2018英語閱讀理解
『壹』 2018年高考英語北京卷 - 閱讀理解C
Plastic-Eating Worms
吃塑料的蠕蟲
Humans proce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
人類每年生產超過3億噸塑料，其中幾乎一半被作為垃圾填埋， 多達1200萬噸污染海洋。目前還沒有有效的方法來消除它，但一項新的研究表明，答案可能在於一些飢餓蠕蟲的胃。
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass--apparently broken down by enzymes from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
西班牙和英國的研究人員最近發現，大蠟螟的蠕蟲可以分解聚乙烯，聚乙烯占塑料的40%。研究小組將100隻蠟蟲蠕蟲放在一個商用聚乙烯購物袋中12小時，這些蠕蟲消耗並分解了約92毫克，約占總量的3%。為了證實蠕蟲的咀嚼並不是聚乙烯分解的原因，研究人員將一些蠕蟲製成糊狀物並將其放置於塑料薄膜。14小時後，這些膠片失去了13%的質量——顯然被蠕蟲胃裡的酶分解了。他們的發現發表在2017年的《當代生物學》上。
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food-beeswax--also allows them to break down plastic. "Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, "she explains. "The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. "
這項研究的合著者費德麗卡·貝爾托基尼說，蠕蟲分解日常食物——蜂蠟的能力，也可以讓它們分解塑料。「蠟是一種復雜的混合物，但聚乙烯中的基本鍵——碳碳鍵——也存在，」她解釋道，「蠟蟲進化出一種方法或系統來破壞這種鍵。」
Jennifer Debruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme proced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes?
田納西大學的微生物學家詹妮弗·德布魯恩沒有參與這項研究，她說，這種蠕蟲可以破壞聚乙烯，這並不奇怪。但與之前的研究相比，她發現這次研究的分解速度令人興奮。德布魯恩說，下一步將是確定分解原因。這種酶是由蠕蟲自身產生還是腸道微生物產生？
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team』s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of instrial process-not simply "millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.」
貝爾托基尼對此表示同意，並希望她的研究小組的發現有朝一日能利用這種酶在垃圾填埋場分解塑料。但她希望在某種工業過程中使用這種化學物質，而不僅僅是將「數百萬只蠕蟲扔在塑料上」。
『貳』 2018年高考英語全國卷1 - 閱讀理解A
Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours
華盛頓特區自行車之旅
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
華盛頓特區櫻花自行車之旅。
Duration: 3 hours
時長：3小時
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry blossoms—disappear!
這個小型團體自行車之旅可以觀賞華盛頓特區世界著名的櫻花盛放。導游將介紹有關櫻花以及綻放處著名紀念碑的歷史課程。記住在櫻花凋謝之前預定好！
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour
華盛頓首都紀念碑自行車之旅
Duration:3 hours (4 miles)
時長：3小時（4英里）
Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.
加入一個有導游的自行車之旅，參觀華盛頓特區一些最受歡迎的紀念碑。一邊聽導游在每一站分享不為人知的史實，一邊探尋國家廣場上的紀念碑和雕塑。旅遊包括自行車、頭盔、餅乾和瓶裝水。
Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
華盛頓首都自行車之旅。
Duration:3 hours
時長：3小時
Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most, interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.
不管是早上還是下午，對於那些想要以一種最為輕松的健康方式，體驗華盛頓特區的新訪客和當地人來說，這趟自行車之旅都是完美的。知識淵博的導游將為您介紹關於總統、國會、雕塑和公園的最有趣的故事。舒適的自行車和流暢的旅遊路線讓在不同地點之間騎自行車變得有趣和放鬆。
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
華盛頓首都夜景自行車之旅
Duration:3 hours(7miles)
持續時間：3小時（7英里）
Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.
加入一個小型團體自行車之旅，夜遊華盛頓特區的中心地帶。當你騎自行車經過國會山和國家廣場時，你要靠近紀念碑和雕塑。當導游介紹不為人知的史實時，我們會經常停下來拍照。旅遊包括自行車、頭盔和瓶裝水。所有騎手都配有反光背心和安全燈。
『叄』 2018高考英語閱讀理解北京卷D篇淺析
首先，文本選自洛杉磯時報http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html 2018年3月9日發表的名為If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。
看原標題可以得出幾個信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是關鍵問題3.even worse，也就是有前提條件，然後才可能出現某種預期。
這篇閱讀理解試題選文的特點是，1.文章是國外主流媒體新近更新的文章，相對於高考日期來說是比較新的。2.題材相對比較前沿——關於無人駕駛汽車。相對來說的新科技話題，具有一定的信息引領性。同時，無人駕駛也是目前比較有爭論的話題，所以任何一篇文章都不會完全從某一個角度獨立來分析闡述這一現象，除非絕對的專業測評或者技術等視角，普通評論或者描述文章一定都會有或多或少的利弊分析，因為這是未知因素會有所影響的一個話題。本文也不例外，但是本文經過改編後明顯把話題傾向性定位在positive 上，整體看不出明顯的問題，但是會有對客觀事實的微小不尊重。這是從閱讀理解試題選文的真實性信息來考慮的。本文讀者受眾沒有刻意的區分和歸類以及傾向性，文章也不算純粹的科普文，屬於普通的說事文吧，依然是側重introce and describe ，因為沒有明顯的正反觀點的對比，文中對比主要體現在現象的比較，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基於此，本文的行文，正常來說要圍繞提出問題——分析問題——解決問題來進行。
試卷文本和原文比較有大量刪減改編。
首先看改編後的標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars關鍵信息定位在preparing cities。但是我們在正文當中是否能夠找到關鍵信息來支持標題核心信息，我認真閱讀後，還是不明朗。但是原選文標題比較符合原選文的核心內容。而且此標題從語言角度來說也不好理解，所以標題不做更多解釋。
（2018•北京）閱讀理解D
標題Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
試題文章第一段
原本想和原文比較一下改動部分，但是改動太大，就省略了吧，很明顯感覺改動得不是很好。比如prospect被替換為possibility 這個在理解文本含義上可以理解，但是假如作為精讀去點對點分析，就會不如原詞彙那麼妥帖，我只能用這個詞來形容。看prospects詞彙解釋：
以此例來說明改編的可能的不準確性，文本下面部分的改編的類似問題不再重復說明。
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 開篇點「題」，把無人駕駛汽車的現存狀態通過一個語義對比句展示出來。告知讀者本文是圍繞無人駕駛汽車現狀的某個問題闡述的。接下來的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有測試環節，二是有相關輔助環節。
California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 這是本文中圍繞標題而出現的最重要的關鍵信息。暗示cities在無人駕駛領域所可能做出的貢獻。
But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
此處有本文的一個題點關鍵詞regulated，提示regulation 對於無人駕駛未來走向的重要性。看48題：
As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
題幹部分有關鍵信息詞author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重點的……關注點，所以需要透徹理解本文所傳遞的信息是什麼，還要結合選項內容來看。同時結合原文看，本文是把safety 部分內容刪除掉了，而我們看四個選項事實上都可以，四個選項和客觀真實性是保持一致的，至於本試題當中認為限制答案為D，從做題角度會有很多解釋，但是這樣的試題不嚴密，且，好的試題不會用major來限定。
第二段
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一個暗含轉折，實際上是語義的一個側重「確定」的句子，使用了while …also表達，前後兩者都存在，但是此處側重強調後者的意思。那麼也就是說safety 問題是現存的一個相關焦點，但是這里作者想要強調also後面的內容。所以，從全文角度看，經過改編的文本有了作者或者文章態度上的些許不同，本段和原文比較有部分詞彙改編刪減，但是基本符合要求，沒有大的變化。
接下來的內容作者具體描述無人駕駛汽車的優勢和特色，包括停車管理，環境保護，以及和計程車公司等相比較的更多的便利，原文提到了優步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但試題文本有刪減，所以個別信息在理解上會覺得有模糊的感覺，不透徹。本段結束。
在此，我們就可以暫停，看試題：
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
題干中使用了pay attention to ，而這個題干是完全可以修改成一個更地道的句子的，也可以是問答方式，不是填空式。重點又在author 和attention 來限定信息，也就是可以推測，題目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表達的觀點，那麼根據文本內容，c項是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a項更符合出題人的思路，所以答案是A。
接下來看下一段內容，
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
段首一句屬於段落銜接句，用設問的形式引出來。一方面提示讀者思考，給出自己的思維判斷，同時引出下面作者想要陳述的內容，此句看關鍵詞worsen ，也就是說，作者暗示的觀點是現有的交通的諸多不利因素，對於無人駕駛汽車來說會是什麼樣的一種對比分析結果呢？而通過上文中作者的情感態度，大致可以判斷，下文作者想要闡述的是如何規避現有交通的不利因素。通過閱讀試卷上的文本，我感覺此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查閱原文，因為在手機上編輯，順便簡單截圖一下，如下：
通過閱讀原文，可以了解，此處被命題人刪除掉了，但是此舉就完全改變了文章的行文思路和意義的正常表達。因為在提到了無人駕駛汽車的優勢以後，作者做了一個imagine ，也就是假想內容，而此假設導致的結果就是滿街的無人駕駛汽車，而此句也被命題人刪除了，但是這些信息是非常關鍵的信息，是管理者要解決無人駕駛汽車所要面對的關鍵問題，刪除後，就不能體現初衷含義了，而且閱讀時會晦澀，不能夠真正表達真實場景。具體語言不做分析解釋，接下來看下一段，
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因為刪除掉的信息，而會覺得沒有自然的過度和銜接。在介紹了環保和降低使用成本等優勢以後，作者把話題引到了首批無人駕駛汽車的試用上，
commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，這些詞是屬於此處的主要信息詞，提示下面舉措的原因，命題人沒有在此處命題，而是避開，命制了一個所謂猜測詞義題目。來看試題：
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
根據field所在原文語境，提示，鑒於一些考量首先要把無人駕駛技術應用於叫車服務領域。field在此處取其名詞「領域」的動詞含義「應用於某一領域」，在此，也就是把車輛服務劃分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽車，叫車服務等等。所以在理解此詞的時候需要理解原語境的微妙提示，而不是簡單來隨意根據主觀判斷下結論，盡管結論可能也不是太離譜，至少我查了很多詞典，沒有查到field的英英解釋為employ。細節不做分析。繼續下一段，
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
最後一段，我們看它的情感態度，一個對未來的期待和展望，是建立在對現有一些問題和技術的解決和確認的基礎上的，也就是說，作者的觀點態度中規中矩，但最後一句還是表達了對未來無人駕駛汽車的正面期待。結尾段，對整個上文信息做了概括總結，綜合了上文信息點。看最後一題：
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
答案是B。這個不多說，假如發散開來還有很多內容能夠闡述。
總結一下：
本題目選自主流外刊，時間比較新，話題比較新。命題人對文本進行了一定量的改動刪減，個人認為已經影響了准確和地道信息的傳遞，這是不太看好的地方。文本語言和結構沒有特殊難點，試題命制也沒有深度思維理解的題目，所以考慮試題安排難度，應該不是難題范疇。解讀本文本相當於外刊解讀的一個過程了。所以說高考題目文本精良，和外刊解讀和運用分割開來不是一個真命題。我記得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命題人做了一些刪減改編，而使得整個行文不達意，試題缺少信息支持。這是一個不可忽視的命題問題。
沒有時間和精力做更精細的分析。
下面是試題原文：
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help rece traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most alts own indivial self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could rece carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs
48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reced.
50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
『肆』 2018年11月浙江高考英語閱讀B篇分析
摘要
高考英語試題整體題型結構當中，閱讀理解回答問題（包括本文將要評述的閱讀理解四選一試題）占據高考試卷相當的比例。一線教學當中也會使用此類試題作為評價英語學習的方式，那麼如何判斷一篇英語閱讀理解試題的優劣呢？本文以2819年11月浙江高考英語閱讀理解B篇作為實例來進行客觀分析。
文章首句22個詞。並非是一個短句。而且句中沒有生僻詞彙，也沒有復雜句式。但是卻沒有出現本文的主題詞彙summer vacation 。卻巧妙地運用了forget about classroom bells and set off for grandparents homes, sleep-away camps and lifeguard stands這樣的描述，引出了下面可能的主題。此處正常來說不會設立命題點，因為單從本句看，沒有命題點需要的支撐信息。甚至讀者也可以躍過此句直接閱讀下文，因為接下來的but summer vacation 提示主題內容開始描述了。首句中可以通過閱讀學習的短語為forget about ，set off for，sleep－away camps，life guard stands。假如此處欲命題的話可以命制一個簡單推斷題，但是干擾項不好設計。而此句在寫作情感上屬於比較歡快的文字，用於句首平衡了文章在語意上的表達風格。
接下來But引出的轉折意義並非是首句的直接轉折而是引出本文的核心闡述脈絡。以三個關鍵轉折時間點為依託，突出summer vacation 的發展歷程，以及每一個階段的特點。也就是說從此處開始文章主要以時間順序來描述。層層遞進。
第一個時間點Before the civil war ，關鍵信息neither of which included a summer vacation ，rural ，urban……。此處命題人命制24題：
24. What did the rural school calendar before the Civil War allow children to do?
A. Enjoy a summer vacation.
B. Take a break each quarter.
C. Have 48 weeks of study a year.
D. Assist their parents with farm work.
本套試卷閱讀理解部分命題人均採用了問答式提問。大約看了一下提問風格，沒有特別的測試學角度意義，應該只是命題人的個人喜好而已。本題題幹部分信息很完整了，個人甚至認為因為題干信息提示過多，這條題目的干擾項會是一種「傾向於繞腦的考查」，而不是純粹的對文章主題信息的理解程度的考查。看選項，BC項是描述當時的urban school 相應情況的，所以題干限制在rural上，A項的設置還是比較好的，有對於文中信息neither of which 部分的一個理解誤判的可能性。答案是D項。
接下來是時間標志詞in the 1840s，而命題人也是根據三個時間發展段的相關信息來設計命題點的。文章脈絡沒有特殊分析價值，看試題25題干依然是全包含具體信息題干，關鍵詞ecational reformers ，in the 1840s，基本就完全制約限制了讀者的思維，只需要根據提示回讀原文信息即可。此題的特點是，選項B項的設置為原文信息第一段Rural(農村的）schooling was divided into summer and winter terms, leaving kids free to help with the farm work in the spring planting and fall harvest seasons.和本段中that rural schooling was not enough ，甚至可以說直接根據後者就可以否定，這種干擾項命題方式屬於民間所說的原文信息反面paraphrase ，既然not enough，自然不能再shortenen 了，此干擾項的設置還可以算作閱讀理解范圍內的可能誤判而出現的信息誤差點，盡管選項內容和題干內容的信息提示都過度具體，但是可以接受。C項在原文信息鏈中是不存在相關信息支持的。從原文介紹summer vacation 到此處promote the study of farming，基本沒有邏輯和思維關聯性。原文提示farming calendar 是改革的措施之一。D項也是「張冠李戴」式的干擾項設置，原文it offered a rest for teachers，而rest則在summer vacation 的信息鏈條上。這就是信息鏈條緊密結合相關主題的閱讀模式，可以有助於此類閱讀理解命題的理解和解答。答案A。A項的確認可以從文章發展脈絡以及第二段整體信息可以推測出來，也就是「先無後有」，而通過常識也知道summer vacation 是存在的了。
25. What did the ecational reformers do in the 1840s?
A. They introced summer vacation.
B. They shortened rural school terms.
C. They promoted the study of farming.
D. They advocated higher pay for teachers.
按照時間發展順序看接下來一段信息，modern age，為了便於直觀理解把本段內容復制過來：But people's opinion about the modern U.S.school year, which averages 180 days,is still divided. Some experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which took hold in the early 20th century, is one of the reasons math skills and graation rates of U.S. high schoolers ranked well below average in two international ecation reports published in 2007. Others insist that with children under increasing pressure to devote their downtime to internships（實習）or study, there's still room for an institution that protects the lazy days of childhood.看段落銜接詞But從語篇分析角度這是一個對於之前信息的轉折，也就是說，上面的信息內容傳遞的核心含義在此段會有轉折性的表述，此處以people』s opinion 的形式出現，而首句中的180days，school year暗示假期也是180days，根據邏輯解讀判斷，此假期時間是比較長的。而此句當中divided的運用說明相關觀點是有分歧的，所以26題當中提到了some people unhappy 也就是其中一部分人的觀點。看接下來的一個長句Some experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which took hold in the early 20th century, is one of the reasons math skills and graation rates of U.S. high schoolers ranked well below average in two international ecation reports published in 2007. 首先作者採用了expers的觀點，且提到了two international ecation reports published in 2007，作者如此寫作的目的是為了證明觀點的權威性，增加可信度。pleasant but lazy 即可以根據緊接著的舉例而肯定所要強調的是lazy帶來的後果。此句盡管略長，但沒有影響閱讀的生僻詞彙和句式，所以基本可以掌握傳遞的信息。到此處可以完成26題：
26. Why are some people unhappy about the modern U. S. school year?
A. It pushes the teachers too hard.
B. It reces the quality of ecation
C. It ignores science instruction.
D. It includes no time for internships.
因為接下來文章最後的觀點屬於解決問題的辦法，所以和26題關聯不大。此題的作答最佳方法就是直接從題目到原文到正確答案。不要細致琢磨干擾項，因為正確答案可以直接判斷，防止被干擾和節約作答時間。答案為B。
簡要總結：
本文文本選取還是可以的，內容為中學生相關，且具有跨文化差異性，可以輔助了解美國中學summer vacation 的相關信息。文章寫作風格比較平鋪直敘，按照時間順序進行羅列，因此結構比較清晰，圍繞核心話題論述比較緊湊，信息鏈明確。但由於文章風格是細節描述非常多，所以留給讀者的深層次閱讀和推理審辨閱讀理解的空間不大。命題人全部設置了完全細節問答模式，把閱讀者思維限制在局限范圍內。題目設置優點在於干擾項的設置，大多比較巧妙（通俗說比較繞），避免了細節題目可能的弱干擾或者無效干擾。本篇作答特點是題干——原文——正確答案。盡量減少在干擾項上的徘徊。
『伍』 2018年高考英語全國卷1 - 閱讀理解D
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style. That』s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
我們可能認為，在我們的文化中，一看到嶄新的事物就會摒棄我們的舊技術，但一項新的研究表明，當舊設備過時了之後我們仍然繼續使用。這對於環境和我們的錢包來說是個壞消息，因為這些過時的設備做同樣的事情要比新設備消耗更多的能源。
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each proct throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
為了弄清楚這些設備的耗電量，紐約羅切斯特理工學院的卡莉·巴比特和她的同事跟蹤了每種產品在其整個生命周期內造成的環境代價——從原料開採到停止使用該設備。這一方法提供了自20世紀90年代初以來家庭能源使用的變化數據。不同的年代出現了不同的設備。台式計算機、最初的行動電話和盒式電視定義了1992年。1997年，數碼相機問世。2002年MP3播放器、智能手機和液晶電視進入家庭，2007年平板電腦和電子閱讀器問世。
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling ring the 1992 to 2007 window.
然而，當我們積累了更多的設備時，我們並沒有扔掉我們的舊設備。一位研究人員說：「客廳的電視更換後放在孩子們的房間里，突然有一天，家裡每個房間都有一台電視」。每個家庭擁有的電子設備平均數量從1992年的4台增加到2007年的13台。我們不僅保留了這些舊設備，我們還繼續使用它們。根據巴比特團隊的分析，舊的台式顯示器和帶有陰極射線管的盒式電視是最糟糕的設備，它們的能耗和溫室氣體排放量都很高，在1992年至2007年期間增加了一倍多。
So what's the solution? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old procts with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
那麼解決方案是什麼呢？該團隊的數據僅持續到2007年，但研究人員還探討了如果消費者使用具有多種功能的新電子產品（如用於文字處理和電視觀看的平板電腦）取代舊產品會發生什麼情況。他們發現，用平板電腦上代替電視和台式電腦觀看更多的娛樂點播節目，可以減少44%的能耗。
『陸』 2018全國一卷英語閱讀理解B篇分析
個人認為本文是兼有敘事風格和新聞風格的一篇文章。
通過文中幾個關鍵信息The eight-part series (系列節目)，ITV，
Good Morning Britain等初步可以判斷主人公的個人身份可能是電視台host。由此我們需要釐清一個現象，那就是選文的背景。很明顯，本文選自外刊，也就是說文章是國外媒體，所以針對其當地人為主要閱讀對象，寫作風格和語言也是有針對性的，正如假如媒體撰文關於我們的中央電視台的某節目和節目主持人的話，我們會對相關信息有一定的背景了解，無需文章再贅述，而本文也是如此，反過來，它相對於我們這些對背景了解甚少的讀者來說，某些信息就需要猜測，所以拿來作為高考題目選文，感覺上至少陌生背景信息一定不要影響學生理解文本核心信息和作答為佳。
第一題，命題人順序命題，看第一段信息，此段信息也是本文比較關鍵的信息，它為下文的正確閱讀理解有一定的鋪墊作用。關鍵信息點be used to，but ，guests，cook up a storm 等可以大致確定她身份的一個變化。最重要的語篇標志詞but把她的工作性質進行了轉折，有助於作答第一題。所以B為答案，干擾比較大的是A，因為此項信息沒有更多信息支持是否she enjoys embarrassing her guests ，因為在歐美人士的思維和語言使用中會有一種隱含的意思，有時候會有詼諧風格，所以此項內容站在國內思維角度算作是干擾信息吧。guests on the sofa坐在沙發上的特邀嘉賓
Grill這個詞彙的使用是非常微妙的，詞典中b義原本就是a義的轉喻。這裡面應該有修辭在裡面。還有就是英漢詞典中也明確標明詞義「拷問」，對應英文釋義就可以理解了。那麼我們可以推斷Susanna原來主持的節目是早間的一檔類似於智力問答一類或者涉及需要和嘉賓進行問題交流的節目。至於具體節目內容不需要具體探究。作者在此處使用了grill這個詞，非常生動，很形象又和下文中所提到的cook food等內容有一定的呼應，比較恰當。cook up a storm 這個詞快不屬於關鍵信息詞，但是此處根據語境可以命制一條詞義理解題目，會比較好。
接下來第二題，命題人順序出題，此題的出題點選擇的過於細微。題干中有具體指示詞，回原文查找信息，然後理解細節，題干提示How，那就側重點放於此。看原文she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to rece food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day，認真理解此處信息會發現Matt Tebbutt幫助她的是為她提供建議，來自於一線廚師的建議。也就是說她的節目當中可能會先預訂好每日的菜譜，按照菜譜去做菜，且按照要求，做菜的成本控制在每日每戶不超過5£。下文也有幾處提到Matt，但是對於Matt在整個電視節目中具體做什麼，從文本內容本身是無法得出的，假如推測的話，也可以有不同的推斷，所以還是呼應上面的說法，本文的目標閱讀對象是熟悉這一電視節目的人，所以文中沒有相對於某些具體信息做細致交代，事實上命題人有可能是在迴避不精確理解，打了一個擦邊球，cooking matters 很難理解具體表達什麼，可以理解為「烹飪方面相關事項」。而此處，命題人的闡述感覺很奇怪，但是又不能完全否定，鑒於其他干擾基本可以排除，那麼答案只能鎖定C。
文章行文至此，作者插入了一段對於電視節目的大致介紹。命題人在此確立了一個命題點，假如一定要歸類的話，可以歸類為作者「寫作手法或者作者寫作意圖題」，從文章篇章角度看，突出強調這一段在整個篇章結構中的作用。根據上下文來看，答案很明顯。因為此段內容和前後內容沒有明顯的總結和因果等關系。
27題標題歸納題。讀懂文章就可以做出正確答案，干擾項基本設置也算合理。但是，假如從另外一個角度來說，把標題作為文章大意來使用的話，那麼會感覺本文的文章風格和脈絡不是特別恰當。而且D項的表達也感覺比較牽強。求證了下題源，原標題確實和本標題不一樣。Good Morning Britain』s Susanna Reid on new cooking on a tight budget，
本文本的優點在於題材比較貼近生活，但不是中國高中生的生活，少花錢做好食物的觀點也有正面價值觀導向，但是因為文章寫作風格的限制，核心觀點並沒有深入介紹和剖析。且命題點受限，命題局限。文章另外還可以挖出一兩個其他題點的。
以下為原文文本和圖片
Good Morning Britain』s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to rece food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she』s been able to put a lot of what she』s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11. 「We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,」 she explains. 「I pay £5 for a portion (一份), bur Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we』re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.」 The eight-part series (系列節目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV』s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health procts on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight』s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family』s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.