英語閱讀理解題型及技巧詞義猜測
① 英語閱讀理解的題型
英語閱讀理解的題型
作為高考英語試卷中題量最大、分值最多、難度最高的題型,高考英語閱讀理解題在整個高中英語中至關重要。下面我整理了高考英語閱讀理解的常見題型以及解題方法,大家一起來看一下吧!
【高考英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題方法】
一、主旨大意題
主旨大意題主要考查學生對所讀材料(或所讀材料片斷)中心思想的概括。做這類題時,考生應通讀全文,把握文章大意或中心思想,同時注意文章的主題句,因為主題句表達中心思想,其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開。主題句通常位於文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但位於段落中間(通常是第一段或最後一段的中間)也是完全可能的。主旨大意題的考查形式很多,如概括標題、主題、段意、中心思想等。請看浙江卷中的一個段落:
In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
◎What is the subject discussed in the text?
A. The writer’s unhappy school life
B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money
C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker
D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant
原文共有五個自然段,上面摘錄的只是文章的第1個自然段,但是如果考生訓練有素的話,只要讀完這個段落就可猜出此題的答案了。因為文章第一句說In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget,接著作者用but引出一個新的情況(即主題句):none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下來又說:The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聰明的讀者至此應該可以猜測到,下面的幾個段落肯定是介紹這個apple plant 的work是如何的hard,它的pay是如何的poor,它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比較四個選項,只有選項D所表述內容合乎上面的分析,故選D。
二、事實細節題
顧名思義,事實細節題即指針對文章的某個事實或細節而設置的試題。事實細節題的命題方法很多,如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換或簡單換算)。請看安徽卷中的一道事實細節題:
Tuition Fees(學費)
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: [email protected]
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: [email protected]
◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
根據Tuition fees一節的內容可知,一年的學費最低為5,000美元,再根據Accommodation(住宿)一節可知,除學費外,還有住宿費(每月100美元)和生活費(每月150美元),即一年大約共3,000美元,所以在WaiKato大學讀書一年至少要花費5,000+3,000=8,000美元,故答案為B。
三、代詞指代題
這類題要求考生根據一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義,它主要考查考生在一定語境中對上下文邏輯關系的正確理解。做這類題時,考生不僅要讀懂相關句子的句意,理順相關句子的邏輯關系,而且還要學會合理變通,尤其要學會變通理解其中的`同義表達。請看天津卷中的一個片斷和一個道詞義猜測題:
Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以預見的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
◎What does the underlined word “this” refer to?
A. Great contributions to the society.
B. Long-time study of the subject matter.
C. Various statements about problem solving.
D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.
此題答案選B。答案的直接依據是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 這兩句話。從句意和句子結構上看,this在此指代的應是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time,比較四個選項,只有B與之吻合,因為選項中的long-time與原文中的over fairly long periods of time屬同義表達,選項中的study of the subject matter 與原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem屬同義表達。
四、詞義猜測題
即要求考生根據一定的上下文猜測生詞的詞義。它是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個難點,同學們應引起充分重視。猜測生詞詞義的方法很多,常用的有同義解釋法、因果推斷法、前後對比法、基本構詞法、語境理解法、舉例說明法、常識背景法、類屬分析法等。請看安徽卷中一道詞義猜測題:
More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(壓力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
◎The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examination
此題答案選A。比較四個選項,同時結合常識,文中所提到的事實和數據應該是“調查和研究”得出的(其他幾個選項可排除)。
五、推理判斷題
即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上,作出一定的判斷和推理,從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬於主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題,做這類題目時,同學們應嚴格依據作者所陳述的細節、事實以及作者的措詞、態度和語氣等,找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語,然後利用自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷,從而得出符合邏輯的結論。此時應特別注意:當問及作者的看法、意圖與態度時,不要誤認為是在問“你”(考生)的想法,而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點。請看全國卷中的一個段落:
Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(縮回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.
◎By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.
A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes
B. show the hardship of growing the roses
C. express her liking for the roses
D. express her care for the tomatoes
本文大意講的是作者在春天偶然栽種的一棵西紅柿長成後非常大,影響到園中的玫瑰花,作者在享受西紅柿美味的同時,又難以割捨珍貴的玫瑰花,面對兩種選擇,作者舉棋不定。
此題要求考生推測作者說the prize so dearly won的意圖,屬推理判斷題。此題答案選A,其推理依據主要有以下幾點:一是作者在第1句用了 the task一詞,將摘西紅柿看成是一項“任務”;二是作者在三個地方用了have to,表示摘西紅柿不容易;三是作者還用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等誇張性用詞,充分說明了摘西紅柿的難度。比較四個選項,顯然只有選項A最佳。
;② 高中英語閱讀理解題型解讀和解題技巧
高中英語閱讀理解題型解讀和解題技巧
閱讀作為考試中佔大量的評分,那麼掌握好英語閱讀技巧是很重要的,本文由我為大家搜集的高中英語閱讀理解題型解讀和解題技巧,我們一起來看看吧!
(一)閱讀是獲得更綜合、更復雜、更精確信息的必要手段,考生在做閱讀理解時,不僅要看懂文章的字面意思,還需要針對不同題材和體裁的篇目運用不同的方法作出正確的選擇。一般來說,詞彙、閱讀速度和理解能力是閱讀理解中三個最重要且有相互聯系的因素。
閱讀的方法可以使用以下幾種:
1.跳讀:就是快速的一步閱讀法。實際上是有選擇閱讀,找關鍵詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。
2.略讀:指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀,目的是了解大意,對文章有個總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問題。
3.精讀:即最細致、最慢的深層閱讀方法,目的是求得對所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。
在使用閱讀技巧時盡量做到以下幾點:
1.帶著問題閱讀短文。
2.找出主題句、確定中心思想。
3.推斷單詞、句子和文章的含義。
4.盡快選擇答案。
(二)不同體裁文章的特點及解題技巧
1.記敘文 記敘文又可分傳記類和故事類。 傳記類文章在閱讀中時間是全文的關鍵,根據時間我們可以找到相關的事件,抓住文章的主要內容。故事類文章情節性較強,閱讀時要注意故事中的時間、地點、人物和發生的事件,這些都是文章中的主要內容和信息,對於准確理解文章十分重要。
2.說明文 說明文是對事物的形狀、性質、特徵、成果或功用等進行介紹,解釋或闡述的文章。把握所說明事物的特徵和本質是理解說明文的關鍵。說明事物特徵的方法很多,主要有定義法、解釋法、比較法、比喻法、數字法、圖表法、引用法和舉例法等。 數字說明文 在閱讀數字說明文時要特別注意文中數字的含義,從這些數字中可以找到文章的主要內容。 解釋說明文 解釋說明文著重說明事物的本質、特徵和功用等。許多科普文章都屬於這一類。在閱讀這類文章時要學會解決what, how, why 等一類的問題。它們是文章的關鍵。如能帶著這些問題閱讀,將會更迅速抓住文章的主題。 比較說明文 比較說明文是通過對比方法說明問題。在閱讀這類文章時要善於把握全篇陳述的基本傾向。作者在談論一個有爭議的問題時總要顧及到爭議的各個方面。但是,在一般情況下,作者的陳述總要傾向於某一種觀點。
3.應用文 應用文涉及的范圍比較廣,包括廣告、通知、書信等。應用文一般語言簡潔,省略及不規范的句子較多。閱讀時一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息,並運用這些信息去解決問題。因此對題乾的理解尤為重要。 閱讀理解的考題分為客觀理解題(是指在短文中客觀存在的事實,客觀信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具體事實或抽象概念)和主觀理解題(這類問題都不可能直接從原文中找到答案,須通過閱讀文章對文章主旨和深層含義有更深理解,並據此進行判斷和推理)。其中細節理解題和猜測詞義題屬於客觀題;主旨大意題和推理判斷題屬於主觀題。針對不同類型的題目,要在平時的練習過程中,結合具體的題目,給學生進行解題方法
2 的指導和講解。對於客觀題,要提醒他們閱讀時關注文章的細節,如時間,地點或一些具體數字,在選擇答案時,務必從原文中找到確切的依據。 我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下四大題型,根據閱讀理解題考查角度的不同,可採用不同的解題技巧來應付。
Ⅰ.事實細節題 屬於細節類型的閱讀理解題一般只針對某個特定的細節,題型可以多種多樣。此類題型一般分兩種。第一種是直接理解題,在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉換題,正確選項是原文有關詞語和句子的轉換。做此類試題一定要抓住事件發生的時間、地點、人物、發展過程和結局等環節,所選答案一定要符合原文,切不可望文生義。這類題型的主要提問方式常為:
①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?
②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?
③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
④All the following statements are NOT true excep. 細節題的破解一般採用尋讀法,即先看試題,再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位,再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性,提高了做題的准確率,節省了寶貴的時間。尋讀法還特別適用於對圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關系。英語中有許多功能詞,如:表因果關系的because, since, as等;表轉折關系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。
Ⅱ.猜測詞義題 在高考閱讀題中,考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個:一是被已認識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導;二是被完全不認識的單詞的意思所阻礙,從而出現理解偏差或理解困難,影響閱讀的速度。其實解決這兩個困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念,要學會“順藤摸瓜”,通過構詞,語法,定義,同位,對比,因果,常識,上下文等線索確定詞義。
在閱讀解題時要注意從以下七個方面著手:
1)根據定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義 在be,be called,call等判斷詞出現的判斷句中,或定語從句及標點符號,可以根據已知部分,猜測生詞的含義。例如:
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思,能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。
2)根據對比關系猜測生詞的詞義 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉折的連詞出現的句子中,其前後的詞有明顯對比關系,根據已知的內容,通過這種對比關系,就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如: Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對的便是“骯臟的`”了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“骯臟的”。
3)通過因果關系猜測詞義 because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞,so是連接表示結果的狀語從句的連詞,so……that與such……that中的that是連接結果狀語從句的。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中,通過因果關系,依據已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據because從句所講的意思,我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。
4)根據生活常識猜測詞義
3 運用邏輯推理能力,自身的生活經驗及生活常識。再聯繫上下文能讀懂的部分,可以正確猜出詞義。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據句子意思及生活經驗,wither表示“枯萎”。
5)根據同等關系猜測詞義 同等關系,指的是一個詞,一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分,而且它們的詞義都屬於同一范疇。明顯的標志是,這樣的片語或短語中間常常用並列連詞and或or來連接。例如: At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時期”。
6)根據列舉的事例猜測詞義 You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English". "Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning". 從後面列舉的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,雜志”的意思。
7)根據構詞法知識猜測詞義 根據學過的構詞法知識,知道詞根和前綴或後綴的意義,就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如在2006年福建的高考題文章中有這樣一句:
The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. A.kind B.unwilling C. free D.careless
【解題思路】通過破折號可知正確答案為B.
Ⅲ.推理判斷題 做這類題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時,又要求學生對作者的態度、意圖及文章細節的發展作正確的推理判斷,力求從作者的角度去考慮,不要固守自己的看法或觀點。不要主觀臆斷,憑空想像,任意發揮,而走入誤區。學生要學會運用主題句去推測、揣摩文字背後作者的意圖,運用歸納、對比、演繹技能,運用背景知識去挖掘文章深層含義,從而正確理解作者的言外之意,同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(如:否定、厭惡、反問、諷刺等)。
這類試題常以如下句式發問:
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?
②What’s the author’s attitude(態度)towards……?
③We can infer /learn from the passage that…… 如: Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.” Q: What can you conclude from this passage? A. the engineer asked for too much money B. the workers should pay the money C. the knowledge is worth money D. the new part could cost more
這篇短文是作者講的一個故事,那麼通過這個故事我們可以判斷出什麼呢?雖然作者沒有言明,但是我們可以斷定,發現問題的所在需要智慧和知識,知識是創造價值的源泉,因此此題的正確答案應為C. Ⅳ.主旨大意題 這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體,並真正理解主題和中心;要求能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題,難度較大,屬於高層次題。
;③ 如何做好英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題
猜測詞義題
在閱讀中我們經常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典,查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力,而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上,閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前後的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯系。我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查,因此,掌握一定的猜詞技巧,對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。
常見的題干有:
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜測詞義時,一般可利用以下四個方面的線索:
一是針對性的解釋
針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想,在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞彙等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體,所使用的語言通俗易懂,利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。
1.根據定義(definition)猜測詞義
如果生詞有一個句子(定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句)或段落來定義,或使用破折號,冒號,分號後的內容和引號括弧中的內容加以解釋和定義,那麼理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(聲稱)as its own.(2005年湖北卷)
[分析]由定義可推知,這里territory指的是:動物的地盤。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.(2005年浙江卷)
[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域:一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . (2004年福建卷)
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A.place in which you can see many mobile homes
B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句,我們可以推測到:The Pines 是一家餐館的名字,由此不難推出理解題的答案為:D。
2.根據舉例猜測詞義
恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.(2004年遼寧卷)
[分析]根據such as 後面列舉的一系列例子,我們應該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。
二是內在邏輯關系
根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系,然後根據邏輯聯系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
1.根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義
在一個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述,我們可以根據生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞彙和短語主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關系的句子結構:while 引導的並列句。同對比關系相反,比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? (2002年NMET)
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根據對比關系,這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義,很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關系,其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。
2.根據因果關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中,若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系,我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
(2005年上海卷)
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
[分析]根據since 引導的原因狀語從句的內容(既然你是我的上司),我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是:冒失的,放肆的意思,後半句的意思是:我告訴你怎麼做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為:B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.(2005年江西卷)
根據原因狀語從句的內容,我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是:修剪(樹枝等)的意思。
3.根據說明、並列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據語言環境所表面的關系猜測詞義。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線),good and ill together. (2005年江蘇卷)
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義,據此我們不難推測mingled的意思是:混合的,交織的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. (2004年湖北卷)
[分析]根據and three other medical centers 這種並列關系,我們很容易推斷出:Johns Hopkins是一家醫療中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根據與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame為詆毀 ,中傷或誹謗
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]運用與football的同義關系推斷為足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]運用與The house近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]後面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關系,運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的,即文盲
三是通過構詞法
在猜測詞義過程中,我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識,從生詞本身猜測詞義。
1.根據前綴猜測詞義
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根據詞根ecational (教育的),結合前綴co-(共同,一起),我們便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是:男女同校教育的意思。(2005年江西卷)
2.根據後綴猜測詞義
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.(2005年廣東卷)
後綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為;使化,結合詞根commercial(商業的),不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是:未被商業化的。
3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(別扭的)hand positions.(2005年北京卷)
Well-designed 或許是個生詞,但我們分析該詞的結構後,就能推測出其含義。它由well (好,優秀)和design (設計)兩部分組成,合在一起便是設計精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. (2004年浙江卷)
根據合成詞中的mass (大量的)和proce (生產),我們可以推測 mass-proce的意思是:大批量生產;規模生產的意思。
4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. (2004年山東卷)
head本為名詞,表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷,該句head為動詞,表方向,結合全句可譯為開往、駛向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (2004全國卷Ⅱ)
cloud本為名詞,表雲。分析語境邏輯可知,憂慮會影響一個人的判斷,因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。
④ 高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
英語閱讀理解題的難度在不斷增大,考生們也大多知難而進。下面是我為大家帶來的高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧,歡迎閱讀。
一、四選一型閱讀
高考閱讀不同文體按照題型分類主要分為五大類:細節題、推理題、主旨大意題、詞義句意猜測題、結構順序題。
1、細節題解題技巧
細節題,顧名思義,就是指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多,如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換)。
現在圍繞上述的定位理論,引申出幾個小的技巧:
(1) 關鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細節題,如涉及到數字(日期、時間、價格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出數字,再找出目標數字及相對應的細節作息,還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等,其他的還包括一些提示情節發展,或條綱性關鍵字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英語北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析:此題屬典型細節題,通過題干中的時間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分,很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
(2) 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關鍵詞和文中的不一致,但屬於同義性質,同義轉換其實是在關鍵間的基礎上拐了個彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英語北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析:此題屬細節題,定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對應,而want most和longs for對應,這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結:在閱讀中,精準快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質。定位法是需要在做題的過程中有意識的培養的,做題的技巧也是可以總結的,關鍵是要自覺培養這種分析歸納和總結的意識以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義:在理解原文字面意思的基礎上,通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示,做出一定的判斷和推理,從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。
出現特徵:在考題中經常出現的詞有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. 「We're moving house.'; 「No space for her any more with the baby coming.」 「We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.」 People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英語北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析:由題目得知:是考察作者的態度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語和行為,即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.「
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者對它的不舍,答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在閱讀原文基礎上,仔細考慮選項是否與文章主題有密切聯系
(2) 再看選項對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
(3) 要注意題目是否過大或者過小
(4) 要避免下列三種錯誤
概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體,導致范圍過小)
過度概括(多表現為擴大范圍)
以事實、細節代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警報) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估計) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
「The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,」 FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve 「approaching threats」, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (綁架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英語山東卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析:D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山,提出將創建一個全國性的簡訊警報系統;最後一段重申主題,對這種新系統的未來進行展望。因此最准確的標題是D。A項錯在protecting students;B項錯在by wireless instry;C項錯在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過閱讀上下文,結合中學生應有的賞識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或者片語的意思。出現特徵:劃線或者引號
解題方法之一:根據上下文,往往是本句中的同位關系進行猜測。
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, 「My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.」 The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word 「burning」 in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析:從burning這個詞來說,意為「發熱的,強烈的,燃燒的`」,後面緊跟動詞片語「find out」說明在尋找時刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的,最後是一個賓語從句,是我曾經做錯過什麼,那麼這個題目顯然就是選擇和「渴望的,熱切的」詞義,顯然為D選項。
5、結構順序題解題技巧
常見提問方式:
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路:
(1) 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開頭,簡要概括文章的中心思想,
(2) 找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭,也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
(3) 最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系,承上啟下,使文章行文連貫,邏輯嚴密。為突出主題,作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章,通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word 「diet」 everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身體上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word 「diet」 in food labels.
On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(營養成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英語北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
解析:文章第一段點明節食產品在誤導人們;第二段說明節食產品對人們心理上的影響;第三段說明節食產品誤導人們認為不費勁就可以減肥,即對人們身體上的危害;第四段說明節食產品的危害;第五段說明人們應該慎重對待節食產品,故從文章結構上看應該是B項正確。
二、七選五型閱讀
考生需要在語篇信息存在缺失的情況下,准確理解整篇文章,特別是設題部位前後句的邏輯關系,通過上下文的線索進行判斷,預測下文,然後做出正確判斷。
命題分析:我們如果把整篇文章看成一個信息群,這個信息群實際上是由兩大信息版塊構成的:
已知信息:原文在五處空缺之外的沒有被挖掉的信息
待選信息:七個待選選項中的信息
這兩個信息板塊間絕不是孤立的,而是有緊密的互動邏輯關系,連起來是一篇完整的文章。
考試題型對學生的考察能力來看無外乎兩個方面:
(1) 把握整篇文章的布局和邏輯層次關系
(2) 把握微觀信息間關聯性(即空格前後句間關系)
解題方法:詞彙同現、詞彙復現、代詞妙用、數字線索、邏輯線索。
Muzak
The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? _____ (71) It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.
Quiet background music used to be called 「elevator (電梯) music」 because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name 「Muzak」. About one-third of the people in America listen to 「Muzak」 everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired.______ (72)
If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? _____ (73)
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ (74)Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
_____ (75)They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!( 2010年高考英語北京卷)
A. Some people don't like Muzak.
B. The music gives them extra energy.
C. Music is playing in the background.
D. Factory workers proce 13 percent more.
E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
答案:CBFDA
代詞妙用:代詞指代前面提到的thing, 所以只要找到與代詞含義一致的詞就可搞定。
71空格後面出現「It's similar to the music you listen to,」那麼我們只要分析出其中的「it」的具體指代即可,通過題目及略讀下文,我們很容易知道該文介紹一種音樂,而且第一段故作懸念,一直未給出其名字,所以我們只要找到選項中包含音樂一詞而沒有點名繆扎克一詞的即可,很容易鎖定BC選項,因為B項意義與下文相去甚遠,故舍B取C沒商量。
75空格後出現「They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.」,同理,我們就要確定「they」的具體指代,首先由於「say」的出現,我們鎖定「they」為人的復數,所以輕松鎖定ADF,所謂真金不怕火來煉,D顯然邏輯不通,F由於其主語也為人,段落第一句永遠不會出現意思不明的代詞(we, you 除外,因為它們可以明確指代廣義的人),故輕松排除F選出真金A。
72此題雖然不是明顯的後文出現代詞,但其前亦有代詞出現,「It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning,」下文承接上文,肯定有聯系,找出「it」的具體指代-the music, 輕松選出B項。(註:也可應用詞彙復現法)
詞彙復現法:情非得已時選擇的一種方法,知道與前後文中有詞彙重復的選項即可,有時也可指含義一致的詞彙,如72
73前文中「but others are happy when their songs are chosen」有「their songs」, F項亦有相同詞彙出現,放進去,意思通曉明白,搞定。
74後文中「Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有」percent more「,D項亦有相同詞彙出現,且意思連貫,選出即可。
72題中前句中出現」when people are more tired. 「能夠與」tired「相對應的四選項中只有」energy「,累了對應能量,亦可做出此題。
;⑤ 高中英語閱讀理解的詞義猜測題怎麼做
閱讀理解能力測試的主要要求及應試策略 王俊 高中英語閱讀理解能力測試的主要要求: 1.讀材料的主旨和大意,以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細節。 2.既理解具體的事實,也理解抽象的概念。 3.既理解字面的意思,也理解深層的含義,包括作者的態度,意圖等。 4.既理解某句,某段的含義,也理解全篇的邏輯關系,並據此進行推理和判斷。 5.既能根據所提供的信息去理解,也能結合中學生應有的常識去理解。根據這五項要求,我們可將閱讀理解多項選擇題歸納為以下幾種題型:細節理解題,詞句理解題,主題、主旨題,猜測詞義題,推理判斷題。下面作者結合平時教學中的經驗體會,談一談做英語 閱讀理解題的技巧與策略。 一、 先看題干,帶著問題讀文章。 即先看試題,再讀文章。閱讀題干,首先要掌握問題的類型,分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案;而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調,作者未加陳述的觀點以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,這類題必須經過對作者的態度、意圖以及對整篇文章進行深一層的推理等。其次,了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息,然後有針對性地對文章進行掃讀,對有關信息進行快速定位,再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性,提高了做題的准確率,節省了寶貴的時間。特別適用於對 圖形表格類題材的理解。 二、 速讀全文,了解大意知主題。 閱讀的目的是獲取信息。一個人的閱讀能力的高低決定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力。沒有一定的閱讀速度就不能順利地輸入信息,更談不上運用英語。近幾年的高考閱讀速度大約是每分鍾40個詞左右。考生必須在十分有限的時間內運用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀,搜尋關鍵詞、主題句,捕捉時空、順序、情節、人物、觀點,並且理清文章脈絡,把握語篇實質。 抓主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭和結尾。用歸納法撰寫的文章,都是表述細節的句子在前,概述性的句子居後。此時主題句就是文章的最後一句。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章,大都遵循從一般到個別的寫作程序,即從概述開始,隨之輔以細說。這時,主題句就是文章的第一句。當然也有些文章沒有主題句,需要讀者自己去歸納。主題句往往對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用,主旨大意題,歸納概括題,中心思想題往 往直接可從主題句中找到答案。 試試看,你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎? The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不難看出,文章的第一句是主題句,後面的句子都圍繞這個句子展 開。 三、 詳讀細節,理順思路與文章脈絡。 文章絕不是互不相乾的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文,有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心,以時間或空間為線索,按事件的發生、發展、結局展開故事;論述體則包含論點、論據、結論三大要素,通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點。你可根據文章的特點,詳讀細節,以動詞、時間、地點、事件、因果等為線索,找出關鍵詞語,運用"畫 圖列表法",勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細節的認知圖。 例如:SEFC 3A Feed the World(2) 本文通過四個不同的國家和地區,總結了世界飢荒的主要原因。運 用圖表,文章的結構和思路就一目瞭然了。 Reasons for world hunger In EU: 1) Food is bought from farmers and thrown away. 2) Farmers are paid not to grow crops. In India: Most land is owned by rich land owners. In less developed countries: Farmers are forced to plant cash crops. In western countries: Grain is fed to beef cattle. 四、 邏輯推理,做好深層理解題。 在實際閱讀中,有時作者並未把意圖說出來,閱讀者要根據字面意思,通過語篇邏輯關系,研究細節的暗示,推敲作者的態度,理解文章的寓義。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解主要包括歸納概括題(中心思想,加標題等)和推理判斷題,是閱讀理解中的難點。深層理解是一種創造性的思維活動。它必須忠實於原文;要以文章提供的事實和線索為依據,立足已知推斷未知,不能憑空想像,隨意揣測;它要求讀者對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理,不能就事論事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,推理才 有前提和基礎。推理題在提問中常用的詞有: infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。例如高考題: Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass. 1. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle. 2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation 3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly. C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. 1、答案為A,此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說如果把金屬加熱,然後迅速放到水裡冷卻,也就會變得非常硬,但也變得脆。hard 是工藝的主觀目的。brittle是伴隨的客觀結果,故選A而不選D。B 項明顯錯誤;C項是手段不是目的,因此,都可排除。 2、答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。timing 是時間的選擇。本答案的依據是5和6兩句,"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的時間是可以控制的,時間越長越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結論:在退火過程 中,金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時間長短影響的。 3、答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到"metal"。最後一句說退 火工藝同樣可用於象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知"annealing"就是先"heat"後"cool slowly"。由此推斷C是正確的。 五、 猜詞悟義,掃除閱讀攔路虎。 猜詞是應用英語的重要能力,也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要准確無誤地理解上下文,而且要有較大的泛讀量,掌握或認識較多的課外詞彙。我們要學會"順藤摸瓜",通過構詞,語法,定義,同位,對比,因果,常識,上下文等線索確定詞義。 a. 定義法 如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing 以明確的定義,即"退火"。 It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily.從後面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是"脆"的意思。 The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為"牧人"。 b 同位法 如:They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義,即"城堡"。 We are on the night shift----from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。 c. 對比法 如:She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but 一詞表轉折,因此but 前後的意思正相反。後半句的意思是她今天"第一節上了一半才來",因此反向推理,可得出她平時一向"准時"的結論。 d. 構詞法(前綴、後綴、復合、派生等) Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞, 據此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。 e. 因果法 如:The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again.從後面的結果"永遠不能再運動"中,可以推測 permanent 的意思為"永遠的,永久的"。六、 養成習慣,潛移默化結碩果。 1、養成默讀習慣,使注意力集中的文字元號上,糾正唇讀,心讀,喉讀等做法,以免分散精力,影響閱讀速度。 2、克服指讀、回視、重讀等不良習慣,因為這樣容易使理解只停留在某個詞或句子上,使獲得的信息支離破碎。要善於抓住句子中的核心詞,從一個句子快速地掃視到另一個句子,進行連貫性理解。 如:"Would you like to do some shopping together with me? If you are free, please ring me back to tell me about it."這個句子,只要掃視劃線的核心詞,其語義就基本上清楚了。 英語閱讀能力的培養是一個漸進的復雜過程,要養成每天閱讀英語的習慣,循序漸進,持之以恆,精泛結合,廣泛獵奇。在潛移默化 中你會感覺到你的閱讀能力又有了長足的提高。
⑥ 中考英語閱讀理解的技巧和方法
中考英語閱讀理解題型技巧方法
一、常見題型及解題技巧
根據歷年來全國各地中考閱讀理解題型的分析,將閱讀理解題大致歸納為以下四類:
(一)細節理解題
一般針對某個特定的細節而提供,難度較小,屬表層信息理解,考生通讀短文後可直接找出答案依據。
解題技巧:
通讀短文,領會文章大意,理解文章結構層次及細節,特別注意:
1. 五個W (who , which , when , where , what )和一個H ( how ) ;
2. 數字、日期、時間等;
3. 注意加強語氣的詞。然後運用排除法排除不符合原文細節的選項,剩下的就是要選擇的最佳答案。
(二)詞句理解題
此題要求考生正確理解短文中的一些關鍵詞語或句子的含義,常用的方法是多種表達法、一詞多義法、同義近義或反義提示法、習語釋文法及句型轉換法等。
解題技巧:
1. 正確理解題意,從短文中找到相關的詞、短語或句子,根據特定的語境來判斷理解,推敲斟酌和最後確定其准確含義。
2. 根據上下文猜測詞義的技巧:
(1)注意定義和解釋;
(2)同義詞或近義詞的提示;
(3)近義詞和反義詞的提示;
(4)利用懸念的屬種關系;
(5)藉助已有知識或生活常識。
(三)推理判斷題
通過字里行間的閱讀,作合理的推斷。
解題技巧:
1. 分析文章的主旨。
2. 分清文章的主要思想及次要思想。
3. 尋找文章的邏輯思路。
4. 核對問題中各項選擇與文章中有關詞句的聯系。
(四)歸納概括題
此題主要針對文章的主題、中心思想、文章的結構層次(主題句或主題段),要求學生在理解全文後歸納短文要點,概括中心思路。
解題技巧:
通讀全文,了解大意,靈活運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等方法,准確理解文章的話題和中心思想。有時還要求對作者敘述的意圖和觀點作進一步剖析,甚至推測作者的語氣和態度等。
一般說來,文章的段落常有概括中心思想的主題句,且多位於段首或段末,有時也會夾在中間。對無主題句的篇章,考生應對文章進行分析和歸納,然後概括中心思想。
二、答題步驟
1. 先看問題,再讀文章。帶著問題閱讀短文,確定主攻方向,特別要注意首尾段和首尾句,把握文章的主題,摘取有用的材料。
2.細讀全文,認真分析與問題有關的詞彙、句子或段落,特別留心一些關鍵信息詞。
3. 復讀全文,驗證答案。在選出全部答案後,應將答案帶入問題中重讀全文,看前後意思是否連貫,有無矛盾,若前後不一致或意思矛盾,則要考慮重選答案。
⑦ 高考英語閱讀理解題型及解題技巧
高考英語閱讀理解題型及解題技巧如下:
1、題型分類:主旨大意題,答題技巧:閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說明文,這兩種文體的結構可歸納為:提出問題——論述問題——得出結論或者闡明觀點。對於這類文章,抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。
2、細節理解題,答題技巧:可直接找到相關細節,但需經過計算方可找到答案。
3、推理判斷題,答題技巧:推斷題是考查大家透過文章表面的文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實為依據,切莫主觀臆斷。
4、詞義猜測題,答題技巧:通過因果關系猜詞通過因果關系猜詞。專業老師在線權威答疑 zy.offercoming.com
⑧ 英語閱讀理解中的詞義猜測怎麼做,感覺好難
1.題型分析
高考要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關日常生活話題的簡短文字材料,例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報、雜志中關於一般性話題的簡短文章。考生應能:
1、理解主旨要義;
2、理解文中具體信息;
3、根據上下文推斷生詞的詞義;
4、作出簡單判斷和理解;
5、理解文章的基本結構;
6、理解作者的意圖和態度。
將在本節課主要指導學生如何在閱讀過程中進行詞義猜測。
2.材料分析
本節課採用的猜測詞義訓練材料均選自全國各地高考英語試題中的閱讀理解部分。難度適中,針對性強,有助於鼓勵學生學以致用,增強學生的信心,從而達到提高學生的猜測詞義能力的效果。
⑨ 英語閱讀理解四大題型解讀
英語閱讀理解四大題型解讀
英語閱讀理解如何突破?歡迎閱讀英語閱讀理解四大題型解讀,四招助你英語閱讀理解一分不丟!
一、細節題型
【提問方式】
Wh-特殊問句; From the text…,According to…,True/not true,劃線詞語、句子,簡單計算、排列事件順序、識圖等。
【解題方法】
抓住提問中的關鍵字眼,仔細閱讀相關細節的材料內容,一般可以在短文中直接找到或稍加歸納就可以找到正確答案。
注意排除下列干擾項:
(1)擴縮范圍
文章為了表達得准確嚴密,很注意對范圍的限定。有的是通過加上相應的詞語限制,如涉及到數量時常用many,almost all,nearly,more than,over,only a few,normally等限制。有些干擾項是通過改變或去掉限定詞語,甚至是擴大或縮小了語言范圍。
(2)偷換概念
命題者設計試題時往往把原文的概念偷換成另一個不同的概念。望文生義是造成錯誤的`主要原因。
(3)正誤並存
在一干擾項中,某個句子或詞語是正確的,其他分句或詞語是錯誤的或表達不全面,正誤並存,命題者藉此以假亂真。要排除這類干擾項,只要一個選項局部有誤或選項不全面,都屬排除的干擾項。
二、主旨大意題型
【提問方式】
What' s the topic/subject of the text/the second paragraph?
What is stated in…? The text is cheifly concerned with_______。
【解題方法】
(1)最常用的方法是仔細研讀短文的1、2兩句-----即短文的主題句,或輔以閱讀各段的第1、2句----即段落中心句。此方法多適用於說明文、議論文。
(2)記敘文等需要通讀全文,抓住關鍵事或論題來歸納意思(常說明一個道理)。
(3)全文末尾(段)找答案。此類文章的特點是以列舉事實開頭,通過論證,最後闡述核心觀點。
在處理文章標題的選擇時,要避免下列三種錯誤:
①概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體,從而導致范圍太小);
②過度概括(多表現為人為擴大范圍);
③以事實或細節代替抽象具體的大意。
三、推理判斷題型
【提問方式】
The story suggests that___________. It can be inferred that_____________。
The story implies that _____________. It can be concluded that __________。
We can learn that _______________。
【解題方法】
推斷題是考查學生透過文章表面的文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。學生不僅要弄懂文章的字面意思,更重要的是要知道文章的潛在涵義。
【注意點】
(1)那些文章中直接陳述的內容不能選,要選擇根據文章推理出來的選項。
(2)推理不是憑空猜測,而是立足已知推斷未知;作出正確答案時一定要在文中找到依據或理由。
(3)不能以自己的觀點代替作者的想法;不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。
四、詞義猜測題
①利用構詞法猜詞;
②利用語境及邏輯關系猜詞。
有時完全可以利用上下文語境和前後句之間的並列、因果、轉折、對比、解釋定義和舉例等關系來猜測詞義。同時特別留心某些詞語,例如:or, that is, in other words, including, although, but, or, even if, on the other hand, on the contrary, other than, rather than, more than, instead of等詞語之後的內容。
;⑩ 高中英語考試閱讀理解的解題技巧
高中英語考試閱讀的4個解題技巧
1、閱讀積累
要提高閱讀水平,詞彙量與短語量非常重要。所以要提高閱讀水平,我們就得學會積累詞語。我們不妨這么做:在通讀全文後看第二遍,遇到生詞盡可能根據上下文來猜,仍猜不出意思的,就查詞典,然後將這些詞抄寫在一本可隨身攜帶的小本子上。
每當有空時,就拿出這個小本子來背誦記憶。這樣做不但不費時,而且效果也很好。因為不時地接觸、反復地記憶,詞彙量會增加得很快。
2、根據上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個實詞,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。
上下文的作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據此,我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義,即從已知推求未知,也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。
猜測詞義時,我們可以從三個方面來考慮:1)根據上下文已知部分進行邏輯上的推理。根據上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種:根據定義或解釋猜測詞義;根據並列、同位關系猜測詞義;根據同義、反義、因果關系猜測詞義。
2)運用語法知識進行語法分析。3)依靠常識和經驗做出判斷。
3、尋找出處,對號入座
由於閱讀填表題要以所讀材料為依據,在通常情況下,每個空格的所填內容一般可從給定材料中找到出處或依據,在做題時要充分利用這一特點,將“空格”與“出處”對號入座,然後根據表格中已有信息的表現形式,准確填出所缺內容。
同時,值得注意的是,如果表格所填信息與原文中的“出處”基本相同,則可直接對號入座;如果表格信息與原文中的“出處”有較大出入,則要進行適當的轉換。
4、邏輯推理,做好深層理解題
在實際閱讀中,有時作者並未把意圖說出來,閱讀者要根據字面意思,通過語篇邏輯關系,研究細節的暗示,推敲作者的態度,理解文章的寓義。要求讀者對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理,不能就事論事,以偏概全。推理題在提問中常用的詞有:infer,imply,suggest,indicate等。
高中英語閱讀練習材料:Profession
Acting is such an over-crowded profession that the only advice that should be given to a young person thinking of going on the stage is“Don‟t!”.But it is useless to try to discourage someone who feels that he must act,although the chances of his becoming famous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go to a drama sch001.Usually only students who show promise and talent are accepted,and the course lasts two years.Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a theatrical company(劇團),usually as an assistant stage manager This means doing everything that there is to do in the theatre and occasionally acting in very small parts It is very hard work indeed,the hours are long and the salary is tiny.
Of course,some people have remarkable chances which lead to fame and Success without this long and hard training.Connie Pratt,for example,was just an ordinary girl working in a bicycle factory.A film procer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop,as he drove past in his car.He stopped and got out to speak to the girl.He asked if she would like to go to the film studio to do a test,and she thought he was joking Then she got angry and said she would call the police It took the procer twenty minutes to convince Connie that he was serious The test was successful.And within a few weeks she was playing the leading part opposite one of the most famous actors of the day But chances like this happen once in a blue moon
36 From the very beginning,the author puts it clearly that acting is a profession __A____
A sought after by too many B.too difficult for young people
C.for slim people only D.one can go into without special training
37.For someone who feels he must act,it is very likely that _D____
A.he will become a film star at long last B he will become a stage manager
C he will be well paid D.he will end up without any Success
38.The film procer found Connie Pratt one morning when she was __D__
A.at work in a bicycle factory B.driving past him in her car
C.going to a film studio D.waiting for a bus
39.A few weeks after the test.Connie Pratt found herself __B____
A the most famous actress of the world B.playing the leading female role in a play
C.as famous as the greatest actor of the world D.no less famous than the leading actor of the day
40 The concluding sentence “chances like this happen once in a blue moon” means D
A this is something which happens once in a while B.this is a highly profitable chance
C.this is something highly possible D this is a very rare chance
演藝界是一個人口密度過高的職業。對於想登上舞台的年輕人的唯一建議就是不要進入。但是想勸阻那些明知成功的機會很渺茫卻執意要做演員的人,這種說教是無用的。要做演員通常辦法就是去戲劇學院進修。通常這里只接受有前途和有天賦的學生,課程要花2年的時間。之後,年輕的女藝人或者男藝人以舞台助理的身份,參與到劇團的工作。這意味著要做和舞台相關的.所有事務和偶爾的跑龍套。這確實是很辛苦的工作,工作時間長,薪水又少的可憐。
當然,有些人沒有經過長期辛苦訓練,而是是通過不尋常的機會就獲得了聲望和成功。例如說,Connie Pratt原本是自行車廠的一個普通女工。某個早晨她在公車站等車的時候被一個開車路過的電影製作人看中了。製作人停車出來和她交談,問她是否願意來攝影棚試鏡。Connie認為他只是在開玩笑罷了。最後她生氣了,還威脅說要叫警察。最後製作人花了20分鍾的時間讓Connie相信他是認真的。試鏡很成功。幾個星期之後,她就作為女主角和當時很有名的一個男演員在一部戲中演對手戲了。但是,類似這樣的機會少之又少啊。
高中英語閱讀練習材料:Travel
Most people usually traveled by ship and train which are driven by steam engine. It played an important part in many kinds of vehicles several scores of years ago. Who invented steam engine and what units could be used to measure the power of engine?
The word “horse-power” was first used two hundred years ago. James Watt from a worker‟s family made the world first widely used steam engine. At first, he couldn‟t tell people how powerful it was, because there were no units at that time. Watt decided to find out how much work one strong horse could do in one minute. He named that unit one horse-power. In this way he could measure the work of his steam engine.
He discovered that a horse could lift a 3300-pound weight 10 feet into the air in one minute. His engine could lift a 3300-pound weight 100 feet in one minute. Because his engine did ten times as much work as the horse, Watt called it a ten horse-power engine.
31. The main idea of the passage is __B_.
A. James Watt invented the steam engine
B. James Watt first used horse-power as a unit of measure
C. how much power does a horse have
D. why Watt‟s engine is called a ten horse-power engine
32. The story says that Watt made the first __D__.
A. engine B. horse-power engine C. useful engine D. widely used steam engine
33. James Watt was born in _A___.
A. a worker‟s family B. a farmer‟s family C. a teacher‟s family D. a doctor‟s
steam engine
34. Watt wanted to find a way to _D___.
A. measure the work his engine could do B. tell people how powerful his engine was C. lift a 3300-pound weight D. both A and B
35. One horse-power means the __A__.
A. work a horse could do in a minute B. weight a horse could do in ten minutes C. work a horse could do in ten minutes D. weight of one horse