建築英語文章閱讀
1. 建築英語的內容簡介
本書共15個單元。每個單元分為討論和演講 (Discussion andPresentation)、閱讀理版解(ReadingComprehension)和擴展閱讀(FunherReading)三部分。閱讀理解和權擴展閱讀兩篇閱讀材料有一定的關聯性，討論和演講的話題圍繞本單元閱讀材料的主題進行，三部分的內容相互關聯，主題明確。討論和演講部分通過學生口頭練習熟悉將要閱讀的內容，閱讀理解的課後習題是幫助學生掌握課文內容，提高學生的建築專業英語的翻譯和寫作的能力。背景知識和詞彙表是幫助於學生更好地理解文章和記憶。
本書為高等院校建築學、城市規劃、土木工程專業的教材，以及廣大建築類、土木工程類從業人品提高修養、豐富相關知識的閱讀材料。
2. 求建築類英語文章並有翻譯（中英對照）。
With the rapid development of power electronics, computer science and control theory, a revolution happened in motor drives. Actually, AC drives are the mainstream of motor drives. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have been widely used as AC drives over the last two decades e to their high efficiency, high power density and no dc field winding in the rotor. It is well known motion control of PMSM requires accurate position and velocity signals to realize field orientation. In conventional motion control systems, optical encoders or electromagnetic resolvers are used for this purpose. However, these additional sensors increase the costs of the system and decrease the reliability. With this background, sensorless operation is fast becoming a requirement, and the elimination of position and velocity sensors has been an attractive prospect.
電力電子技術、計算機技術以及自動控制技術的飛速發展給電氣傳動領域帶來了歷史性的革命，交流調速傳動逐漸上升為電氣傳動的主流。永磁同步電動機由於無需勵磁電流、運行效率和功率密度都很高，在過去的二十年裡已被廣泛地應用在交流調速傳動中，但它的高性能控制需要精確的轉子位置和速度信號去實現磁場定向。在傳統的運動控制系統中，通常採用光電編碼器或旋轉變壓器來檢測轉子的位置和速度。然而，這些機械式的感測器增加了系統的成本，並且降低了系統的可靠性。因此，取消這些裝置以提高系統的可靠性並降低成本的研究逐漸熱門。
3. 建築英語文章
Structure analysis for dynamic software architecture
The open and dynamic Internet environment greatly urges software entities that are distributed on different locations to coordinate with each other to accomplish a computing task. Software architecture is applied to abstract the software entities to be components and the coordination between them to be connectors and then a model is extracted as the architecture on which the design, analysis and verification are based. Currently, the notion of dynamic software architectures that can modify their architecture and enact modifications ring the system execution has become one of the most active research areas. In this paper, we focus on the dynamic evolution of system structure other than coordination mechanisms (e.g. communication protocols). It is widely recognized that some restrictions should be imposed on the system evolution to ensure that the system structure may remain one style or transform within a scope. These conditions, to a large extent, make the system execute under control as expected.
母體文獻: Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing
4. 建築專業英語文章翻譯
The graation project for a municipal road reconstruction project construction organization design. The project for the municipal road reconstruction project is divided into road works, pipe network engineering, migration and greening works in three parts. The design of quantities rational design based on the engineering staffing arrangements for machinery and equipment, construction methods, construction technology and construction schele in order to ensure that the projects be completed on time and by volume. The innovation of this design lies in the different situations and different construction conditions, establish the corresponding construction programs to ensure the successful completion of projects.The introction of water construction operations, while also considering the construction requirements as well as the minimum number of teams face requirements, making maximum use of resources. Through this graation project, I have a construction organization designed to further understanding of, and for these years to learn the basic concepts of expertise and gained a deeper understanding, thereby enhancing the analysis and to solve practical problems. Involved in this instry for the future has laid a solid foundation.
5. 誰能幫我找一篇建築類的英語文章
Architecture, the art of building in which human requirements and construction materials are related so as to furnish practical use as well as an aesthetic solution, thus differing from the pure utility of engineering construction. As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and voids. Time is also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended in a succession of experiences rather than all at once. In most architecture there is no one vantage point from which the whole structure can be understood. The use of light and shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a structure.
The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and eras. Behind each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of life. Climate, methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their dictates. Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction methods. Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social changes or new building techniques have reced it. That evolutionary process is exemplified by the history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of structural iron and steel in the mid-19th cent.
Until the 20th cent. there were three great developments in architectural construction— post-and-lintel, or trabeated, system; the arch system, either the cohesive type, employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass, or the thrust type, in which the loads are received and counterbalanced at definite points; and the modern steel-skeleton system. In the 20th cent. new forms of building have been devised, with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material, reinforced) structures.
See also articles under countries, e.g., American architecture; styles, e.g., baroque; periods, e.g., Gothic architecture and art; indivial architects, e.g., Andrea Palladio; indivial stylistic and structural elements, e.g., tracery, orientation; specific building types, e.g., pagoda, apartment house.
Architecture of the Ancient World
In Egyptian architecture, to which belong some of the earliest extant structures to be called architecture (erected by the Egyptians before 3000 B.C.), the post-and-lintel system was employed exclusively and proced the earliest stone columnar buildings in history. The architecture of W Asia from the same era employed the same system; however, arched construction was also known and used. The Chaldaeans and Assyrians, dependent upon clay as their chief material, built vaulted roofs of damp mud bricks that adhered to form a solid shell.
After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest, most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture). Roman architecture, borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia, proced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western world. Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes, as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d cent. A.D.; see under pantheon).
The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era
The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica halls. Neither Greek, Chinese, nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of construction. However, in the Asian division of the Roman Empire, vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive, used brilliantly in the 6th cent. for the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong, simple, massive forms and vaults executed in cut stone. In Lombard Romanesque (11th cent.) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support them. The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress), here appearing in embryo, became the vitalizing aim of the medieval builders. In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form, as in the Amiens and Chartres cathedrals.
The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th cent.) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture ring which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge, while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions appeared. The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations, and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these effects. The complex, highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural aesthetic. The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture). The first half of the 19th cent. was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic revival.
New World, New Architectures
The architects of the later 19th cent. found themselves in a world being reshaped by science, instry, and speed. A new eclecticism arose, such as the architecture based on the École des Beaux-Arts, and what is commonly called Victorian architecture in Britain and the United States. The needs of a new society pressed them, while steel, reinforced concrete, and electricity were among the many new technical means at their disposal.
After more than a half-century of assimilation and experimentation, modern architecture, often called the International style, proced an astonishing variety of daring and original buildings, often steel substructures sheathed in glass. The Bauhaus was a strong influence on modern architecture. As the line between architecture and engineering became a shadow, 20th-century architecture often approached engineering, and modern works of engineering—airplane hangars, for example—often aimed at and achieved an undeniable beauty. More recently, postmodern architecture (see postmodernism), which exploits and expands the technical innovations of modernism while often incorporating stylistic elements from other architectural styles or periods, has become an international movement.
6. 求3篇,用英語介紹的世界著名建築的文章
The Great Wall
The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world.
Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces--Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.
Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. ring the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when cal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these cal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these indivial walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today.
The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors.
The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heaven". The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze.
A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night. Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications.
There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.
Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911)
Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.
Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.
As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the indivial architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.
The Drum and Bell Towers
◇字體：〔大 中 小〕 本版PDF 北京青年報： Jerry Ho Chen Jie 2002年11月15日
Finding high places in and around Beijing to see the view is a popular activity and perhaps the best-known place for this is the Fragrant Hills (Xiangshan). But another ideal location for a bit of city viewing that』s a lot closer to home is often overlooked. The Drum and Bell Towers, located near Houhai, offer panoramic views of probably the most charming prt of Beijing.
To the south of the Drum Tower is Shicha Lake. Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan Park and the White Pagoda in Beihai Park are both clearly visible. Hutongs spread in every direction around the tower, exuding the tranquility and peacefulness that is typical of old Beijing.
Drum and bell towers were built in many Chinese cities. Built in 1420 ring the Ming Dynasty, the Drum and Bell Tower complex (called Zhong Gu Lou) is the biggest and oldest of its kind in China. As part of the royal architecture of the ancient capital, it sits at the north end of the longitudinal axis in the middle of Beijing. Directly to the south are Jingshan, the Forbidden City, Tian An Men, Qian Men and Yong Ding Men.
The Drum Tower is built from wood, and is 47.9 meters high. It was built on a 3 meter base made of stones and bricks. On the second floor there used to be 25 drums, one big drum and 24 smaller ones. Now only the big drum remains. It is 2.22 meters high with a diameter of 1.4 meters and the surface is made from a single piece of cow skin.
On the second floor of the Bell Tower, a big bronze bell hangs from an octagonal wooden frame. Two round logs, both two meters long, used to sound the bell are suspended on each side. At 5.3 meters tall, and weighing 63 metric tons, it is the heaviest bell in China. It was made in a bell foundry behind the tower with a kind of bronze that was particularly resonant. When struck, the sound can reach several miles away.
This was important as the towers used to act as a kind of giant alarm clock. Through the three dynasties of Yuan, Ming and Qing, the working and resting hours of all ci and government officers used to be set by the sound from the towers.
Sounding of the bell and the drum was set in a regular pattern. The bell was struck twice a day, at 7 pm and 5 am. The drum took over at night, every two hours from seven o
7. 關於藝術和建築的英語短文
原文：
Wandering in the streat, the features of a city are its buildings. As a factor most reflecting the times, society and nation,the buildings give overall and integrated expression to the national tradition, regional features spirit of the times and the social value. When you walk along the financial street of the Bund and the commercial street of East Nanjing Road and among the villas and gardens of Xujiahui, you can feel the history of prosperity of Shanghai. In the past 150 years since its opening in 1843, Shanghai has graally developed into an international metropolis as well as an important economic, trade financial and cul-tural center of China. The special development op-portunities have made the western culture, local Shanghai culture and regional cultures of China collide, co-exist and become integrated and thus make Shanghai integrate the essence of the Chinese and Foreign cultures. In this way, Shanghai has become the place of origin for the modern Chinese con-struction culture and has a unique history of con-struction culture.
The modern buildings of Shanghai are rich in styles, almost covering those of almost all the
periods of the world construction history. It can be said that they constitute a living world construction history. You can see the new classicism buildings, Gothic building and compromise buildings, to the modernism buildings popular in Europe and America, decoration and art buildings and the new classicism Chinese buildings. The number of the styles, the complexity of the types and the grand scale of those builds are beyond match in this world. They give a comprehensive reflection of the evolution of the modern society and cities and also provide a key to learn the culture of Shanghai and the history of modern China.
Those old buildings have seen the changes of Shanghai and are bestowed with the prosperity of Shanghai. At this age, when China is embracing a new round of great economic development and the new concepts and ideas will bring Shanghai to an even brighter future, those old buildings will be bestowed with new significance. Who will wake them up, wash away the st, make them become stronger and make them stay young and beautiful? It is we. We will devote all our enthusiasm and wisdom to accomplish this mission.
翻譯：
漫步街頭,尋找城市的足跡,最顯而易見的是城市的建築.建築是文化領域中最具有時代性、社會性和民族性的因素,整體而又集中地體現了民族傳統、地域特性、時代精神和社會的價值取向.徜徉外灘金融街.南京東路商業街、徐匯區的花園別墅群間,看到的是上海興盛的歷史.自1843年開埠以後,上海在150年中,逐漸發展成為一個國際化的大都市,成為中國重要的經濟中心、貿易中心、金融中心和文化中心.特殊的發展際遇,使西方文化、上海本地文化和中國不同地域文化在此相互間沖撞、並存,融合,糅合了古今中外文化的精粹,令上海成為中國現代建築文化的策源地,擁有獨特的建築文化歷史.
上海的近代建築有著十分豐富的內涵,在近百年的建築中,幾乎囊括了世界建築各個時期的各種風格,簡直就是一部活生生的世界建築史.從新古典主義,哥特復興式、折衷主義到盛行歐美的現代主義建築、裝飾藝術派建築.復興中國傳統建築藝術的中國新古典建築等,各種風格數量之多、種類之繁雜、規模之宏大在世界上也是罕見的.它綜合反映了近代社會和城市演變的歷程,是解讀上海文化、研究近代中國的一把鑰匙.
這些歷盡世事的老房子是上海的精神所系,她們目睹上海的變遷,承載著城市的繁華旖夢.現在,又一次的經濟發展席捲中國大地,沖擊一切的新觀念、新思想,又一次飛速地推動著城市向新的未來發展,這些老房子必將被賦予新的意義.由誰來驚醒她們,由誰來為她們洗去塵埃,由誰來令她們的身肢更為矯健,令歲月流逝不再是遺憾——是我們,我們願意為此付出我們的熱情和智慧.
8. 英語文章 建築方面的
Chinese architecture
Chinese traditional wooden structure building to the main building to the Western tradition masonry based. Modern architecture is based on reinforced concrete based. Chinese ancient architecture with a simple and elegant style, mainly grass, wood for building materials, methods for the structure of wood structure (columns, beams, Fang, purlins, rafters and other components), in accordance with the structure of the actual needs of size, shape and report the combination together. This approach reflects the ancient architectural structure of the patriarchal social structure clear, orderly and stable. Ancient architecture
Since the proction of wooden beams is not easy material to form a huge interior space, clever use of ancient buildings have natural space other towns to form a courtyard. Courtyard is the basic unit of construction, it is both closed, and is open; only artificial, but also natural, plant flowers and trees overlooking, Yang Guan FY sun and the moon, as the ancients, "Heaven" is another concept performance also reflects the Chinese people both within subtle, but also forge ahead of the national character. Larger number of ancient buildings are composed by a number of garden buildings, indivial buildings and gardens arranged along a certain direction, there are times the Lord, there is high tide there is transition, to become level, deep space, showing a the whole Chinese people, the pursuit of beauty and profound beauty. Including palaces, temples, building a class of relatively solemn, often along the central axis of the longitudinal one by one main building, bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of secondary structures, the layout of balanced stretch and fascinating. Early will be able to use the ancient balance, harmony, symmetry, brightness axis and other design techniques to achieve beautiful results. Ancient architecture art deco heavy, but not complicated, just focus on the main site for decoration, such as canopies, lintels, roof, etc., for the equitable distribution and more direction, do not re-rise buildings, to Buddhism, there has been pavilion pagoda of construction was able to prevail. All art processing buildings are also on the structural system and components of processing, such as color, decorative elements combined with to form a wealth of brilliant artistic achievement, richly ornamented, beautiful and colorful body; couplets plaque, stimulate interest and charm and endless reverie. Category prosperous ancient buildings, including palaces, cemeteries, monasteries, temples, gardens, bridges, Tasha and so on.
中式建築
中國傳統的建築以木結構建築為主，西方的傳統建築以磚石結構為主。現代的建築則是以鋼筋混凝土為主。 中國古代建築具有樸素淡雅的風格，主要以茅草、木材為建築材料，以木架構為結構方式（柱、梁、枋、檁、椽等構件），按照結構需要的實際大小、形狀和檢舉組合在一起。這種建築結構方式反映了古代宗法社會結構的清晰、有序和穩定。 古代建築
由於木質材質製作的樑柱不易形成巨大的內部空間，古代建築便巧妙地利用外埠自然空間，組成庭院。庭院是建築的基本單位，它既是封閉的，又是開放的；既是人工的，又是自然的，可以俯植花草樹木，仰觀風雲日月，成為古人「天人合一」觀念的又一表現，也體現了中國人既含蓄內向，又開拓進取的民族性格。古代稍大一些的建築都是由若干個庭院組成的建築群，單個建築物和庭院沿一定走向布置，有主有次，有高潮有過渡，成為有層次、有深度的空間，呈現出一種中國人所追求的整體美和深邃美。其中宮殿、寺廟一類比較庄嚴的建築，往往沿著中軸線一個接一個地縱向布置主要建築物，兩側對稱的布置次要建築物，布局平衡舒展，引人入勝。 古人很早就能運用平衡、和諧、對稱、明暗軸線等設計手法，達到美觀的效果。古代建築重藝術裝飾，但不復雜，只在主要部位作重點裝飾，如窗檐、門楣、屋脊等，布局多為衡平方向發展，不重高層建築，至佛教傳入後，出現了樓閣佛塔，共建築才得以盛行。建築的一切藝術加工也都是對結構體系和構件的加工，如色彩、裝飾與構件結合，構成了豐富絢麗的藝術成就，雕梁畫棟，形體優美而色彩斑斕；楹聯匾額，激發意趣而遐想無窮。 古代建築品類繁盛，包括宮殿、陵園、寺院、宮觀、園林、橋梁、塔剎等。
9. 誰有有關建築的英語文章
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures like gates, bridges, and other things that are built. Sometimes, the areas surrounding the building, such as paths and gardens, are included in the design too.
People who design buildings are architects. They may need skills in many fields, for example: mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, and philosophy.
The Colosseum, Rome, Italy People in different countries and periods of history have designed buildings in different styles. This may depend on the climate, the materials available for building, and fashion.
The earliest architecture was the building of simple shelters, huts and houses.
As people first began to live together in towns and cities, types of architecture became more complex. Some of the oldest buildings that have been found include the pyramids in Egypt and the ziggurats in Mesopotamia, and other early temples. The houses common people lived in were fairly simple, small and close together.
The architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans is called Classical architecture. Some important classical buildings have stone columns with complex designs. Greek columns have beams placed across them, but Romans developed the arch in their architecture which was spread across the Roman Empire.
Indian architecture is famous for the stone carving of its temples and palaces. Different archectural styles developed in China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America.
People in Western Europe in the Middle Ages made Romanesque architecture, then Gothic architecture. Gothic buildings have tall, pointed windows and arches. Many churches have Gothic architecture. When the Normans invaded England it was noticed that the English liked small houses with a lot of things in them, while the French liked big houses that were almost empty of furniture. Many castles were also built at this time. In Eastern Europe, the Byzantine influence meant that churches usually have domes.
Mosques may also have domes which are a way of building a wide open space which can hold a lot of people. This is important for religious buildings.
The Instrial Revolution led to new types for buildings for machines and for people to work in. Instrial architecture is the architecture of factories, mills, and other working buildings.
Modern architecture was a new type of architecture created in about 1900. Modern buildings often have little decoration (designs to make something more beautiful) and are often made of steel, glass, and concrete.
10. 誰能提供一篇關於一個建築的英文短文 專業英語用的 最好是中英文對照的 謝謝
Construction
In large construction projects such as skyscrapers, cranes are essential in the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect.
For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheling, budgeting, site safety, availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents, etc.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
建築
對大型建築項目，如摩天大樓，起重機在建築工程領域和土木工程特別重要，包括建造或裝配的基礎設施。遠遠不是一個單一的活動，大規模的建設是一個壯舉。這項工作通常是由項目經理進行管理，由施工經理，設計工程師，建築工程師或工程設計師來進行監督。
為了成功地執行一個項目，有效的規劃是必不可少的。那些參與設計和執行的基礎設施問題，必須考慮對環境的影響的工作，成功地調度，預算編制，工地安全，材料供應，後勤，對公眾造成的不便施工造成的延誤，編制招標文件等。