医疗情况英语阅读理解
㈠ 英语二2021年真题解析-阅读1
第1段：员工有必要接受“再培训”。
1、"Reskilling" is something 【 that sounds like a buzzword】 but is actually a requirement { if we plan to have a future 【 in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind】} 。在培训听上去是一个流行语，但如果我们希望未来的员工不被时代抛弃的话，这实际上是一个必要条件 。——“再培训”是员工进步的必要条件
2、 We know（that） {【we are moving into a period 】（where the jobs in demand will change rapidly）, as will the requirements of the jobs 【that remain】.}我们知道人们正在进入一个工作需求将发生迅速变化的时期，剩余岗位的需求也会很快改变。 —— 工作需求正发生迅速变化。
as引导方式状语，“就像”，后面倒装。正常语序是the requirements of the jobs that remain will （change rapidly）
3、 ⭐ Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the"core skills" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.
世界经济论坛发现42%的核心技能，赋予的工作角色将要被改变。在2022年世界经济论坛的研究发现，到2020年工作岗位中平均有42%的核心技能将发生改变。剩下的时间不多了。 ——通过世界经济论坛佐证，“员工需要新的工作技能”
第2段：谁来为员工“再培训”买单？
1、The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.
这个问题谁来买单这个重塑技能是一个棘手的问题。
2、 ⭐ For indivial companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers 【whose skills are no longer in demand 】and replace them with those 【whose skills are.（省略 in demand） 】
对于个别公司来说，他们喜欢的做法总是抛弃那些技能不再有用的员工，取而代之的是那些具备符合要求技能的员工。
3、（转折句）That does not always happen. 这也不经常发生。
4、 ⭐ AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company 【 that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. 】
有的公司决定进行大规模再培训项目，而非采取解雇和雇佣的策略。美国电话电报公司就经常被视作这类公司的典范。我们找到第2题关键词，但是这个例子本身。例证题是要去找的外面去找第三句是转折句，所以我们找第二句，第二句是跟第四句的反义。
5、Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. 其他公司也承诺会制定自己的计划。
6、When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy, though（转折） ,the focus usually turns to government to handle.然而当技能不匹配的现象出现在更广泛的经济领域时，焦点常常会转向政府，并由其处理。
7、 ⭐ Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation 【where we frequently hear of employers （begging for workers）】,even at times and in regions【 where unemployment is high】.可以这么说。加拿大和其他地方付出的努力，充其量还是不够。含这也使我们经常听到雇主央求招聘员工的情况发生，即使在失业率高的时期和地区也是如此。
languid表示“慵懒，慢悠悠”即努力不够，这词一般不认识考上下文。 and have givenus asituation，and 说明与上句并列意思基本一致，说明解决问题的努力（efforts）还不够，要不怎会出现招工难？
第3段：高失业率下依然存在劳动力短缺现象
1、With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.
随着流行疾病失业的人确实越来越高却确实非常高
2、In February,at 3.5 percent and 5.5 percent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.
二月加拿大和美国的失业率分别为3.5%和5.5降到了代际低点，劳动力短缺的现象随处可见。
3、As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so.
截至五月，两国失业率已经分别飙升到13%和13.7%，尽管许多工作的短缺情况消失了，但也并非所有行业都解决了这一问题。
4、 ⭐ In the medical field, to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.
一个明显的例子，就是在医疗领域，疫情的爆发意味着医生护士和其他医务人员仍存在着大量短缺。
第4段：开展再培训的必要性
1、Of course,it is not like you can take and unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks.
当然这并不是说你能在几周之内把一个失业的服务员培训他们成为一名医生
2、But even if you cannot close that gap,may be you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.
但即便不能填补这个空缺，也许还在其他方面，可以有所突破。这样对所有的相关人员，都有好处。
3、 ⭐ That seems to be the case in Sweden: 【When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff】 , Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program 【 that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.】
瑞典似乎就有这样的情况，90%的空乘人员被迫休假后，北欧航空决定启动一项再培训的项目，重新培训这些失业的员工以支援医院的工作。
4、The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university. 这是一次集体的行动，其他公司和一所瑞典的大学都参与到了其中。
21.Research by the World Economic Forum Suggests _____.世界经济论坛的研究 表明 了？
[A] an urgent demand for new job skills （“既然42%要变” ，那么对新的工作技能迫切的需求）
[B] an increase in full-time employment 无中生有
[C] a steady growth of job opportunities 无中生有
[D]a controversy about the"core skills" 原文是 will change，并没有说“争议”
答案∶ A
22. AT&T is cited to show_____.【例证题找例外】文章引用at and t是为了证明？
[A] The characteristics of reskilling in programs 在培训的项目特点 无中生有
[B] The importance of staff appraisal standards 员工评价标准的重要性 无中生有
[C] An immediate need for government support 干扰项出自第6句，though转折了，故与A无关
[D]An alternative to the five-and-hire standards 解雇和雇佣策略之外的另一种选择 good
答案∶D
23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada___. 细节题（稍难）
在加拿大解决技能不匹配问题 努力
[A] have appeared to be insufficient 似乎还不够 注意题目问的是对“努力”的评价
[B] have driven labour costs up 抬高劳动力成本 无中生有
[C] have proved ti be inconsistent 被证明是矛盾的 无中生有
[D] have met with fierce opposition 遭到激烈反对 无中生有
答案∶A
24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was_____.细节题（简）
[A] a sign of economic recovery 暗示经济复苏 无中生有
[B] a call for policy adjustment 一种对政策调整的呼吁 无中生有
[C] a change in hiring practices 一种招聘方式的改变 无中生有
[D] a lack of medical workers
答案∶D
25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to_____.细节题（易）
[A] create job vacancies for the unemployed 为失业者创造职位空缺。空缺不对，原文是给失业员工创造新的工作机会
[B] retrain their cabin staff for better services 前半句重新培训对，后半句无中生有
[C] prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs 让失业员工为其他工作做好准备
[D] finance their staffs' college ecation 为员工的大学教育提供资助 干扰项最后一句，原文是有一所大学参与这个项目，不是资助员工读大学
答案∶C
forum论坛
let go of 释放 放弃
massive 巨大
pledge 保证
arguably 按理
languid 慵懒
at best 最多充其量
Pendemic 流行病
spike 迅速增长
concerned 有关的
furlough 临时解雇
collective 集体的
㈡ 2017年高考英语北京卷 - 阅读理解C
Measles, which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more,was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use ofthe MMR vaccine. But thedisease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement andmisinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles caseshave been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.
麻疹, 曾一度每年导致450名儿童死亡，甚至更多的儿童致残，14年前由于MMR疫苗的普遍使用，在美国几乎被消灭。不过这种疾病正在卷土重来，这是因为不断增长的反疫苗运动和迅速传播的错误信息造成的。今年美国已经报告了115例麻疹病例，而去年全年为189例。
The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work.
数字听起来可能很小，但它们代表一种危险趋势。当全国范围内作为一个整体疫苗接种率很高时，每个人才会受到保护。这就是所谓的“群体免疫”，保护那些易受感染的人，包括那些因医疗原因不能接种疫苗的人，年龄太橘州小不能接种疫苗的婴儿，以及那些疫苗不起作用的人。
But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.
但群体免疫只有在几乎整个群体都加入时才起作用。当一些人拒绝接种疫苗并寻求自由乘车时，群体免疫就会崩溃，每个人都会圆告蔽面临更大的风险。
That’s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.
从本月报告了22例麻疹病例的加利福尼亚州奥兰治县到去年一名17岁青年引发了一场麻疹友宏疫情的纽约州布鲁克林，全国各地的小社区都是如此。
The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.
对疫苗的反对已经持续了几十年，因为存在真实但非常小的风险。那些拒绝冒险的人让别人承受痛苦，非常自私。
Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption, sometimes just by signing apaper saying they personally object to a vaccine.
更糟糕的是，州法律使得所有进入幼儿园的儿童放弃接种疫苗很容易。17个州允许父母选择放弃, 有时候，只需要签署一份声明，说他们个人反对疫苗。
Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.
现在，有几个州正在加强法律，为退出接种增加新的规定。但没有人采取措施来限制放弃接种。
Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.
父母应该只能因为有限的医疗或宗教原因选择放弃。但是个人意见呢？还不够充分。每个人都享受疫苗提供的拯救生命的好处，但只要每个人都分担风险，疫苗才会存在。
㈢ 2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练：儿童教育与医疗技术
2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练：儿童教育
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full alt potential. their ecation must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding - the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Ecation in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public ecation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for ecation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies ecational opportunity for all children - the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children - disabled or not - to an appropriate ecation, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ecation. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
训练题
59. In paragrah 2 . the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in ecation is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
61. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special ecational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting ecation to exceptional children
62. From this passage we learn that the ecational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
参考答案：ACDA
2019年6月大学英语四级阅读理解训练：医疗技术
"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging - 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward, Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself, Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are al-ways responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."
训练题
63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ?________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of he skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won' t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ??________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cell can't turn off
66. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
参考答案：DDBC
㈣ 初二英语阅读理解训练题及答案解析
初二英语阅读理解训练题及答案解析
阅读理解是初二英语考试中的重要题型，需要考生多做练习提高阅读理解能力，下面我为大家带初二英语阅读理解训练题，欢迎大家阅读训练。
初二英语阅读理解训练题原文：
A famous doctor once received a little child who was badly ill. Thanks to his skill and care, his young patient got well and was soon able to get up and run about again.
The child’s mother was very much obliged to the doctor, and she called on him to thank him for what he had done for her child. “Doctor,” she said, “you have saved my little son. I don’t know how to thank you enough. I feel that money alone cannot repay you, so I have made this little purse with my own hands, as a sign of my gratitude. I hope you will accept it.” The doctor stood up and said coldly, “Madam, a little present like that is very nice between friends, but a doctor needs to be paid properly for what he has done.” The lady was so surprised and hurt so much that she could not reply for a moment. Then she said quietly, “Perhaps you will tell me how much your fee is?”
“Fifty pounds”, he answered.
The lady opened the little purse and took out four fifty-pound bank notes. She handed one of them to the doctor, and put the other three back into the purse. She put the purse into her handbag and, saying good bye to the doctor, went out of the room.
初二英语阅读理解训练题：
1. The lady was thankful to the doctor because ________.
A. he had saved her life
B. he had saved her son’s life
C. he had lent her some money
D. he often called on her
2. The doctor refused the lady’s purse because he thought ______.
A. the purse should be given between friends
B. the purse was too small
C. the lady was not kind to him
D. the lady just gave him that purse and wouldn’t give him the medical fee
3. What the doctor said ______ the lady.
A. worried B. interested
C. frightened D. hurt
4. The money in the purse _______.
A. was only 150 pounds
B. was less than 200 pounds
C. was much more than the medical fee
D. was not enough for the medical fee
5. How do you think the doctor would feel in the end?
A. Sorry and worried B. Regret and proud
C. Excited and proud D. Sorry and regret
初二英语阅读理解训练题答案解析：
1. B。细节题。根据第1段 his young patient got well and was soon able to get up and run about again 可知答案为 B。
2. D。细节 题。根据a little present like that is very nice between friends, but a doctor needs to be paid properly for what he has done 可知答案为 D。
3. D。细节题。根据 The lady was so surprised and hurt so much that she could not reply for a moment 可知此题答案为 D。
4. C。细节题。根据原文可知医生要的医疗费是50英镑，而女士送的钱包里装的.却是4张面值为五十英镑的钞票，由此可判断出此题答案为 C。
5. D。推断题。医生会因为误会了这位女士而感到 sorry(抱歉)也会因为没有得到其他3张钞票感到 regret(遗憾)，所以此题答案为 D。
;㈤ 求英语翻译，是一篇应用文阅读，题目是 what is in CPI‘s basket。 在此，只要翻译第二段。 希望强人帮助
23-1表格是消费者在主要消费种类食品和服务的花费明细。迄今为止最大的花费种类是住房，占消费者主要预算的41%。此种类花费住所占28%，取暖和其他公摊费用占7%，家庭装修与置物占6%。第二大花费种类是食物和饮料，占17%；包括占10%的在家就餐，6%的在外就餐，和2%的酒精饮料。下一大花费种类是交通，也占17%，包括在车，汽油，公交车，地铁等费用。接下来是医疗，占7%，服装和保养占6%，娱乐占4%。
你参考下，再修改吧
㈥ 开头是We all know how important human life is --的一篇英语阅读理解
We all know how important human life is—it’s priceless. It doesn’t matter where you are from or what the color of your skins is—all people are human beings. Firstly, we can tell you that the lives of your relatives could depend on your ability to give first aid. If you think highly of human’s life, this website is for you! Here you can find information about first aid.
The very first thing that you should do when you see an accident is to evaluate the situation and prevent further dangerous incidents. First of all, you have to recognize what has happened and what the dangers to rescuers and victims are. Think about how to take care of the victims.
Helping usually takes place in very difficult conditions and injuries can be very bad. Therefore, you cannot be too afraid of making mistakes to help. Sometimes you have to face the fact that regardless of your actions and your efforts the victim’s condition might not improve—he or she could even die. In some cases even professional medical aid may not succeed. If you have done everything you think you should do, you shouldn’t feel guilty.
Do not expose yourself to danger. Giving first aid can dangerous. While trying to help a victim, do not forget about your own safety. If something happens to you, you won’t be able to help anyone.
Call for help after you find out the condition of a victim. But remember if a victim faints e to breathing failure caused by drowning, choking or poisoning, you should first take actions that help to bring back the heart beat and breathing. While calling, talk shortly but clearly. Always provide the following information: the location of the accident, the kind of accident, the number of the injured and your full name and phone number and so on.
56. The Passage is probably taken from _________.
A. a newspaper B. the Internet C. a textbook D. a guide book
57. The underlined word “ evaluate” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. leave B. protect C. avoid D. judge
58. What’s the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A. You should learn some professional knowledge about first aid.
B. You shouldn’t feel guilty if you don’t know about first aid.
C. Try your best to give first aid and don’t be afraid of making mistakes
D. Don’t make mistakes when you are giving first aid.
59. The author thinks that helping a victim can be ____________.
A. risky B. shocking C. exciting D. boring
60. It can be inferred from the Passage that __________.
A. everyone must learn how to give first aid
B. you should forget about your own safety while giving first aid.
C. when you see an accident you should do nothing but call the police.
D. when calling for help you should give all relevant details.
㈦ 英语阅读理解求助
C: 提倡合理的拒绝治疗方法。
A: 病人指示医生放弃治疗的权利受到限制。在文章中，作者明确指出患者缺乏DMC并不意味着医生有权进行非自愿医疗治疗。尽管医生可以通过某些方式帮助患者获得DMC，但如果患者没有DMC，则仍需考虑其他道德因素。因此，患者对医疗治疗的决策受到限制，不是完全自主的。
D:选项D最能支持作者所陈述的论点，因为它表明病人主动提出放弃治疗的要求越来越普遍，这与作者的论点相符，即病人的自主选择应该被重视和尊重。
C: 对生物和政治基础的反思是医疗的优先考虑。根据文章内容，作者提出了一系列问题和考虑，主要关注的是在医疗治疗的决策中，个体自主选择和医学专业判断之间的平衡问题。作者并没有强调公共利益是唯一的考虑因素，也没有表明在任何情况下专业人士都必须进行医学治疗，也没有明确表示要明确保喊没证个人医疗选择的监管。相反，作者强调了反思医学决策的生物学和政治基础是一个值得考虑的问题，以及个人自主权与专业判断之间的平衡问题，需要权衡各种利益和因素。
A: operation。在上下文中，“interference”前面是“against bodily”，指的是针对身体的干涉或干扰，这与选项中的“operation” 最为接近。
简要概括文章内容：
本文探讨了三种末期护理决策的情况，并阐述了作者理性主义方法对决策能力（DMC）的影响。文章强调指出，一个病人缺乏DMC并不意味着可以非自愿地治疗，逗渗慧因为存在其他道德考量，如非自愿治疗可能会带来痛苦的体验，某些医疗干预措施在末期护理背景下可能只有有限的益处。此外，病人可能有多项主张权利，不依赖于其作为自主代理人的身份。最后，作者指出在这个背景下也存在着社会和生物政治方面的考虑。总之，缺乏DMC并不是非自愿医疗治疗的充山答分条件，但缺乏DMC在这种情况下具有重要的道德影响，因为病人拒绝医疗治疗的权利可以理解为取决于他们是否拥有DMC，而病人如果拥有DMC，并行使了他们拒绝治疗的权利，并且这个决定不会对其他人造成直接伤害，那么医务人员通常有义务遵守。
㈧ 关于中国医疗卫生的英语作文
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by 2020.While increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the sector.The reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical management.To put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents， and ensure that every resident has access to safe， effective， convenient and affordable basic medical and health services， China has kept advancing the reform of its medical and health care system， and made important achievements in the current stage.
所有的人在城市和农村地区将在2020年享受基本医疗和健康服务。
同时增加了政府责任和支出,我们还将鼓励更多的私人资本参与国内外的行业。
改革涵盖了范围广泛的主题包括保险、药品生产、分配和监督,和医疗管理的立法。
落实基本医疗卫生系统覆盖城乡居民,并确保每一个居民都有获得安全,有效,方便和负担得起的基本医疗卫生服务,中国一直推动医疗卫生制度的改革,在当前阶段,取得了重要的成就。
㈨ 英语阅读：6-During the past generation
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on （指望、依靠） hard work and fair play （公平竞争） to keep itself financially （财力） secure （保证） had been transformed （改变、转变） by economic risk （经济风险） and new realties （ reality 现实） . Now a pink slip （解雇通知书） , a bad diagnosis （诊断） , or a disappearing spouse （配偶） can rece a family from solidly （坚固的） middle class to newly poor in a few months.
公平：Justice、equitable、equity、fairness、fair、impartial
保证/确保：guarantee、pledge、ensure、assure、secure、warranty
Solidly 坚固的，firmly 牢牢地， sturdily刚强地， stably稳定地；可靠地...， soundly 完全地，steadily 稳定地，dependably 可信任地
在上一个年代，美国中产阶级的家庭可以通过依靠努力的工作参与到公平竞争来维持家庭的财力保证。但是最近发生了变化，他们也将面临着经济风险和新的现实问题，现在，一封解雇通知书、一个病情诊断书或者配偶的离去都会使得一个富裕的中产阶级家庭在短短几个月内变得贫困。
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming （改变、转变） basic （基本的） family economics. Scholars （学者） , policymakers （决策者） , and critics （批评家、评论家） of all stripes （种类、类型） have debated （讨论、思虑） the social implications （意义、含义） of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect （副作用） : family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted （预算） to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck （双收入） status（地位、身份 ）.As a result, they have lost the parachuted（保护伞） they once had in times of financial setback（挫折、退步、阻碍） – a back-up（后备的、后援的、备份的） earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce（劳动力、劳动大军） if the primary（主要的，首要的） earner got laid off （解雇） or fell sick（生病） .This “ added-worker effect（附加劳动力效应） ” could support the safety net offered（组成的） by unemployment insurance or disability（残疾） insurance to help families weather（经受住） bad times. But today, a disruption（中断） to family fortunes（财富、财产） can no longer be made up（赚取） with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home（其他呆在家里） partner.
Implication ： 含义，含蓄，含意，言外之意，卷入，牵连，牵涉，纠缠
once：一旦，曾经，一次，一趟，一倍
争论/讨论：debate、 discussion、dispute
statu：地位、状态、情形、重要身份
state：国家、州、状况、情况、资格、规定、陈述，声明、国家的、国务的、公务的、正式的
statue：雕像、塑像
statement：声明、陈述、叙述、报表、清单
在上一代中，数百万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本家庭经济结构。学者、决策者、以及各种类型的批评家都讨论过这种改变带来的社会意义，但是很少去看到这里面的副作用：家庭风险也正在资深。现在的家庭根据新的双收入情况有限制地安排预算。结果，他们一旦面临财务困难是便失去了保护伞：如果家里主力赚钱的人被解雇或者生病，会有一个后备的可以作为劳动力赚取经费的人（通常由母亲担任）。这种“附加劳动力效应”将会支持组成失业保险或伤残保险来帮助家庭安全度过艰难的时候。但是现在，家庭的财富一旦中断就不能通过其他家里的对象赚取额外的收入。
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb（吸引、吸收） much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers（钢铁工人） , airline employees, and now those in the auto（汽车） instry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates（利率） , stock market（股市） fluctuation（波动） , and the harsh（残酷的） reality that they may outlive（比…长） their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned（发起运动） to move Social Security to a saving-account model（模式）, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed（有保障的） payments for payments（支付、缴纳） depending on investment（投资、投入） returns. For younger families the picture（情况、情形） is not any better. Both the absolute（绝对的，完全的） cost（花费） of healthcare（医疗保健） and the share of it（占有份额） borne（具有、推动） by families have risen – and newly（最近） fashionable（流行） health-saving（健康储蓄） plans are spreading from（蔓延至） legislative（立法） halls（大厅、机构） to Wal-Mart（沃尔玛） workers, with much higher dectibles（免赔额） and a large new dose of（一份、一点） investment（投资） risk for families’ future healthcare（医疗保险） . Even demographics（人口统计情况） are working against（对…不利） the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak（虚弱） elderly parent – and all the attendant（伴随而来的） need for physical and financial assistance（帮助） – have jumped（增加） eight fold（笼罩、合拢） in just one generation.
以此同时期，家庭必须在他们的退休收入上承担更多的风险。钢铁工人、空乘雇员、还有现在汽车行业工人作为上百万家庭中都开始担心因利率上涨、股市波动、寿命比退休金长的残酷现实。在去年的很长一段时间里，总统布什力图发起了社保转变为存款模式的变革，这使得退休报酬中的大部门或者全部有保障的报酬变为依靠投资回报的报酬。对于年轻的家庭来说这样的情况并不乐观。在医疗保健的绝对花费上和家庭支出的占有率上升两者上：最近流行的健康储蓄计划从立法机构蔓延到了沃尔玛的员工中，伴随着更高的免赔额和一些家庭未来医疗保险中新的投资风险。甚至人口数据情况对中产家庭的工作也很不利，当一位年迈虚弱的老年人随之而来的是身体和精神上的帮助，这类比上个时期增长了八倍。
harsh：刺耳的，残酷的，粗糙的，严厉的，严格的
absorb：吸收、吸引、承受、理解
absolute：绝对的、完全的、专制的
absorption：吸收、全神贯注、专心致志
absolve：免除、赦免、宣告、无罪
cost：价钱，代价，花费，费用，牺牲
From the middle-class family perspective（角度、视角） , much of this, understandably, looks far less（远没有） like an opportunity to exercise（运用、锻炼） more financial responsibility, and a good deal more（多得多） like a frightening acceleration（加快） of the wholesale（大规模的） shift （转嫁） of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout（后果、影响） has begun, and the political（政治） fallout may not be far behind.
a good deal more/less：多得多、少得少
从中产阶级家庭的视觉来看，更多的是也能理解，看起来远不仅是一个承担更多经济责任的机会，而更多的是令人恐惧的加快大规模转嫁经济风险到他们早已难以负担的肩膀上。经济后果已经生效，而政治影响也可能将不远了。
㈩ 英语阅读例证题怎么做
英语阅读例证题怎么做
晌迹导语：英语阅读中的例证题，要求学生直接从原文中找答案，这类题应该怎么做呢？缺誉跟着我一起学习吧！
例证题
1． 标志：case,example,illustrate,demonstrate,exemplify
2． 解题的关键：不在于是否看懂例子，而在于例子所支持的论点。
3． 具体做题方法：返回原文，定位该例子，然后80%向上20%向下搜索该例子所支持的论点。然后在四个选项中找到与观点意思最接近的一个作为答案。。
4． 错误选项的设计方法：（1）列举例子中的具体事例（2）混淆论点论据（3）列举无关常识。
例题：
2003 text4.
57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
解题三步骤：
（1）阅读题干，确定关键词：
关键词：example of，伏谨段cancer patients
（2）定位到段（文章第二段）
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
（3）定位到句，同义替换，得出答案。
结合例证题的解题方法：返回原文，定位该例子，然后80%向上20%向下搜索该例子所支持的论点：
首先定位例子：Physicians -- frustrated by...scientifically justified.
接下来找例子佐证的论点：（百分之80的.情况都在例子前面，百分之20会在例子后面出面）
Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless.
即：由于有医疗费用由第三方支付这个挡箭牌，我们常常要求采用一切医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何用处。
因此选A，即使没有效果仍然采用了，会造成医疗资源的浪费。
再看下其他选项：
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
医生对于致命的疾病也无计可施。
【分析】是例子本身的细节，但并非举这个例子的目的。
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
有一些治疗过去大胆
【分析】这也是例子中的事实，但并不是论述的目的，与题目答非所问。
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
医疗费用越来越支付不起
【分析】文中说到由于第三方支付的的存在，所以采用一切医疗手段，即使是不需要的。并没有提到医疗费用变高问题。
长难句解析
Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
（1）句子主干：physicians offer treatment
（2）句子其他成分：两个破折号之间过去分词结构和现在分词结构做定语；介词“beyond”之后跟了一个“what”引导的宾语从句，构成介宾结构。
（3）固定搭配：
far beyond 远远超出
loss of 损失
（4）切分句子：
A，先找连词:and
B，再找介词：to,of，in
C，先将从句切分出来：and前后连接的是并列的两个成分，前面是过去分词短语做定语，后面是动词现在分词短语做定语，用来修饰Physicians医生，内科医生。
D，再将句子细分：第一个介词to，是不定式做后置定语，修饰先行词inability。第二个介词of，是loss of的固定搭配。第三个介词in，成分简单，不需切分。
（5）原句再现：
Physicians -- frustrated by their inability/ to cure the disease /and/ fearing loss of hope /in the patient -- too often /offer aggressive treatment /far beyond /what is scientifically justified.
参考译文：医生害怕他们没有能力医病，也害怕患者会失去希望，经常会采取过于极端的治疗方法，而这样本身就是对医疗资源的一种浪费。
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