理解【1】
It is often necessary to release a fish, that is , set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just don’t want to take it home to eat. In some cases, releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size. The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so. The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.
—When catching a fish, play it quickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible. Don’t use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying.
—Hold the fish gently. Do not put your fingers in its eyes. Don’t wipe the scales (魚鱗) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and rece its chance of survival.
—Remove your hook (魚鉤) quickly. If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach, cut the line and leave the hook in. The hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish. —Take good care of the fish by moving it gently in water . Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.
—Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it. If you are going to release a fish, do so right away.
With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.
64. People sometimes set a fish free after catching it because they _________
A. don’t want it to die B. hope it will grow quickly
C. don’t want to have it as food D. want to practice their fishing skills
65. Which of the following will probably make a fish ill?
A. Taking the hook off it. B. Removing its scales.
C. Touching its eves D. Holding it in your hand.
66. A proper way to release a fish is to _________.
A .move it in water till it can swim B. take the hook out of its stomach
C. keep it in a bucket for some time D. let it struggle a little in your hand
67. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To show how to enjoy fishing. B. To persuade people to fish less often.
C. To encourage people to set fish free. D. To give advice on how to release fish.
答案：1. 64.C 65.B 66.A 67.D
閱讀理解【2】
I believe that my country, Poland, is a perfect example for a place where food is particularly important. When we were little children, we began to understand how much a loaf of bread meant to our parents—to some it might sound silly but for me the custom of kissing bread before you started cutting it was simply amazing. It's not so common nowadays to treat food that way, since you hardly ever bake your own bread. Besides, everyone would call you crazy if you tried to kiss every bread roll before you ate them! But though we no longer make our food from scratch (起點), some customs have been kept--that's why I feel so sorry every time I have to throw any food away—even though I no longer live with my parents and nobody would blame me for this anymore!
Many people of our nation are still working as farmers, eating what they grow and harvest and therefore enjoying everything more. It's widely known that you value more anything that needs your effort in the first place. In most homes in Poland, especially those of farmers, the whole family would try and have their meals together--extremely difficult now, but so rewarding (值得) ! You can share other members' troubles and successes, give your children some attention, or just sit down for a moment instead of rushing through life aimlessly. Furthermore, your body, and stomach in particular will be very grateful (感激) for such a time!
In Poland, a wedding, Christmas or even a birthday is celebrated with a great meal. Women in the house get together and cook, sometimes for a few days before the event, and the extremely good or unusual food will be remembered and widely talked about.
You cannot over-value the importance of food in the country. What's more, almost everyone in Poland will be as interested in the topic as I am.
56. When the writer was a child, he / she ________.
A. found people were crazy about bread B. began to realize the importance of food
C. thought that cutting bread was amazing D. learned people hardly baked their own bread
57. The writer feels very sorry when he/she has to throw away any food because
A. he/she makes food from scratch B. his/her parents would blame him/her D. many people are still working hard C. some customs still have effect on him/her
as farmers
58. From the text, we can learn that, in Poland, ________.
A. most meals can be interesting topics for a long time
B. the whole family often have meals together nowadays
C. it's common for women to get together to cook for a few days
D. family members can know more. about each other by having meals together
【參考答案】56.B 57.C 58.D
閱讀理解【3】
For those who study the development of intelligence (智力) in the animal world，self-awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware (意識) of itself has a high level of intelligence.
Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image (反射出的影像). Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying very little attention to the reflected image. Only humans，and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins，have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.
Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test.
“We thought that elephants were the next important animal，”said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B. M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains，Reiss said, elephants “seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins.”
The researchers tested Happy. Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8-foot-square mirror on a wall of the animals' play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror.
The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it，and to examine parts of their bodies.
Of the three, Happy then passed the test，in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.
Diana Reiss said，“We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.”
文章通過實驗說明能意識到自身形象的動物具有高智商。
1. What can mirror tests tell us about animals?
A. Whether they have large brains.
C. Whether they enjoy outdoor exercises. B. Whether they have self-awareness. D. Whether they enjoy playing with mirrors. 答案：B。細節理解題。由文章第二段第一句話“Awareness can be tested by...”可知B項正確。
2. Why does the author mention apes and dolphins in the text?
A. They are most familiar to readers.
B. They are big favorites with zoo visitors.
C. They are included in the study by Reiss.
D. They are already known to be intelligent.
答案：D。推理判斷題。由第二段最後一句可知人們已經知道apes和dolphins是聰明的。
3. What made Happy different from Maxine and Patty?
A. She used her nose to search behind the mirror.
B. She recognized her own image in the mirror.
C. She painted a mark on her own face.
D. She found the hidden camera.
答案：B。推理判斷題。由倒數第二段可推出Happy能辨別出自己在鏡子中的形象。
『伍』 初二英語.急救呀.
1.將Seen變為原形See
2.去掉鋒悶虛洞had
3.have
planted改為had
plant
這只是我的答案,僅供參銀譽彎考,對不對不敢確定!
『陸』 Why animal research is required寫一篇英語作文
寫作思路：說明研究動物的初衷和重要的原因，比如人類開展動物實驗的初衷是為了了解和認識生命現象，懷疑和挑戰宗教神學對人類思想的禁錮；人類研究動物的原因是在不能以人為實驗對象的前提下，科學研究必須藉助實驗動物和動物實驗，進行疾病機理和診斷治療方法的研究，在安全、有效的情況下再推用到人類。
正文：
The original intention of animal experiment is to understand and understand the phenomenon of life, doubt and challenge the confinement of human thought by religious theology. This exploration and understanding has formed the basic life science theories of zoology, anatomy and physiology.
人類開展動物實驗的初衷是為了了解和認識生命現象，懷疑和挑戰宗教神學對人類思想的禁錮，這種探索和認識，形成了動物學、解剖學、生理學等基礎生命科學理論。
When the understanding of normal anatomy and physiology of human and animals is graally clear, the prevention and treatment of disease research began. Thanks to animal experiments, the theoretical system of modern medicine such as immunology, microbiology, infectious diseases and virology has been graally formed.
當對人體和動物正常解剖與生理的認識逐步清楚後，才開始疾病的預防和治療研究。得益於動物實驗，逐步形成了免疫學、微生物學、傳染病學、病毒學等現代醫學的理論體系。
In the game between human and disease, cholera, smallpox, polio and other infectious diseases have taken a large number of innocent lives. Scientists have found that many human diseases occur in some animals as well.
人類與疾病的博弈中，霍亂、天花、脊髓灰質炎等傳染病的暴發奪走了大量無辜的生命。科學家發現很多人類的疾病，在某些動物身上也會同樣發生。
On the premise of not using human as experimental objects, scientific research must rely on experimental animals and animal experiments to study the disease mechanism, diagnosis and treatment methods, and then apply it to human beings under safe and effective conditions.
在不能以人為實驗對象的前提下，科學研究必須藉助實驗動物和動物實驗，進行疾病機理和診斷治療方法的研究，在安全、有效的情況下再推用到人類。
『柒』 介紹動物的英語短文閱讀
在西方傳統哲學中,同情動物的行為是與理性倫理無關的多愁善感,並且在__中也沒有同情動物的教令。而在中國和印度的 傳統 文化 和宗教中,人對動物則負有很重要的義務和責任。下面是我帶來的介紹動物的英語短文閱讀，歡迎閱讀!
介紹動物的英語短文閱讀篇一
Snakes蛇
The snake is a long and thin animal that lives in grass or other dark places.A snake has no legs or feet, but it can move very fast on its stomach. Snakes usually have green, yellow or black skins, which make them difficult for their enemies to find them. Some kinds of snakes live in water. They can swim as freely as fish.
Snakes are cold-blooded animals. In winter they hibernatein holes which are narrow enough only to hold the snakes' bodies. The snakes can sleep through a whole winter without eating and moving. They can not feel any pain. The hibernation period lasts about five months. When spring comes, the snakes come out and begin their normal life.
Snakes can take many things as food, such as mice, sparrows, frogs,birds' eggs, pests and so on. People sometimes can see a snake eat a sparrow. First it moves close to the sparrow, then it puts out its tongue and brings the sparrow into its mouth and swallows it, which makes a lump in the snake's body. After some time the lump disappears.
As snakes are dreadful-looking, people are afraid of them. Many people drive them away whenever they see snakes. But in Chinese fairy tales, snakes are by no means bad. They seem to have human feelings. They can change into pretty girls. People like and respect them. The most well-known is the story about the White Snake and the Blue Snake.
In fact, snakes are not as dreadful as they look. They can help us to kill mice and pests. They can provide us with delicious meat. Their blood is a good drink. Poisonous snakes are especially useful. We can make valuable drugs with them.
介紹動物的英語短文閱讀篇二
Once upon a time. There was a house. Beside the house there was a bird cage. One day a cat went to eat the bird, So the cat jumped and hit the bird cage. The bird cage fell down to the ground knocking the bird cage‘s door open. The bird then flew away. So the cat started to chase the bird and the dog chased the cat. However the bird flew on top of the tree. So the cat started to climb the tree and the dog barked at the cat. Before the cat could reach the bird, the bird flew away. this caused the cat to fall out of the tree. The dog then ran away, The bird quickly flew back into his cage and the man from the house carried him safely home.
介紹動物的英語短文閱讀篇三
I like animals very much, such as horses,monkeys, cats, tigers and so on. But I like dogs best. Why? Because they are very cute and nice.
I have a white dog. Its name is Bobo. She is a female dog.She comes from Beijing,China.She wears white clothes and she has two big eyes and a small month.She often walks round and round at home.It has nothing to do.She likes eating ice-cream so much.So do I.When I eat ice-cream,she will look at the ice-cream carefully,So I will give her some to eat.
I think Bobo is the cutest dog in the world.
介紹動物的英語短文閱讀篇四
Elephant is the largest animal on land today. It weights some ninety kilograms and is about one metre high when born. When it is 12 years old, it studs over three meters and does not grow any more. Elephant is usually grey in color, having a long trunk with large ivory tusks protruding from each side of its mouth. Usually moving in groups and caring for each other, Elephant is know to be a very and gentle creamre. For many years people have used the strength of these poweful animals to move trees and heavy logs. Elephant has been and is a vital tool for people to do many things that would normally be imposs-ible. Elephant is and will continue to be one of the greatest creatures man has ever come into contact with. Its size. beauty, and power willforever be useful to man.
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5. 關於動物的英語作文
『捌』 描述動物的英語短文閱讀
如果我們再不注重保護動物，過不了多久好多動物就會像恐龍一樣銷聲匿跡了。我精心收集了描述動物的英語短文，供大家欣賞學習!
描述動物的英語短碼乎文篇1
My Favorite Animal
I have a parrot. It's my favorite animal. Its name is Gaga because it always makes sounds like that. We picked it up in the parking lot six years ago. We released a revelation but had no one to claim. It doesn't change a lot but its color bees more and more beautiful. We say that it's a handsome boy. It can imitate some simple words and phrases, like hello or greet to my grandmother. My grandmother often talks to it or plays music for it. We think that it's some kind of clever, because it always makes sounds when it's boring or hungry. It adds a lot of fun to our lives.
我有一隻鸚鵡，它是我最喜歡的動物。它的名字叫嘎嘎，因為它總是發出這樣的聲音。六年前我們在停車場撿到它。我們發了啟示，但是沒有人認領。它沒有多大的變化，但是它的顏色變得越來越漂亮了。我們說它是一個帥小伙。它可以模仿一些簡單的詞和片語，比如罩伍你好，或者像奶奶問好之類的。我奶奶經常和它聊天或者放音樂給它聽。我們覺得它又點物模或聰明，因為它無聊或是餓了的時候總是會發出聲音。它給我們的生活增添了許多樂趣。
描述動物的英語短文篇2
Dear Lily:
I think you had better feed a hamster,the trediest kind of pet these days is the *** all hamster. People like them because they are quiet and clean. I have a hamster named Tom,it』s very cute and easy to take care of,and it』s cheaper than rabbits or cats,so I bought it. She』s my best pany,because she reads books and litens to music with me every night.However,life with a hamster isn』t always perfect,she sometimes noisy at night ,she love sleep all day,too. So,sometimes she is very boring! How do you think?
描述動物的英語短文篇3
Panda is one of the scarcest animals. People in the world like it very much. there used to be many pandas in China long ago. As the balance of nature was destroyed and the weather was getting warmer and warmer, pandas became less. But at present, the number of pandas is increasing year by year. there are now so many pandas that some are being sent to other countries so that people there can enjoy them.
Nowadays, the biggest nature park for panda in China is in Sichuan. there is a research centre for nature and wild life there. Scientists hope that one day they will have enough pandas to be set free and let them live in the wild again.
描述動物的英語短文篇4
Animals I like animals very much. I have a dog, It』s my favourite animal. It』s white, It looks like a snow ball. It has two big eyes and ears. But its nose and mouth are very *** all. It』s very naughty.
It often stares at my food when I have a meal. When I』m home it follows me all the time.
When I do my homework, it often sits beside quietly, but sometimes runs around me and shouts: wom wom.
I like my dog very much.
描述動物的英語短文篇5
My favourite animal
Dolphin is my favourite animal.
It is one of the most precious animals. Their bodies are very long, about one zhang***丈***. Dolphins live in the sea. They live on fish, shrimps and so on.
Dolphins are very friendly and peaceful. They never attack people. Instead, they have saved many people in danger in the past years. How helpful the dolphins are!
Dolphins are very clever. People often train them so that they can give a dolphin show which brings people a lot of happiness and joy.
Unluckily, the number of dolphins is getting *** aller and *** aller. Because of water pollution, there is less and less space for dolphins. Many people make money by hunting dolphins. If we don』t protect them, maybe we』ll lose our good friends one day. As a student, I hope more and more people should take actions to protect dolphins.