江蘇牛津英語高中英語閱讀課
M7U1 READING
Unit 1 Living with technology
The evolution of video and sound devices
Early history of TV
The first public TV broadcasts were made in the USA in 1925. Later, in 1928, the first long-distance TV broadcast was made between the UK and the USA. Regular public broadcasting followed shortly afterwards, first beginning on 11 May 1928 in New York and on 20 August 1929 in London.
Many different people contributed to the development of TV. Most early TV broadcasts were made using a system developed by John Logie Baird in the UK. However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks. An American, Philo Farnsworth, made important breakthroughs in the development of TV in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Modern TVs use many of the principles first discovered by Farnsworth.
John Logic Baird constructed the first colour TV in 1928, but it was not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast. It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular colour TV broadcasts to begin in the USA. Regular colour TV broadcasts were delayed in the UK until 1967. However, within a short time nearly all TV broadcasts were made in colour, and within five years more colour TVs than black-and-white TVs were being used. The modern age：satellite TV
Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962. Satellites allow TV to be broadcast live over vast distances, with everyone receiving the same broadcast at the same time. They also make TV accessible to people who live far away from cities, and satellite dishes can often be seen distributed throughout the countryside and remote areas. Of course, only a small percentage of people own satellite dishes. However, most people still benefit from satellite TV, as local TV companies broadcast the signals they get from satellite receivers to the population living nearby. Early history of sound recorders
It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on his invention, the record player. Early record players used round tubes to record on. However, in 1887 Emile Berliner, a German living in the USA, invented a record player that used discs as alternatives to tubes, and so the modern record player was born. The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played records that were two minutes long. Times surely have changed!
Sound and video recorders
In 1928, the first tape recorders used to sound were made in Germany. Most early recorders employed steel tape to record on, which made them heavy and difficult to use, or paper tape, which was easier to use but often broke. It was not until the early 1950s that most tape recorders began using plastic tape as they do today. Meanwhile, electr
ical components eventually became so small that, by the late 1960s, portable cassette players were developed, along with video recorders which were used by TV stations. By the late 1970s, video recorders small and cheap enough for home use were introced. Sound and video go digital
In 1982, the first CDs were made available. CDs are often used for storing and playing music because they have a much better sound quality than traditional records and cassettes. In 1993, the VCD was born, and in 1995, the DVD was invented. The DVD is now the standard for recording and playing back video.
The future
With the development of digital technology, sound and video can now be stored on a PC, on the Internet, or using some form of portable storage. This will soon make records, cassette recorders, CDs, DVDs and even TVs things of the past. Technology is now changing faster than most people can keep pace with. Who can foresee what the future will bring?
Project
To phone or not to phone?
In the USA, the Amish--a Christian group--are famous because they drive carriages instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones. Many people assume the Amish must have religious reasons for their many rules, but this is not true. In truth, whenever a new technology is introced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. They then vote on whether they will accept it. The Amish reject cars because they like having tight communities where everyone lives close together. They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity--they do not think it is necessary and dislike dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.
Since the Amish value seeing each other face to face, they oppose having telephones in their houses. However, in each community there is often a small building that has a telephone for emergencies.
The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot live without it. However, maybe the Amish have a valid point. Which is more of a friend, someone you often talk to over the phone or someone you often talk to face to face? And, if you need help, who can help you better, someone far away or someone in the room with you? There is something important about being together and sharing life that cannot be found over a telephone wire.
There are other disadvantages to the telephone, as well. For example, no matter what the circumstances, when the phone rings, everything stops so that the call can be answered. Your family could be eating dinner or chatting together, yet this will be interrupted. However, most phone calls are not really that important; certainly, they could not be more important than family time. Then, when you are absorbed in a book or simply trying to rest, the phone always seems to be ringing, destroying whatever peace you might have. However, the person calling is often merely a salesman or someone who has dialled the wrong number.
With mobile phones, these problems increase. How many times have you been talking with a friend, only for your friend to interrupt the conversation to answer a call? For some reason, a typical mobile phone call is nearly always given greater importance than a face-to-face conversation. Yet, once again, most mobile phone calls are about rather small matters. When asked later what the call was about, your friend always answers, 'Oh, nothing really.' If the call was really about 'nothing', then why was it so important as to interrupt your conversation and waste your precious time?
Of course, using the mobile phone for text messages is the worst. In one study, girls average 80 text messages a day, and boys average 30. What do people talk about in text messages? While these messages always seem important at the time, most people cannot really remember them the next day. Phones and text messages focus on building relationships with many people. However, these relationships are often quite shallow. Many teenagers say that while they have a lot of friends, they really have no best friend. The use of technology for communication rather than talking face to face is one reason why this is true. Meanwhile, real relationships are often sacrificed, and whatever personal peace one has is destroyed whenever the phone rings. The Amish in general have a higher degree of mental health than most people. They have very calm and stable lives because they value community and living in peace above all else, especially new technology. Maybe they are right. Maybe we should throw all of our phones into the stbin, along with our cars and TVs for good measure. Maybe we should rid ourselves of modern technology and return to simpler times.
What's that? ... Sorry, I have to go. The phone's ringing ...
Unit 2 Fit for life
This article will focus on two drugs that started revolutions in medicine. If you open up any medicine cupboard or go to any medicine counter in the world, it is likely that you will find aspirin and penicillin. Both of these medicines have saved millions of people's lives and have proved beneficial to mankind since they were invented.
Aspirin：： was invented in 1897. However, the basic chemical used to make aspirin can be found in nature. Nearly 3,500 years ago, people chewed on leaves or drank a kind of tea made from leaves possessing a special chemical to rece body pains and fever. About 2,500 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect. It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann proced aspirin from this chemical. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899, when the company Hoffmann worked for began distributing the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops in the form of tablets. Within a short time, aspirin became the best-selling medicine in the world for pain relief.
Not only has aspirin proved vital for recing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, introced the idea in 1953 that aspirin had the potential to rece the risk of heart attacks, because it helped the blood circulate better. The report was ignored. However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin could have that effect, and in 1977 a study carried out in the USA showed that aspirin could prevent strokes, as well. Eleven years later, Dr Thun from the USA showed that aspirin could rece the risk of some cancers by 40 per cent. In 1999, aspirin was over 100 years old, and yet there have been more discoveries about how it can help increase the length of people's lives. In 2003, a Chinese doctor, Dr Yuan Minsheng, found that aspirin could rece blood sugar levels and, therefore, help people with diabetes.
㈡ 如何上好新教材中的英語閱讀課
本文根據筆者的教學實踐，提出了幾點教英語閱讀課的行之有效的做法。關鍵詞：《高中英語教學大綱》 英語閱讀課 教學模式 進入高中以後，英語閱讀課是每個單元教學的重心。我們經常可以在教室中看到這樣的教學模式：先教生詞，再講語法，逐句講解，朗讀背誦，大量模仿，彷彿閱讀課文只是為了掌握詞彙和語法。新的高中大綱強調：閱讀是理解和吸收書面信息的手段。也就是說，閱讀教學不僅僅是為了掌握一定的語言知識，而且要從中獲取有用的信息，同時掌握一些閱讀的技能技巧。現在我們正在使用的牛津譯林版新教材閱讀文章題材廣泛，內容豐富，信息量大，知識點多，用以往的老教法來教新教材，顯然是行不通的。那麼面臨著新課程改革下的更富有挑戰性的英語閱讀課，我們應該怎樣有效地組織教學呢？我根據一輪教過來的教學實踐，總結了幾點教學體會。一、精心備課，並充分發動學生，做好課前的准備 1.尋找背景知識介紹等相關的補充素材。語言是文化的載體，每篇文章總會不同程度地反映出作者的思想境界、立場觀點。對不同國家和地區的風俗習慣、社會制度和文化背景下的思維方式和表達的方式等各方面的知識了解，將有助於學生對閱讀材料的理解，增強跨文化意識，減少閱讀障礙。2. 吃透課文，精心准備我們經常可以發現，一些教師在教完幾個單元後，便以為掌握了閱讀課文的一般教法，可以不看教參，不查資料，不作教學設計，步步照搬老模式。殊不知每篇文章的題材不同，體裁各異，閱讀目的也就有所不同，需要根據具體情況採用不同教法。我們同樣也可以發現，有不少有經驗的教師，教學過程銜接有序，教學目標明確，方法得當。有的在上課之前往往在黑板上設計一個表格，或畫一幅圖，在教學過程中要求學生把一些主要的信息填入其中，並以此為線索，組織學生復述或復習課文。雖然他們的課看似上得很輕松，但課前卻作了大量的准備。因此，在教課之前，對本課的教學內容、方法、要求要做到心中有數，這是教好閱讀課文的基礎。3. 預習指導。牛津譯林版教材閱讀文章考慮到中學階段的基礎性，為學生以後的閱讀作準備，所選擇的材料包括各種題材和體裁，具有內容新、時代感強，能吸引學生的注意力。指導學生預習課文，不僅有助於學生課前了解教學內容，把握重點、難點，而且能使他們發現問題，提高興趣。二、教學模式1.速讀（Fast-reading） 採用自上而下模式，側重培養快速閱讀理解能力。「自上而下的模式」是哥德曼（Goodman）1971年提出的閱讀理論模式。按這個模式，閱讀者在閱讀過程中不是逐字、逐句地去理解文章，而是結合自己的預測，在文章中找出有關的信息，來驗證自己的預測。由於強調整體篇章理解，在閱讀時採取跳躍式搜索、猜測等方法，所以有利於培養學生快速閱讀理解能力。隨著信息時代的到來，人們急需盡快獲取各種信息資料，成倍提高工作效率與學習效果，採用自上而下模式正可以滿足這樣的需求。因此，在學生初次接觸閱讀課文時，應該採用自上而下閱讀模式，不失時機地培養他們的快速閱讀習慣、快速閱讀理解能力。可採用問答題、判斷題、選擇題、填圖表等檢測形式來檢測學生的理解。例如：牛津英語模塊八第三單元閱讀課文「Visiting the masters」,讓學生快速閱讀全文後，回答以下三個問題：1.Which countries has Li Ming visited on his trip? 2. How many days did they spent in Paris? 3. Where are they going next?2. 細讀（Intensive reading） 這一步驟主要引導學生逐步仔細閱讀課文，了解課文的主要情節和細節，就課文內容情節提一些問題，讓學生分析段落大意以及段落之間的聯系或中心思想。對文中尚未學過的生詞和習慣用句式，可鼓勵學生根據上下文利用已學過的知識去猜測去推斷。目的是培養學生獨立分析、獨立思考和邏輯推理的能力，以及用英語思維的習慣。這一階段的教學設計主要如下：（1）、細讀課文。可採用全文閱讀，逐段閱讀，合段閱讀等閱讀方式。（2）、檢測理解。可採用問答題、判斷題、討論題、選擇題等檢測形式。（3）、閱讀析評。可採用學生發言、教師總結或師生一起討論歸納等雙邊活動形式。3.復讀（Re-reading activity）在速讀和細讀的基礎上，可引導學生再次閱讀課文，從整體上把握課文或作者的思想，鞏固文章的內涵和語言點，最終達到運用的目的。這一步驟既可在課上進行，也可在課後進行。目的是將課內所學到語言知識延伸到課外某個相似的話題中，創造性的解決問題，從而培養學生舉一反三的能力。例如：在完成」Visiting the masters」閱讀後，可以設計以下問題：1.As students,what can we learn from Van Gogh』s life experience? 2.What should we do and what shouldn』t we do while visiting the art museums? 三、強化練習，不斷鞏固在教材的基礎上適當增加提高閱讀技能的活動，比如：教師可以精心挑選和補充閱讀理解訓練題型對學生加以訓練，課外閱讀也是提高學生詞彙量和閱讀量的有效途徑，教師可為學生介紹一些英文方面的報刊和讀物，鼓勵學生用英語寫日記、辦簡報等活動。閱讀是一個綜合過程，閱讀技能的提高更是一個循序漸進的過程。上好閱讀課，既有利於教學目標的達成，即在知識、技能、情感態度、價值觀等方面達到既定目標，又可以幫助學生建立新舊知識體系之間的聯系，通過將閱讀策略與技能培訓、思維訓練相結合，可以鍛煉學生的邏輯思維能力，使學生變得更聰明，同時又可以提高他們的人文素養。教師若能結合學生的認知水平，合理、靈活地進行閱讀課文教學，高中英語閱讀教學目標是完全能夠實現的。 參考文獻：1.《高中英語教學大綱》2. 杜萍.「高中英語閱讀策略與教學方法的研究」[J].中小學外語教學,2004年第四期
㈢ 如何有效進行高中英語閱讀教學
一、新課標的具體要求
《江蘇省普通高中英語課程標准教學要求》七級目標中讀的目標描述為：
1. 能從一般性文章中獲取和處理主要信息。
2. 能理解文章主旨和作者意圖。
3. 能通過上下文克服生詞困難，理解語篇意義。
4. 能通過文章的線索進行推理。
5.能根據需要從網路等資源中獲取信息。
6. 能閱讀適合高中生的英語報刊或雜志。
7. 除教材外，課外閱讀量應累計達到23萬詞以上。
八級目標中讀的目標描述為：
1. 能識別不同文體的特徵。
2. 能通過分析句子結構理解長句和難句。
3. 能理解閱讀材料中不同的觀點和態度。
4.能根據學習任務的需要從多種媒體中獲取信息並進行加工處理。
5. 能在教師的幫助下欣賞淺顯的英語文學作品。
6. 除教材外，課外閱讀量應累計達到30萬詞以上。
「英語閱讀不但是中國大多數英語學習者的學習目的，而且是中國大多數英語學習者的學習手段。」因此培養學生的閱讀能力是中學英語教學的一個主要目的。
閱讀能力的高低，一般取決於兩個方面，一是理解程度，即閱讀理解；二是讀速快慢，即閱讀速度。閱讀不是被動的接受型語言活動，它不僅涉及語音、語法、詞彙這些語言因素，還有非語言因素，如背景知識、邏輯推理、評價判斷等，是一種積極的心理活動。閱讀的過程，就是讀者運用自己的經驗、知識，對文章進行猜測、證實、再猜測、再證實的心理活動，通過這些心理活動過程，達到對文章的深度理解。理解與速度是主次關系，理解是主，速度是輔，速度的快慢以理解為標准而進行調節。英國教育學家愛德華。費賴博士認為：「一個中等水平的英國人或美國人，閱讀速度可達到250詞每分鍾（wpm），或者更快一些，閱讀理解的准確率為70%左右」。新課標要求我國學生的閱讀速度達到60-100wpm，理解准確率達到70%。
二、閱讀能力的培養
（一）抓住英語閱讀課堂教學
影響中國學生英語閱讀理解的主要原因是語言因素，即學生的英語水平問題。因此，教師在日常教學中要十分重視學生語言知識的學習，如對詞彙、句型、語法的掌握，為學生實施進一步閱讀活動奠定必要的語言基礎。
基於語言的兩種功能――用於表達內容的事務功能與用於表達社會關系與個人態度的交往功能，語言課堂應包含以下兩種活動：解釋領會語言點的活動與實踐語言點的活動。換句話說，課堂教學應該為達成語言點學習活動與交際活動的融會貫通提供平台。閱讀課上我們應該充分利用文本這一融語言點與語境於一體的媒介，加強對語言基本功的夯實與實際運用能力的提升，達到「教學做合一」。
牛津教材每單元reading後Exercise D是訓練學生在語境中理解生詞的含義，在完成此題後，教師可以進一步設計語境讓學生通過思考、討論，鞏固對他們的理解，最後可要求學生以課文為基礎，對這些詞彙進行拓展性造句或復述課文。
（二）精心組織、指導學生泛讀
要達到《課標》對讀的要求，單靠教科書是遠遠沒有足夠的語言輸入量的，沒有一定的輸入量，就無法保證一定的輸出量。因此，我們要有計劃地指導學生的泛讀。學生在泛讀時，不僅僅在提高閱讀的流利程度，還在增加著新詞彙，加深著舊詞彙，鞏固著語法知識。另外，泛讀還能幫助學生提高寫作能力及聽力和口語。更重要的是泛讀能培養學生閱讀英語的積極態度，提高英語學習的動機。在實際操作過程中要注意以下問題：
1. 指導學生合理選擇閱讀材料
英語原著、中學生閱讀教材、專業報刊雜志或網路資源等為學生的閱讀學習提供了廣闊的空間。在選擇時應把握好以下幾個原則：（1）聯系性原則，指材料的選擇應考慮與課文、句型、語法、詞彙教學的聯系，考慮學生的聽、說、讀、寫水平；（2）專題性原則，指閱讀同一話題的若干篇文章，其優點在於隨著讀者在閱讀過程中對某一話題的了解和背景知識的積累，他會相對容易地了解相關話題的文章；（3）時效性原則，指選取的材料要貼近現實和社會，能放映各個領域的最新成果和發展等；（4）趣味性原則；（5）難易度適中原則，一般認為，選材時應對詞彙和語法進行嚴格的控制，生詞不超過總詞彙量的2%，新句型不超過5%，使學生在閱讀過程中基本無語言障礙。
2. 幫助學生有效激活圖式
由於讀者頭腦中先存的知識（背景知識）及知識結構（圖式）在閱讀過程中起重要的作用，教學中就要以激活學生的相關圖式為目的，通過對文章標題、插圖、關鍵詞等線索的討論，迅速調動頭腦中的相關背景知識，幫助他們理解閱讀中碰到的新內容，以提高閱讀速度。預測（讀者藉助邏輯、語法、文化等線索，對文章的主題、體裁、結構及相關詞彙進行猜測）是激活圖式的一個重要方法，在閱讀過程中，對學生進行預測能力的培養是十分必要的。成功的預測能較大程度地激發學生的閱讀興趣，為下一步的閱讀與理解做好導向性的鋪墊。
㈣ 高三英語閱讀理解教案
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『高中英語教案』高三英語專項輔導閱讀理解
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